s 

University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


THE 

ILLUSTRATED  HAND-BOOK, 

A 

Jfou)  ©nitre  for  ®rat)elers 

THROUGH  THE 

UNITED   STATES  OF  AMERICA: 

CONTAINING  A 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   STATES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  WATERING 

PLACES,  COLLEGES,  ETC.,  ETC.  ;   WITH  THE  RAILROAD,  STAGE, 

AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTES,  THE  DISTANCES  FROM  PLACE 

TO  PLACE,  AND  THE  FARES  ON  THE  GREAT 

TRAVELING  ROUTES. 

Hmbellfo&etr  toftf)  125  Wtfbly>  ffnfsfjeti  Hitfltatofnsa. 

ACCOMPANIED  BY 

A   LARGE  AND   ACCURATE    MAP. 
BY  if  CALVIN  SMITH. 


NEW   YORK: 

PUBLISHED   BY   SHERMAN  &  SMITH, 

122  BROADWAY,  COR.  CEDAR-STREET, 

1847. 


A  •' 


To  PUBLISHERS.— The  proprietors  of  this  work,  having  been 
at  great  expense  in  collecting  the  matter  contained  in  this  volume, 
which  is  mostly  original,  would  respectfully  remind  persons 
who  are  getting  up  similar  publications,  that  the  copyright  has 
been  regularly  secured  according  to  the  Act  of  the  United  States 
Congress. 

To  BOOKSELLERS  AND  DEALERS.— Any  person  or  persons  selling 
copies  of  a  work  which  is  an  infringement  of  an  existing  copy- 
right, are  liable  to  a  fine  on  each  copy  sold  by  them. 

This  work  will  be  revised  twice  yearly,  and  all  the  latest  infor- 
mation, relating  to  the  railroads,  stage-routes,  &c.,  inserted. 

SHERMAN  &  SMITH. 

#3"  ForJTable  of  foreign  coins,  and  the  value  of  American  coins 
in  English,  French,  and  German  currency,  see  page  234. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1846,  by 

SHERMAN  &  SMITH, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 
District  of  New  York. 


PECK  &  STAFFORD,  Printers, 
New  Karen,  Conn. 


3-7 


. 

Bancroft  Library 

PREFACE. 


IN  presenting  to  the  public  a  work  like  the  present,  it  is  ex- 
pected that  the  compiler  should  give  some  account  of  the  grounds 
on  which  he  rests  his  claim  to  attention.  The  materials  for  this 
little  volume  have  mostly  been  drawn  from  official  documents  and 
from  information  procured  by  agents  who  have  travelled  over 
most  of  the  territory  herein  described,  and  it  will  hence  be  found 
as  perfect  as  it  is  possible  for  a  work  of  this  character  to  be  made. 
The  illustrations,  which  are  mostly  original,  or  have  been  carefully 
selected  from  the  most  faithful  representations,  are  engraved 
in  the  best  style  by  eminent  artists,  and  will  bear  comparison 
with  the  most  finished  specimens  of  the  art.  They  exhibit  views 
of  the  most  remarkable  natural  scenery,  cities,  colleges,  «fcc. 
These  engravings  will  be  found  of  great  utility,  conveying  as 
they  do  a  far  better  idea  of  the  objects  than  could  be  derived 
from  the  most  labored  description.  The  directions  for  Travellers, 
printed  in  italics,  and  following  the  description  of  each  place, 
will  prove  very  useful,  especially  the  time  of  arrival  and  de- 
parture of  cars,  steamboats,  and  stages  at  and  from  each  place ; — 
these,  with  the  prices  of  fare,  have  been  arranged  with  the  greatest 
care,  and  may  be  relied  upon  for  their  accuracy.  The  Railroads, 
with  the  Depots,  and  the  distances  between  them,  are  shown  in 
the  Tables  of  Routes,  and  will  also  be  found,  together  with  all  the 
Steamboat  and  Stage  Routes,  accurately  delineated  on  the  ac- 
companying Map.  Great  labor  has  been  bestowed  in  collating 
and  adjusting,  in  the  most  minute  manner,  on  the  Map,  a  larger 
amount  of  correct  information  than  can  be  found  iu  any  similar 
work,  in  so  condensed  a  form. 


RAILROADS. 

By  referring  to  the  number  of  route  in  the  body  of  the  work,  from  the 
last  column  of  this  table,  the  length  of  the  road  in  operation  may  be  found, 
with  the  name  of  each  depot  and  the  distances  between.  Those  Rail- 
roads not  having  a  reference  are  not  in  operation  in  any  portion. 


Names  of  Railroads. 

State. 

From 

To 

Ms.   No.  of 
ong  Route. 

Albany&W.  Stockbridge  N.  Y. 

Greenbush 

Mass.  S.  Line 

38i    52,144 

Alabama,  Florida  &-  Geo. 

Flor. 

Pensacola 

Montgomery,  Ala. 

56  r 

Alexandria  &.  Cheneyv. 

La. 

Alexandria 

CheneVille 

30"  Trans* 

Annapolis  &,  Elk  Ridge 
Athens  Br.  Geo.  R.  R. 

Md. 

Washington  Br. 
Jnion  Point 

Annapolis 
Athens 

20    267 
39  ;384 

Atlantic  &.  St.  Lawrence 

Me.' 

Portland 

Montreal,  Can. 

Attica  and  Buffalo    .     . 

N.  Y. 

Attica 

Buffalo 

31 

150,205 

Attica  and  Hornellsville 

it 

N.Y.&  Erie  R.R. 

Attica 

60 

Auburn  and  Rochester 

it 

Auburn 

Rochester 

78 

150,205 

Auburn  and  Syracuse  . 
Alton  and  Shelbyville    . 

111. 

Syracuse 
Alton 

Auburn 
Shelbyville 

26 

150,205 

Alton  and  Shawneetown 

Shawneetown 

145 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  .    . 

Md. 

Baltimore 

Wheeling,  Va. 

•!t)ti 

264,336 

Bait,    and  Susquehanna 

it 

ii 

Penn.  State  Line 

30 

247,260 

Bangor  and  Old  Town 
Bear  Mountain     .     .     . 

Me. 
Pa. 

Bangor 
Dauphin 

Old  Town 
Bearrnont 

10 

28 

4 
Trans. 

Beaver  Meadow  .     .     . 

ii 

Perryv.lle 

Beaver  Meadow 

26 

ii 

Berkshire 

flass 

Conn.  Sute  Line 

West  Stockbridge 

23 

118 

Bloomirigton  and  Pekin 

111.' 

Bloomington 

Bordentown,  Trenton  Br. 

N.J. 

Bordentowa 

Trenton 

6 

206 

Boston  and  Lowell    .     . 

Lowell 

25a3 

27 

Boston  and  Maine     .     . 

S.  Berwick,  Me. 

72 

4,  21 

Boston  and  Providence 

it 

ii 

Providence,  R.  1. 

42" 

67,85 

Boston  and  Worcester  . 

Worcester 

44 

121,144 

Branch  of  Central     .     . 

111. 

Shelbyville 

Indiana  State  Line 

71  .1 

Buffalo  &  Niagara  Falls 

N.  Y. 

Buffalo 

Niagara  Falls 

22" 

199 

Cahawba  and  Marion    . 

Ala. 

Cahawba 

Manon 

27' 

Canal  Railroad    .     .     . 

Conn. 

New  Haven 

Pittsfield,  Mass. 

Camden  and  Amboy 

N.J. 

South  Amboy 

Camden 

61 

207 

Camden  and  Woodburv 
Camden  Br.  S.  C.  R.  R. 

S.  C. 

Camden 
Columbia  Branch 

Woodbury 

9 
30 

219 

Carbondale      .... 

Pa. 

Carbondale 

Honesdale 

16, 

235 

Carrolton     

La. 

New  Orleans 

La  Fayette 

4", 

440 

Catawissa    

Pa. 

Tamaqua 

Catawissa 

U 

Trans. 

Central   .     . 

Mass. 

Greenfield 

Burlino-ton,  Vt. 

1  •  "J  | 

Central    

Pa. 

PittsbuV"' 

'  ;>i  !  ' 

Central    

Va. 

Richmond 

Guyandotte 

KM 

Central 

Macon 

\'.">M 

379,401 

Central    .     .     . 

Mich.  n.itrnit 

New  Buffalo 

542* 

Central   

III. 

Cairo 

Galena 

4S6 

Champlain  and  Conn.  R. 

Vt. 

Burlington 

Bellows  Falls 

Itol 

Champln&St.  Lawrence 

Can. 

St.  Johns 

La  Prairie 

15* 

129,  C. 

Chesterfield      .... 

Va.     Manchester 

Coal  mine 

13, 

Cheshire       

N.  H.  Fitzwill.am 

Bellows  Falls 

45 

Chicopee  Branch       .     . 

Mass.  Conn.  R.  R. 

Chicopee  Falls 

2 

62 

Chippewa&-Queenstown 

Can.    Chippewa 

Queenstown 

10  1  205,0. 

Cayuga  &  Susquehanna 
City  Point    

N.  Y.  Ithaca 
Va.    ^Petersburg- 

Owego 
City  Point 

284  134,136 
y  ,294 

Clinton  and  Port  Hudson 

La.    iPort  Hudson 

28    Trans. 

Columbia     

Pa.    IPhiladelphia 

Columbia 

82  '223 

Columbia  Br.S.  C.  R.R. 

S.  C.  [Branchville 

Columbia 

66    368 

Connecticut  River    .     . 
Concord  

Mass.  Springfield 
N.  H.i  Nashua 

Greenfield 
Concord 

36    62 
35    27 

Cumberland  Valley  .     . 

Pa. 

Harrisbure- 

Chambersburg 

60    225,246 

Dedham  Branch  .     .     . 

Mass. 

B.  and  P.  R.  R. 

Dedham 

2  !67 

Detroit  and  Pu.itiac  .     . 

Mich. 

Detroit 

Pontiac 

25    540 

Eastern  

Mass. 

Boston 

Portsmouth,  N.  H 

51 

I,  21 

Elizabetht'n&,Somerville 
Erie  and  Kalarnazoo 

N.J. 
Ohio. 

Eliza  be  thport 
Toledo 

Somerville 
Adrian,  Mich. 

26 
33 

210 
550 

•  The  Railroads  referred  to  thus  [Trans.]  are  used  for  transportation  of  coal,  &c. 


Mass. 

Fall  River 

N.  Braintree              42  leS.70     1 

Fitchburg    

Pa. 

^harlestown 
Chambersburg 
B.  and  O.  R.  R. 

Fitchburg 
Williamsport,  Md 
Frederick 

49$ 
30 

*i 

37 
246 
263 

Frederick  Branch     .    . 

Md. 

Franklin  and  Bristol     . 

N.  H. 

Northern  R.  R. 

Bristol 

12 

Galena  and  Chicago     . 
Georgia  

111. 
Geo. 

Chicago 
Augusta 

Atlanta 

100 
171 

185,499 

Gloucester  Branch    .    . 

Mass 

Beverly 

Gloucester 

If 

Grand  Gulf  &  Pt.  Gibson 

Miss. 

errand  Gulf 

Port  Gibson 

71 

).  158 

Great  Falls  Branch  .     . 

N.  H. 

Somersworth 

jreat  Falls 

3" 

3 

Gettysburg  Extension   . 
Greenville  and  Roanoke 

Pa. 

Va, 

Gettysburg 
Hicksford 

hlagerstown,  Md. 
Gaston,  N.  C. 

41} 
17* 

292,349 

Great  Western     .     .    . 

Can. 

Niagara  R. 

Sandwich 

no 

Harlem                            . 

N    Y. 

New  York 

Albany 

144 

126 

Hartford  &  New  Haven 

Conn. 

New  Haven 

Mass.  State  Line 

56J 

65,123 

Hartford  and  Springfield 
Harrisburg  &  Lancaster 

Hazleton 

Mass. 

Springfield 
Lancaster 
Hazleton 

Conn.  State  Line 
Harrisburg 
Hazleton  mines 

6 
36 
10 

65,123 
223 
Trans. 

Hempstead  Branch  .     . 
Hiawassee  

N.  Y. 
Tenn. 

L.  Island  R.  R. 
Knoxville 

tiempstead 
Cross  Plains,  Geo. 

4 

121 

73 

118,124 

Hudson  and  Berkshire  . 

V.  Y'. 

Hudson 

«* 

31 

142 

Hudson  River  .... 

i< 

New  York 

Albany 

145 

Jackson  and  Brandon   . 

Miss. 

Jackson 

Brandon 

12 

471 

Kennebec  and  Portland 
La  Grange  and  Memphis 

Me. 
Tem.. 

Portland 
Memphis 

Augusta 
La  Grunge 

58 
63 

Lawrenceb'g&Indianap. 
Lewiston      

la. 

N.  Y. 

Lawrencetrurg 
Lockport  R.  R. 

Indianapolis 
Lewiston 

100 
3 

199 

Lexington  &.  W.  Camb. 
Lexington  and  Ohio 

Mass. 
Ky. 

Lexington 
Frankfort 

W.  Cambridge 
Lexington 

7 
28 

37 

504 

Lehighaud  Susquehanna 

Pa. 

Wilkesbarre 

White  Haven 

20 

227 

Linden  and  Demopolis 

Ala. 

Linden 

Demopolis 

12 

Little  Schuylkill  .     .    . 
Little  Miami    .... 

Pa. 
Ohio. 

Port  Clinton 

Tamaqua 
Spr.ngfield 

2s) 

84 

Trans. 
338 

Lockp't  &,  Niagara  Falls 

N.  Y. 

Lockport 

Niagara  Falls 

24 

195 

Long  Island    .... 

Brooklyn 

Greenport 

96 

121 

Louisa     

Va. 

Potomac  R.  R. 

Gordonsville 

35 

288  J 

Macon  and  Western      . 

Geo. 

Macon 

Atlanta 

101 

382,387 

Madison  &.  Indianapolis 
Mad  River 

la. 
Ohio 

Madison 
Springfield 

Indianapolis 
Sandusky  City 

Bl 

1  34 

530,534 
338 

Mansfield  and  Sandusky 

Sandusky 

Mansfiuld 

56 

338* 

Marblehead  Branch  .    . 

Maes. 

Salem 

Marblehead 

3 

1 

Mauch  Chunk       .     .     . 

Pa. 

Mauch  Chunk 

Coal  mines 

9 

Trans. 

MemphisBr.W&A.R.R. 

Geo. 

Kingston 

Rome 

18 

499 

Mexican  Gulf.    .     .     . 

La. 

New  Orleans 

Pascagoula  Sound 

60 

Milbury  Branch  .    .     . 
Mine  Hill    

Mass. 
Pa. 

B.  and  W.  R.  R. 
Schuvlkill  Haven 

Milbury 
Mine  Hill  Gap 

li 

20 

52 
Trans. 

Miss 

Natchez 

140 

466 

Mine  Hin&,Scnuylkiil  H. 

Pa. 

Schuylkill  Haven 

Coal  mines 

HI 

Trans. 

Mohawk  and  Hudson  . 

N.  Y. 

Albany 

Schenectady 

16 

150,20$ 

Montgomery  &  West  Pt. 

Ala. 

Montgomery 

West  Point,  Geo. 

85 

387,422 

Morris  and  "Essex     .     . 

N.  J. 

Newark 

Morristown 

208 

Mount  Carbon      .     .     . 

Pa. 

Mu  Carbon 

Coal  mines 

I 

Trans. 

Muscogee    

Geo. 

Barnesville 

Columbus 

65 

Nashua  and  Lowell  .    . 

Maes. 

Lowell 

Nashua,  N.  H. 

27 

Nashville  ^Chattanooga 
New  Bedford  &  Taunton 

MM?.' 

Nashville 
New  Bedford 

Chattanooga 
Taunton 

20 

68 

Newburgh  Branch    .    . 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  &E.  R.  R. 

Newburg 

New  Orleans«City    .     . 

Lou. 

New  Orleans 

Streets  S 

j  i 

N.  Orleans  &  Nashville 

u 

Lou.  State  Line 

63  j 

N.  Orleans  <fc  L.  Borgne 

u 

it 

Lake  Borgne 

5 

New  York  and  Erie  .     . 

N.  Y. 

Piermont 

Dunkirk 

131 

N.  York  and  New  Haven 

New  York 

New  Haven,  Ct. 

78 

New  Jersey      .... 

N.  J. 

Jersey  City 
New  Castle 

New  Brunswick 
Frenchlown,  Md. 

34 
16] 

135,231 
230 

New  Castle  &,  French  T. 

Del. 

N.  Pittsb'rg&Mississipp 

III. 

Mississippi  R. 

Coal  mines 

6 

Traus. 

North  Carolina    .    .    . 

N.  C. 

Raleigh 

Camden,  S.  C. 

150 

Northern     

N.  H. 

Lebanon 

68 

N.  Y. 
111. 

Plattsburg 
Quincy 

Ogdensburg 
Indiana  State  Line 

230 

566 

Northern  Cross  Road  . 

Norwich  and  Worcester 
Ocmulgee  and  Flint     . 

Mass. 
Geo. 

Worcester 
Spalding 

Allyns  Pt.,  Conn. 
Albany 

66 
60 

66,121    1 

Ohio  

Ohio 

Conneaut 

Manhattan 

177 

Old  Colony      .... 

Boston 

Plymouth 

37 

69 

Paterson  and  Hudson    . 

N.  j'. 

2i  from  Jersey  City 

Pa'terson 

14 

134 

Palmvra  &  Jacksonburg 
Philadelphia  &  Trenton 

Mich. 
Pa. 

Palmvra 
Philadelphia 

Jacksonburg 
Trenton,  N.  J. 

46 
28 

135,206 

Phila.Wilmingt'n&Balt. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

97 

135,278 

Phila.Ger.T.&NorrisT. 

M 

H 

Norristowu 

21 

221 

Phila.  Readmsr&Pottsv. 

« 

«» 

Pottsville 

92 

221 

PliiladelphiaCitv      .     . 

Streets 

6 

City 

Peoria  and  Warsaw      . 

111. 

Peoria 

Warsaw 

116 

Petersburg  and  Roanoke 

Va. 

Petersburg 

Blakely,  N.  C. 

63 

273 

Pittsfield&North  Adams 

Mass. 

Pittsfield 

North  Adams 

20 

Pontchanrain  .     .     .     . 

La. 

New  Orleans 

L.  Pontchartrain 

Portland  and  Augusta  . 

Me. 

Portland 

Augusta 

Portsmouth  &  Roanoke 

Va. 

Portsmouth 

P  rtsmouth   N  H 
Weldon,  N.'c.' 

51 

782 

1,21 

297,342 

Ports.  &  Roanoke  Exten. 

N.  C. 

Weldon 

Littleton 

Portage  
Pottsville  and  Danville 

Pa. 

Holiidaysburg 
Sunbury 

Johnstown 
Shamokm 

36 

20, 

p.  230 
Trans. 

Providence  &  Worcester 

R.  I. 

Providence 

Worcester,  Mass. 

Qumcy   

Mass. 
Mich. 

Cluincy 
Monroe 

Neponsett  R. 
Lake  Erie 

3 

4 

Trans. 

Raisin  River  &  L.  Erie 

Raleigh  and  Gaston 

N.  C. 

Raleigh 

84] 

292 

Raymond  Branch      .     . 

Miss. 

Boulton 

Raymond 

6 

470 

Ramapo      

N.  J. 

N.  Y.  &-  E.  R.  R 

Rensselaer  and  Saratoga 
Richmond  and  Potomac 

N.  Y. 
Va. 

Troy 
Richmond 

Ballston 
Potomac  R. 

25 
75 

147 

273,288 

Richmond  &,  Petersburg 

M 

Petersburg 

22 

273,288 

Rochester    
Saratoga  &  Schenectady 
Saratoga  &  Washington 
Schenectady  and  Troy 
Selma  and  Tennessee  . 
Shelby  and  Detroit  .    . 

N.^Y. 

Ala. 
Mich. 

Rochester 
Schenectady 
Saratoga  Springs 
Troy 
Selma 
Detroit 

Carthage 
Saratoga  Springs 
Whitenall 
Schenectady 
Gunter's  Landing 
Utica 

3 

21; 

40" 
20, 
170 

17 

Trans. 
146 

151 

South  Carolina     .     .     . 

S.  C. 

Charleston 

Hamburg 

1  3t> 

369,383 

Southern      

Mich 

Lake  Michigan 

Skaneateles  Branch      . 

N.  Y'. 

A.  &,  S.  R.  R. 

Skaneateles0 

5 

150 

St.  Josephs  and  lola      . 

Flor. 

St.  Josephs 

lola 

28 

Susquehanna  &-  Lehigh 

Pa. 

Wilkesbarre 

White  Haven 

2o" 

227 

Syracuse  and  Utica      . 

N.  Y. 

Utica 

Syracuse 

53 

1  50,203 

Stonington  
Taunton  Branch  .    .    . 

Conn. 
Mass. 

Stonington 
Mansfield 

Providence,  R.  I. 

47 
H 

67,122 
67 

Tallahassee      .... 
Tioga,  C.  I.  &  M.  Co.  . 
Tonawanda      .... 
Trov  and  Greenbush     . 

Flor. 
N.  Y. 

Tallahassee 
Attica"3 

Port  Leon 
Blossburg 
Buffalo 
Troy 

24 

40 
43 
g 

408 
222 

150,203 
147,124 

Trenton  &.N.  Brunswick 

N.  J. 

New  Brunswick 

Trenton 

24 

i35!23l 

Tuscumbia  and  Decatur 
Utica  and  Schenectady 

Ala. 
N.  Y. 

Tuscumbia 
Schenectadv 

Decatur 
Utica 

45 

78 

435,499 
150,203 

Valley     
Verm't  &  Massachusetts 
Vicksburo1  and  Jackson 
Warrenton  Branch  .     . 
Waynesboro'  .... 
Wash'tonBr.(B.&O.R.) 
West  Feliciana    .     .     . 
Western 

Pa. 

Mass. 
Miss. 
Geo. 

Md. 

Mass 

Schuvlkill  R. 
Fitchburg 
Vicksburg 
Georgia  R.  R. 
Augusta 
*  m.  tm.  Baltimore 
St   Francisville 

Coal  mines 
Brattleboro',  Vt. 
Jackson 
Warrenton 
Brinsonville 
Washington 
Woodvifle,  Miss. 

20 
65 
45 
li 
58 
3d., 
M 

Trans. 

472 
385 

266,278 
440 

Western  New  York      . 

N.  Y. 

Worcester 
Svraci.se 

N.  Y.  State  Line 

1  18 
35 

52,144 

Western  and  Atlantic  . 
Westmmsier  Branch     . 
West  Chester  Branch 
West  Philadelphia  .     . 

Geo. 
Md. 
Pa. 

A'tlanta 
B.  and  S.  R.  R. 
Columbia  R.  R. 
Philadelphia 

Chattanooga,Ten. 
Westminster 
West  Chester 
Columbia  R.  R. 

N 

10 
9 

C) 

382 
260 
223 
223 

West  Siockbridge    .     . 
Williarnsport  &,  Elmira 
Wilmington  &,  Raleigh 
Winchelter&Potomac 
Worcester  and  Nashua 

Mass. 
Pa. 

N.  C. 
Va. 

Mass. 

W.  Stockbndge 
Williamsport 
Wilmington 
Carpers  Ferry 
Worcester 

N.  Y.  State  Line 
Elmira,  N.  Y. 
Weldon 
Winchester 
Nashau,  N.  H. 

n 

piv 

45 

118,124 
222 
273,352 
268 

Wetumpka  and  Coosa 
York  &  Maryland  Line 
York  and  Wrio-htsville 
Ypsilanti  and  Tecumseh 

Ala. 
Pa. 

Mich. 

Wetumpka 
Ypsilanti 

Vlarvland  Line 
Wnghtsville 
Tecumseh 

56 
21 
12 

24 

247,336 
247,336 

There  are  several  other  short  roads  used  fot  the  transportation  of  coal,  &c. 


INDEX. 


Abbeville,  S.  C.,  176,  178. 

Belleville,  111.,  216. 

Abingdon,  Va.,  112,  133. 

Belfast,  Me.,  16,  62. 

Accomac,  Va.,  128. 

Bellows  Falls,  Vt.,  22,  65. 

Adams,  Mass.,  66. 

Bennington,  Vt.,  22,  65,  74. 

Adrian,  Mich.,  199,215,216. 

Berkely  Springs,  Va.,  109. 

Akron,  O.,  119,  135. 

Berrien  Springs  Mich.,  216. 

ALABAMA,  state  of,  153. 

Berwick,  Pa.,  124. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  53,  69,  73,  74,  75,  79. 

Binghamton,  60,  72,  75. 

Albion,  Mich.,  215. 

Bloomingtoii,  la.,  195. 

Alburg  Springs,  Vt.,  22. 
Alexandria,  D.  C.,   104,  129. 

Blooming-ton,  Iowa,  212,  213. 
Blossburg,  Pa.,  123. 

Alexandria,  La.,  164,  182. 

BlountsvTlle,  Tenn.,  133,  184. 

Alton,  111.,  201,216,226. 

Blue  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Ill,  133. 

Allentown,  Pa.,  124,  126. 

Blue  Lick  Springs,  Ky.,  190. 

Allyn's  Point,  Conn.,  70. 

Bolivar,  Tenn.,  185,  187. 

Arnherst,  Mass.,  33,  66. 

Boniar  Springs,  Tenn.,  186. 

Arnlierst,  N.  H.,  64. 

Bonham,  Texas,  183. 

Andover.  Mass.,  23,  6!. 

Booneville.Mo.,  206,227. 

Angelica,  N.  YM  72,  78. 

Bordentown,  N.  J.,  83,  122. 

Annapolis,  Md.,  98,  129. 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  198,  215. 

Boston,  Mass.,  25,  61,  63,  64,  65,  67,  68,  70, 
71,  74. 

Apalachicola,  Flor.,  153,  179. 
Aquackanonck,  N.  J.,  72,  82. 
Archidelpl.ia,  Ark.,  182. 
ARKANSAS,  state  of,  168. 

Botetourt  Springs,  Va.,  112. 
Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  192,185,212. 
Bowling  Green,  Mo.,  220. 
Bradford  Springs,  S.  C.,  175. 

Arkansas  Post,  Ark.,   169,  183. 

Branchville,  S.  C.,  176,  177. 

Ashtabula,  O.,  127,  134. 

Brattleboro,  Vt.,  22,  64,  65. 

Ashville,  N.  C.,  142,  173,  186. 

Brazoria,  Texas,  167,  183. 

Astoria,  Oregon,  221. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.,  39,  70,  71. 

Athens,  Pa.,  72. 

Bringiers,  La.,  182. 

Athens,  O.,  118,  135. 

Bristol,  R.  I.,  35. 

Athens,  Ala.,  156,  181. 

Bristol,  Pa.,  93. 

Atnens,  Ga.,  148,  177,  178. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  47,  70. 

Attica,  N.  Y.,  74,  79. 

Brookville,  la.,  214. 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  177,  186,  187. 

Brownsville,  Me.,  62. 

Auburn,  N.  Y.,  56,  74,  77,  79. 

Brownsville,  Pa.,  127,  130. 

Augusta,  Me.,  14,  62. 

Brunswick,  Me.,  15,61. 

Augusta,  Ga.,  148,  176,  178. 
Augusta,  Ky.,  190. 

Bucyrus,  O.,  135. 
Buttalo,  N.  Y.,  68,  74,  78,79,  127,  134,  229. 

Augusta  Springs,  Va.,  110. 

Burlington,  Vt.,  21,  64,  71,  75, 

Austin,  Texas,  166,  182. 

Burlington,  N.  J.,  83. 

Avon  Springs,  N.  Y.,  57. 

Burlington,  Iowa,  210,  219,  220,  226. 
Butler,  Pa.,  126. 

Bainbridge,  N.  Y.,  77. 
Bainbridge,  Ga.,  178,  179. 

Cahawba,  Ala.,  156,  180. 

Balcony  Falls,  Va.,  133. 

Calais,  Me.,  16,61. 

Ba!i/.e.  La.,  225. 

Caldwell,  N.Y.,  55,74. 

Ballston.  N.  Y.,  54,  74. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  28,  64. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  97,74,125,  126,  128,  129, 
134,  137. 

Cambridge,  Md.,   !28. 
Cambridge,  O.,  117,  130. 

Bangor,  Me.,  15,  62. 
Barcelona,  N.  Y.,  72,  76. 

Camden,  N.  J.,  83,  122. 
Camden,  S.  C.,  145,  175. 

Bardstown,  Ky.,  191,212. 

Canals  in  the  United  States,  229. 

Barnstable,  Mass.,  67. 

Canajoharie,  N.  Y.,  75. 

Bastrop,  Texas,  167,  183. 
Batavia,  N.  Y.,  58,  78,  79. 

Canaan,  Conn.,  69. 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  57,  74,  77. 

Bath,  Me.,  16. 

Cannonsburg,  Pa.,  90. 

Bath,Va.,  131. 

Canton,  N.  Y.,  79. 

Bath,  N.  Y.,  72,  77. 

Cape  Island,  N.  J.,  83,123. 

Baton  Rouse,  La.,  161,  182,  226. 
Beaufort,  N.  C.,  140,  173,  174. 

Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  207,  216. 
Cape  Vincent,  N.  Y.,  76. 

Beaufort,  S.  C.,  176. 

Carbondale,  Pa.,  93,  125. 

Beaver,  Pa.,  90,  127,  134. 

Carlisle,  Pa.,  88,  124,  126. 

Bedford  Springs,  Pa.,  89. 
Bellefontaine,  O.,  121,  137. 

Carlisle  Sulphur  Springs,  88. 
Castine,  Me.,  16,  62. 

Bellefonte,  Pa.,  124,  126. 

Cftslleton.Vt.,  22. 

INDEX. 


Catskill,  N.  Y.,  52,71,75. 

Danville,  Va.,  133,  173 

Centreville,  la.,  213. 

Danville,  Ky.,  191. 

Centreville,  Md.,  128. 

Dansville,  N.  Y.,  72. 

Centreville,  Mich.,  216. 

Darien,  Ga.,  177,  178. 

Cerulian  Springs,  Ky.,  18& 

Davenport,  Iowa,  219. 

Chambersburg-,  Pa.,  88,  124,  126,  129. 

Davton.O.,  121,  135,  213. 

Chapel  Hill,  N.  CM  141,  173,  186. 

Decatur,  Ala.,  181. 

Chariton,  Mo.,  227. 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  131,  144,  175,  176,  180. 

Defiance,  O.,  233. 
DELAWARE,  state  of.  94. 

Charlestown,  Mass.,  27. 

Delaware  City,  Del.,  95. 

Charlestown,  N.  H.,  64. 

Delhi,  N.Y.,  75. 

Charlestown,  Va.,  109. 

Delphi,  la.,  214. 

Charlotte,  N.  C.,  141,  175. 

Demopolis,  Ala.,  155,  180. 

Charlottesville,  Va.,  108,  131. 

Derby,  Vt.,  65. 

Chatiahoochee,  Flor.,  179. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  78,  131,  198,  215,  2!8. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  186. 

Dixon,  111.,  216,  219. 

Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  75. 

Donaldsonville,  La.,  163,  182. 

Chester,  Pa.,  94,  125. 

Dover,  N.  H.,  19,  61. 

Chestertown,  Pa.,  99. 

Dover,  Del.,  95,  127. 

Chesterville,  S.C.,  145. 

Dover,  N.  J.,  122. 

Cheraw,  S.  C.,  145,  174,  175. 

Doylestown,  Pa.,  123. 

Chicago,  111.,  202,  207,  219,  230. 

Drennon's  Lick  Springs,  Kv.,  192. 

Chillicothe.O.,  118,  135. 
Chilhowee,  112. 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  72. 
Dubuque,  Iowa,  210,  219. 

Christiansburg,  KY.,  123. 

Duxbury,  Mass.,  67. 

Cincinnati,O.,  115/130,  134,135,136,137,214. 
Circleville,  O.,  118,  135,  136. 

Easton,  Pa.,  93,  122,  125,  126. 

Clarendon  Springs,  Vt.,  64. 

Easton,  Md.,  99. 

Clarksburg,  Va.,  127,  130. 

Eastport,  Me.,  16,61. 

Clarksville,  Ga.,  149,  175,  178. 

Eastville,  Va.,  128. 

Clarksville,  Tenn.,  172,  219. 

Eaton,  O.,  135,213. 

Cleveland,  O.,  119,  78,  127,  134,  137. 
Clifton  Springs,  57. 

Ebensburg,  Pa.,  124. 
Edenton,^.C.,  133,140,174. 

Cloverport,  Kv.,  192. 

Edwardsville,  III.,  217. 

Coffeeville,  Miss.,   180,  184. 

Elizabeth  Citv,  N.  C.,  140. 

Coidwater,  Mich.,  215,  218. 

Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  81,  122,  125. 

Columbia,  S.  C.,  143,  174,  176,  179. 

Elkton,  Md.,  99,  125. 

Columbia,  Pa.,  128. 

Elmira,  N.  Y.,  60,  72,  77. 

Columbia,  Ark.,  225. 

Ellicottsville,  N.  Y.,  78. 

Columbia,  Tenn.,  71. 

Ellsworth,  Me.,  62. 

Columbia,  Mo.,  206. 

Elyria,O.,  120,  134. 

Columbus,  O.,  117,  130,  134,  135,  136. 

Emmettsburg,  Md.,  99. 

Columbus,  Ga.,  149,  176,  177,  179. 

Erie,  Pa.,  71,90,124,  126,127,134. 

Columbus,  Miss.,  159,  180,  184. 

Estillville,  Va.,  112. 

Columbus,  Kv.,  185,  192,  213,  224. 

Eufaula,  Ala.,  155,  179. 

Concord,  N.  H.,  19,  63,  64. 

Evansville,  la.,  195,  214. 

Concord,  Mass.,  29- 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  20,  63. 

Conhocton,  N.  Y.,  77. 

Conneaut,  O.,  78,  134. 

Fairfield,  Conn.,  71. 

CONNECTICUT,  state  of,  36. 

Fall  River,  Mass.,  32,  68. 

Conway,  N.  H.,  63. 

Falmouth,  Mass.,  67. 

Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  60,  77. 

Farmville,  Va.,  109,  132. 

Corning,  N.  Y.,  72,  77,  123. 

Farmington,  Conn.,  70. 

Cort  land  Village,  N.  Y.,  77. 

Fauquier  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  1  D8. 

Corpus  Christi*  Texas,  167,  183. 

Fayetteville,  Mo.,  220. 

Coshocton,  O.,  120,  135. 

Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  140,  174,  175. 

Cotton  Ginport,  Miss.,  184,  187. 
Covington,  la.,  214. 

Fayetteville,  Ark.,  184. 
Fincastle,  Va.,  112,133. 

Covington,  Ga.,  177. 

Fitchburg,  Mass.,  66. 

Covington,  Ky.,   190. 

FLORIDA,  state  of,  150. 

Council  Bluffs,  227. 

Florence,  Ala.,   156,  181,  182,  185. 

Crawfordsvitle,  Ga.,  177. 

Forsyth,  Ga.,  178. 

Crawfordsville,  la.,  195,  213. 

Fort  Gibson,  Ark.,  182,  183. 

Crown  Point,  N.  Y.,  71. 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Mo.,  227. 

Cumberland,  Md0  100,  128,  130,  i36,  137. 
Cumberland  Gap,  Tenn.,  186,  211. 

Fort  Madison,  Iowa,  210,217,  219. 
Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  182. 

Cuyahoga  Falls,  119. 

Fort  Snelling,  Wis.,  226. 

Fort  Towson,  Ark.,  183 

Dacota. 

Fort  Wayne,  la.,  196,  233. 

Dahlonega,  Ga.,  149,  176,  178.                      ?  Fort  Wirinebago,  219i 
Danbury,  Conn.,  71,  7S.                                !  Frankfort,  Ky.,  189,  212. 

Dandridge,  Tenn.,  186.                              I  Franklin,  Pa.,  126. 

INDEX. 


Franklin,  Tenn.,  172. 
Frederick,  Md.,  99,  128. 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  108,  132,  174. 
Frederickstown,  Mo.,  221. 
Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  78. 
Fredonia,  la.,  214. 
Freehold,  N.  J.,  83. 
Fryeburg,  Me.,  16,  62. 
Fulton,  Mo.,  206,  220. 

Gainesville,  Ala.,  155,  180,  184. 
Galena,  111.,  203,216,218. 
Gallipolis,  O.,  118,135. 
Galveston,  Texas,  166,  183. 
Garysburg,  N.  C.,   174. 
Geneseo,  N.  YM  72,  78. 
Geneva,  N.  Y.,  57,  77,  79. 
GEORGIA,  state  of,  146. 
Georgetown,  D.  C.,  103,  130. 
Georgetown,  Del.,  95,  127. 
Georgetown,  S.  C.,  145,  175. 
Georgetown,  Ky.,  190,211. 
Gettysburg,  Pa.,  91, 1*24. 
Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  20. 
Glasgow,  Mo.,  207,  220. 
Glenn's  Falls,  N.  Y.,  55,  74. 
Glasgow,  Ky.,  '.36,  192. 
Golconda,  111.,  216. 
Goldsboro,  N.  C.,  130. 
Goshen,  N.  Y.,  72,  75. 
Grand  Coteau,  163. 
Grand  Gulf,  Miss.,  158,225. 
Grand  Haven,  Mich.,  199,215. 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  215,  216. 
Grayson  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  112. 
Great  Harrington,  Mass.,  73. 
Great  Crossings,  Ky.,  191. 
Great  Falls,  N.  H.,  19,  61. 
Greensboro',  N.  C.,  141,  173,  186. 
Greenfield,  Mass.,  33,  66. 
Greenville,  S.  C.,  146,  176,  178. 
Greenville,  O.,  213. 
Guildhall,  Vt.,  63. 
Gunter's  Landing,  Ala.,  181,  187. 
Guyandotte,  Va.,  1 13,  133. 

Hackensack,  N.  J.,  82. 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  100,  128. 
Hallowell,  Me.,  16,  61. 
Hamilton,  O.,  121,  136. 
Hampton,  Va.,  107,  133. 
Hancock,  Md.,  100,128. 
Hannibal,  Mo.,  207,  220. 
Hanover,  N.  H.,  20,  65. 
Hardinshurg.  Kv.,  211. 
Harper's  Ferry,'Va.,    109,  128,  130. 
Hamburg,  Pa.,  125,  126. 
Hampton,  Va.,  107,  132. 
Harnsburg,  Pa.,  88,  123,125,  126. 
Harrisburg,  La.,   182. 
Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  136,  185,  191,  212. 
Hartford,  Conn.,  38,  68,  69. 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  20,  61. 
Haverhill,  N.  H.,  63,  65. 
Havre  de  Grace,  Md.,  99,  125. 
Hawkinsville,  Ga.,  178. 
Helena,  Ark.,  169,  183. 
Herculaneum,  Mo.,  276. 
Herkimer,  N.  Y.,  56,  74. 
Hickman,  Ky.,  192,  213,  224. 
Hicksford,  Va.,  133. 
Holmes  Hole,  Mass.,  67. 


Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  159,  184. 
Hollidaysburg,  Pa.,  91,  124,  126. 
Holston  Springs,  Va.,  112. 
Honesdale,  Pa.,  72,  93,  125. 
Hopkinton  Mineral  Spring,  33. 
Hot  Springs,  Va.,  110. 
Hot  Springs,  Ark.,   169,  183. 
Houlton,  Me.,  16,  62. 
Houston,  Texas,  166,  183. 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  52,  71,  73,  75. 
Hudson  River,  48. 
Huntingdon,  Pa.,  91,  124. 
Huntingdon,  Tenn.,  185,  187. 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  156,  181,  186. 
Huron,  O.,  78,  215. 

ILLINOIS,  state  of,  200. 
Independence,  Mo.,  207,  220. 
INDIANA,  state  of,  193. 

ndianapolis,  la.,  194,  212,  213,  214. 

ndian  Springs,  Ga.,  149,  177,  180. 

ndian  Territory, 


OWA,  state  01,  zu». 
owa  City,  Iowa,  210,  219. 
onia,  Mich.,  215. 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  60,  73,  75,  77. 

Jackson,  Mich.,  199,215,216. 

Jackson,  Mo.,  184. 

Jackson,  La.,  163. 

Jackson,  Miss.,  158,  184,  185. 

Jacksonville,  Flor.,  152. 

Jacksonville,  111.,  201,216,217. 

Jamestown,  N.  Y.,   126. 

Jamestown,  Va.,  105,  132. 

Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  184,  204,  227. 

Jeffersonville,  la.,  223. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  48,  82. 

Johnstown,  Pa.,  91. 

Joliet,  III.,  214,216,  218. 

Jonesboro,  Tenn.,  172,  174,186. 

Jordon's  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  110. 

Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  199,  116,  215. 
Kanawha,  Va.,  133. 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  201,  216. 
Keene,  N.  H.,  64. 
Kenton,  O.,    137. 
KENTUCKY,  state  of,  188. 
Keytesville,  Mo.,  220. 
Kingston,  N.  Y.,  72. 
Kingston,  Tenn.,  172. 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  133,  172,  174,  176,177, 
178,  186,211. 

La  Fayette,  la.,  196,213,217. 
La  Favette,  La.,  182. 
La  Grknge,  Ga.,  150,  177,  179. 
La  Grange,  Texas,  183. 
Lake  George,  55,  74. 
Lancaster,  N.  H.,  62. 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  124,  129. 
Laporte,  la.,  213. 
La  Salle,  III.,  216,  219. 
Laurens,  S.  C.,  176. 
Lawrenceburg,  la.,  136,  194. 
Lebanon,  Pa*   126. 
Lehigh  Gap,  Pa.,  125. 
Leonardstown,  Md.,   129. 
Lewisburg,  Va.,  133. 
Lewisburg,  Ark.,  183. 
Lew  is  town,  Pa.,  124,  126. 


10 


INDEX, 


Lewistown,  D1M  217. 

Morristown,  N.  J.,  82,  182. 

Lexington,  Mass.,  «9. 

Mottville,  Mich.,  215,  fc!8. 

Lexington,  Ky.,  136,  185,  189,  21  1,  212. 

Mt.  Clemens,  Mich.,  215. 

Lexington,  Va.,  Ill,  133. 

Mt.  Holly,  N.  J.,  83. 

Lexington,  Mo.,  207,  227. 

Mt.  Pleasant,  la.,  212. 

Liberty,  Mo.,  207,  227. 

Mt.  rernon,  Va.,  103,  189. 

Lincolnton,  N.  C.,  141,  175. 

Mt.  Vernon,  O.,  120,  134. 

Litchfield,  Conn.,  39,  70. 

Mumfordsville,  Ky.,  212. 

Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  22,  56,  76. 

Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  172,  185. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  169,  183. 

Littleton,  N.  H.,  63. 

Nacogdocr.es,  Texas,  167,  182. 

Lock  Haven,  Pa.,  126. 
Lockport,  N.  Y.,  58,  78. 

Nahant,  Mass.,  24. 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  33,  67. 

Loo-ansport,  la.,  196,  213,  214. 
Lon<r  Branch,  N.  J.,  122. 

LOUISIANA,  state  of,  ieo. 

Napoleon,  la.,  214. 
Napoleon,  Ark.,    183,  224. 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  20,  64,  66. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  185,188,191,211,212. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  171,  181,  184,  186. 

Lowell,  Mass.,  30,  66. 

Natchez,  Miss.,  158,  184,  185. 

Lynchburg,  Va.,  109,  133,  173. 

Natchitoches,  La.,  164,  182. 

Lyons,  N.  Y.,  228. 

Natural  Bridge,V&.,  112,  133. 

Natural  Tunnel,  Va.,  112. 

Machias,  Me.,  61. 

Nebraska. 

Macon,  Ga.,  149,176,178,186. 

New  Albany,  la.,  194,  212. 

Mackinac,  Mich.,  78,  137,  199. 

Newark,  N.  J.,  82,  72. 

Madison,  la.,  194,211,214. 

Newark,  Del.,  95,  125. 

Madison,  Ga.,  177,  179. 

Newark,  O.,  120. 

Madison,  Wis.,  208,217,  218. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  31,  67,  68. 

Madisonville,  Tenn..  178. 
MAINE,  state  of,  13. 

New  Berne,  N.  C.,  !40,  173. 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  81,  122,  125. 

Malone,  N.  Y.,  79. 

Newburg,  N.  Y.,  51,  75,  76. 

Manchester,  Vt.,  -65. 

JNTewburyport,  Mass.,  30,  61,  63. 

Mansfield,  O.,  120,  137. 

Newcastle,  Del.,  95,  127. 

Marietta,  O.,  11.7,  135. 

Newcastle,  Ky.,  211. 

Marshall,  Mich.,  199,  216. 
MASSACHUSETTS,  state  of,  23. 
Massillon,  O.,  119,  127. 

New  Echota,  Ga.,  186. 
NEW  JERSEY,  state  of,  80. 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  state  of,  17. 

Martinsburg,  N.  Y.,  76. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  37,  69,  70. 

Martinsburg-,  Va.,  109,  137. 
MARYLAND,  state  of,  96. 

New  Lebanon  Springs,  N.  Y.,  73. 
New  Lisbon,  0.,  119. 

Marysville,  Tenn.,  172. 

New  London,  Conn.,  38,  68,  C9. 

Matagorda,  Texas,  166,  183. 
Mauc^Chunck,  Pa.,  92,  124,  125. 

New  London,  Mo.,  220. 
New  Madrid,  Mo.,  207,  224. 

Maurr.ee  City,  O.,  121. 

New  Milford,  Conn.,  70,  73. 

Maysville,  Kv.,  185,  190,212. 

New  Orleans,  La.,  131,  162,  182. 

Meadville,  Pa.,  90,  124. 

Newport,  R.  I.,  35,  68. 

Medina,  O.,  134,  135. 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  171,  182,  187,224. 

Newport,  Ky.,  190. 
NEW  YORK,  state  of,  40. 

Mercer,  Pa.,  126. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  42,  70,  71  ,  72,  73,  74,  "5,  89 

Meredosia,  III.,  217,  219. 

Niles,  Mich..  215,216. 

MICHIGAN,  state  of,  196. 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  59,  78. 

Michigan  Citv,  la.,  196,  213,  216,  219. 

Norfolk,  Va.,  106,  131,  132. 

Middlebury,  Vt.,  22,  65. 

Norridgewock,  Me.,  16,  62. 

Middtetown.Conn.,  39,69. 

Norristown,  Pa.,  92,  123,  233. 

Mifflintown,  Pa.,  124,  126. 

Northampton,  Mass.,  32,  66. 

Milford,  Pa.,  72,  125. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  state  of,  138. 

Milford,  Del.,  95. 

Northumberland,  Pa.,  92,  123,  126 

Milwaukee,  Wis..  206,  £17,  219. 

Norwich,  Vt.,  22. 

Milledgeville,  Ga.,  148,  178,  179. 

Norwich,  Conn.,  39,  69,  70. 

Millersburg,  O.,  135. 
Milton,  N.  C.,  132. 

Norwich,  N.  Y.,  77. 

Mineral  Springs,  Flor.,  179. 

Oberlin,  O.,  120. 

MISSISSIPPI,  state  of,  157. 

Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  60,  76,79. 

Mississippi  City,  Miss.,  182. 
MISSOURI,  state  of,  203. 

OHIO,  state  of,  114. 
Old  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  107. 

Mobile,  Ala.,  154,  179,  180,  181. 

Oldtown,  Me.,  15,  61. 

Monroe,  La.,  182. 

Olean,  N.  Y.,  78. 

Monroe,  Mich.,  198,  215. 

Onondaga,  N.  Y.,  77. 

Montgomery,  Ala.,  155,  180,  181. 
Montpelier,  Vt.,  22,  64,  65. 
Montrose,  Pa.,  123,  126. 

Opelousas,  La.,  163,  182. 
Orangeburg,  S.  C.,  44. 
Oregon  Territory. 

Montreal,  Canada,  74.  79. 

Oregon  City,  111.,  219. 

Morgan  town,  N.  C.,  174. 

Orkney  Springs,  1  10, 

INDEX. 


Orono,  Me.,  61. 

Rockville,  Md.,  130. 

Oswego,  N.  Y.,  60,  78,  77. 

Rome,  N.  Y.,  56,  74,  76. 

Owego,  N.  Y.,  72. 

Rome,  Ga.,  149,  179,  187. 

Oxford,  O.,  121. 

Roxbury,  Mass.,  29. 

Oxford,  N.  Y.,  77. 

Rushville,  la.,  214. 

Ruaselville,  Ala.,  182. 

Paducah,  Ky.T  182,  223. 

Russelville,  Ky.,  211. 

Painesville,  0.,  119,  127. 

Rutersville,  Texas,  167,  18J. 

Palestine,  111.,  218. 

Rutherford,  N.  C.,  176. 

Palmyra,  Mo.,  206,  219, 

Rutland,  Vt.r  65. 

Paoli,  la.,  212,  213. 

Paris,  Me.,  62,  71. 

Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  60,  76. 

Paris,  Tenn.,  185,  213. 

Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  70. 

Paris,  Ky.,  185,212. 

St.  Albans,  Vt.,  22,  65. 

Parkersburg,Va.,  113,130. 

St.  Augustine,  Flor.,  152,  179. 

Pateraon,  N.  J.,  82,  72. 

St.  Augustine,  Texas,  •  183. 

Pawtucket,  36. 

St.  Charles,  Mo.,  206,  227. 

Peekskill,  N.  Y.T  73. 
PENNSYLVANIA,  state  of,  84 

St.  Clairsville,  O.,  1  17,  135. 
St.  Francisvilfe,  La.,  163,  182. 

Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,  60. 

St.  Genevieve,  Mo.,  226. 

Pensacola,  Flor.,  153,  179. 
Peoria,  111.,  202,  216,  217,  2l8r2l9r 

St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  199,  2r2,  213,  215. 
St.  John's,  Canada,  71,  74. 

Peru,  la.,  233. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  107,  132,  174. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  73,  85,  123>  124,  125i 

St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  207,  227. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  183,  205,212,  220,  221,22 
St.  Mary's,  Ga.,  177. 

Pickensville,  S.  C.,  176. 

St.  Stephen's,  Ala.,  156,  180. 

Pickensville,  Ala.,  180. 
Piermont,  N.  Y.,  71. 

gaginaw,  Mich.,  215. 
Salem,  Mass.,  29>  61,  68. 

Pigeon  Springs,  la.,  195. 
Pikeville,  Ala.,  182. 

Salem,  N.  Y.,  64. 
Salem,  N.  J.,  83,  123. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  89,126,127,128,1  34>137,22£ 

Salem,  N.  C.,  141,  173. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  73. 
Platte  City,  Mo.,  220. 
Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  55,  71,  76,  79. 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  31,  67. 

Salem,  Ky.,  185,  212. 
Salisbury,  N,  G.,  141,  174,175. 
Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  111. 
Sandusky,  O.,  120,  137. 

Point  Coupee,  La.,  182. 

Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  74. 

Point  Pleasant,  Va.,  113,  133. 

San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  Texas,  167. 

PontiacrMich.,  215. 

San  Augustine,  Texas,  167,  183. 

Pontotoc,  Miss.,  184,  187. 

San  Philipe  de  Austin,  Texas,  167,  183i, 

Portland,  Me.,  14,  61,  62,  6J. 

Santa  Fe,  Texas,  168,221. 

Port  Deposit,  Md.,  124,  125«. 
Port  Gibson,  Miss.,  159. 
Port  Leon,  Flor.,  179. 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  54,  74. 
Saratoga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  54. 
Sault  St.  Marie,  Mich.,  78,  199. 

Port  Huron,  Mich.,  215. 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  19,  61,  63. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  146,  176,  177,  179. 
Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  75. 

Portsmouth,  Va.,  133. 

Sehenectady,  N.  Y.,  55,  74,  79. 

Portsmouth,  O.,  118,  135. 
Pottsville,  Pa.,  92,123,125. 

Schooley's  Mountain,  N.  J.,  83,  122: 
ScotUville,  Ky.r  136. 

Potosi,  Mo.,  183,  207. 

Selma,  Ala.,  156,  181. 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  51,  73,  75. 
Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  209,  218,  225. 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  81. 
Providence,  R.  I.,  35,  68,  70. 

Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  56,  57,  74,  79. 
Shannondale  Springs,  Va.,  109. 
Sharon  Sulphur  Springs,  N.  YM  56,  79. 
Shawneetown,  111.,  202,  216,217,  224. 
Shelbyviile,  Ky.,  211. 

Quebec,  Canada,  62. 

Shelbyviile,  la.r  >36,  214. 

Quincy,  Flor.,  179. 

Shelbyviile,  111.,  217. 

Qumcy,  111.,  217. 

Shocco  White  Sulphur  Springs,  1  49, 

Shreveport,  La.,  164,  182,  183. 

Racine,  Wis.,  217. 

Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  122. 

Rah  way,  N.  J.,  81. 
Raleigh,  N.  C.,  139,  17?. 

Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  71,  73,  75. 
Skaneateles,  N.  Y.,  77. 

Ravenna,  O.,  127. 
Reading,  Pa.,  92,  123,  125,  126. 

Skowhegan,  Me.,  62. 
SmithviTle,  N.  C.,  174. 

Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  111. 
Revnoldsburg,  Tenn.,  185,187. 
RHODE  ISLAND,  state  of,  34. 
Richmond,  Va.,  106,  129,  132,  174. 
Riverhead,  N.  Y.,  70. 

Smithland,  Ky.,  192,212,224. 
Smyrna,  Del.,  95. 
Snow  Hill,  Md.,  99,  128. 
Society  Hill,  S.  C.,  175. 
Somerville.N.  J.,  81. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  57,  72,  78,  79. 

Somerville,  Tenn.,  185,  187. 

Rockford,  III.,  218. 
Rock  Island  City,  111.,  203,  219. 

South  Amboy,  N.  J.,  83. 
South  Bend,  la.,  196,  213. 

Rockport,  la.,  224. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  state  of,  l«. 

12 


INDEX. 


Sparta,  Ga.,  186. 

Warsaw,  111.,  280. 

Spartansburg,  S.  C.,  146,  175. 
Springfield,  Mass.,'  32,  66,  73. 

Washington,  Pa.,  90,  127,  136. 
WASHfNGTON,  D.  C.,  73,  100,  128,  129, 

Springfield,  O.,   121,  134,  136. 

180,173.  174,  185. 

Springfield,  Mo.,  207,221. 

Washington,  N.  C.,  140,  173, 

Springfield,  111.,  201,216,217. 
Spring  Place,  Ga.,    177. 

Washington,  Texas,  166,  183. 
Washington,  Miss.,  158,  184. 

Stafford  Springs,  Ct.,  39. 

Washington,  Ark.,  183. 

Statesville,  N.  C.,  174. 

Washington,  la.,  212. 

Staunton,  Va.,  110,  132,  133. 

Washington,  O.,   136. 

Steubenville,  O.,  118,  127,  134. 

Watertord,  Me.,  62. 

Stonington,  Conn.,  39,  68,  69. 

Waterloo,  N.  Y.,  57,  74,  79. 

Sulphur  and  Tar  Springs,  Ky.,  192. 

Watertown,  N.  Y.,  76. 

Sunburv,  Pa.,  92,  126. 

Waterville,  Me.,  16,62. 

Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  111. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  66,  74,  76,  77. 

Weldon,  N.  C.,  129,  140,  174. 
Wellsburg,  Va.,  1  13,  222. 

Westchester,  Pa.,  94. 

Talbotton,  Ga.,  176,  179. 

West  Point,  N.  Y.,  50,71 

Tallahassee,  Flor.,  152,  179. 

West  Point,  Ga.,  177. 

Tarboro',  140,  173. 

Westport,  Ky.,  223. 

Taunton,  Mass.,  31,  67,  68. 

West  Union,  O.,  135. 

Taylorsville,  Tenn.,  186. 
TENNESSEE,  state  of,  170. 

Wethersfield,  Conn.,  68. 
Wetumpka,  Ala.,  155,  180. 

Terre  Haute,  la.,  195,  213,  2  IT. 
TEXAS,  state  of,  164. 

Wheeling,  Va.,  113,  127,  128,  180,  134 
Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  55,  64,  71,  74. 

Thomaston,  Me.,  16,  61,  62. 

White  Mountains,  N.H.,  17,  65. 

Tiffin,  O.,  137. 

White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  71. 

Toledo,  O.,  120,131,  134. 
Tolland,  Conn.,  69. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Ill,  129,  133 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  Ga.,  160. 

Topsham,  Me.,  16,  61. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Flor.,  152. 

Towanda,  Pa.,  125. 

Wilkesbarre,  la.,  93,123,125. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  81,  122. 

Wilkesboro,  N.  C.,  173. 

Trenton  Falls,  N.  Y.,  56,  76. 

Williamsburg,  Va.,   107,132. 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  71,74,  75. 

Williamsport,  Pa.,  92,  123,  126. 

Tunkhannock,  Pa.,  123. 

Williamsport,  la.,  214. 

Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,   155,  179,  181,  186. 

Williamstown,  Mass.,  33,66. 

Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  156,  181,  185. 

Wilmington,  Del.,  73,  95,  125,  127. 

Tyree's  Springs,  Tenn.,  185. 

Wilmington,  N.  C.,  140,  174,  176. 

Winchester,  Va.,  110,  129,  132. 

Union  Point,  Ga.,  176,  187. 

Winchester,  Tenn.,  186. 

Uniontown,  Pa.,  180. 

Windsor,  Vt.,  22. 

Union  ville,  S.  C.,  175. 
Urbana,  O.,  137. 

Wiscassett,  Me.,  61. 
WISCONSIN,  208. 

Utica,  N.  Y.,  56,  74,  76,  77. 

Woodbury,  N.  J.,  83,  123. 

Woodstock,  Vt.,  22,  63. 

Valley  Forge,  Pa.,  92. 

Woodstock,  Va.,  110. 

Van  Buren,  Ark.,   182,  184. 

Woodville,  Miss.,  182. 

Vandajia,  III.,  202,213,216. 
Velasco,  Texas,  183. 

Woonsocket  Falls,  R\  I.,  34,68. 
Wooster,  O.,  120,  127,  134. 

Verg-ennes,  Vt.,  22,  64. 
VERMONT,  state  of,  20. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  32,  66,  69,  74. 
Wyoming,  Pa.,  93,  123. 

Versailles,  Ky.,  211. 

WytbeviRe,  112,  173,  184. 

Versailles,  la.,  214. 

Vevav,  la.,  214,  223. 

Xenia,  O.,  121,  134,  136. 

Vicksburg,  Miss.,  159,  184. 

Vienna,  Ala.,  180. 

YazooCity,  Miss.,  159.182. 

Vienna,  111.,  216. 

Yellow  Springs,  O.,  121,  134,  136. 

Vincennes,  la.,  212,  216. 

York,  Pa.,  91,  124,  128. 

VIRGINIA,  state  of,  104. 

York  Sulphur  Springs,  91. 

Yorktown,  Va.,  108,  132. 

Wadesboro,  N.  C.,  175. 

Yorkville,  S.  C.,  175,  176. 

Warm  Springs,  Va.,   110. 
Warm  Springs,  N.  C.,  174,  186. 

Youngstown,  N.  Y.,  78. 
Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  198,  215,  218. 

Warren,  Pa.;  126. 

Warrenton,  Va.,  108. 

Zanesville,  O.,  117,  127,  134,  135. 

Warrenlon,  N.  C.,  132,  140. 

Zebulon,  Ga.,  178. 

Warsaw,  Ky.,  223. 

STATE  OF  MAINE. 


13 


MAINE, 


THE  most  northeasterly  state  of  the  republic,  extends 
from  lat.  43Q  to  47°  24'  N.,  and  between  Ion.  6°  and  10° 
:  E.  from  Washington,  and  contains  an  area  of  30,000 
'  square  miles.  Population,  1840,  501,792.  The  state  is 
f  divided  into  13  counties.  Its  shores  are  indented  by  deep 
1  bays,  forming  many  excellent  harbors ;  and  its  waters 
?  are  studded  with  numerous  islands  of  every  variety  of 
'  form  and  size,  from  the  rocky  islet  to  those  of  150  square 

miles  in  extent. 

Near  the  coast  the  surface  is  level,  but  it  rises  on  proceeding  inland ;  and 
most  part  of  the  state  is  hilly,  forming  in  many  places  a  congeries  of  hills, 
or  elevated  cones,  several  of  which  reach  an  elevation  of  4000  feet,  and 
Mt.  Katahdin  rises  to  the  height  of  5335  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In 
the  northwest,  an  elevated  ridge  forms  the  water-shed  dividing  the  waters 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  from  those  of  the  Atlantic ;  a  lateral  branch  of  this 
ridge,  of  still  less  elevation,  separates  the  Kennebec  and  Penobscot  rivers 
from  the  St.  John's. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  one-sixth  part  of  the  surface  of  Maine  consists 
of  water.  There  are  numerous  lakes,  the  largest  and  most  noted  of  which 
are  Moosehead,  Sebago,  Chesuncook,  and  Umbagog.  A  part  of  the 
waters  of  the  latter  extend  into  New  Hampshire.  Some  of  these  lakes  are 
justly  celebrated  for  the  picturesque  beauties  of  their  scenery.  A  steam- 
boat has  been  built  to  ply  on  the  waters  of  Moosehead  lake.  The  Kenne- 
bec and  the  Penobscot  are  the  two  most  important  streams, — the  former  is 
navigable  to  Augusta,  and  the  latter  to  Bangor.  Their  shores  are  adorned 
with  villages,  and  the  intervals  along  their  margins  are  the  most  fertile  and 
best  cultivated  in  the  state.  The  Saco,  Androscoggin,  and  St.  Croix  rivers 
enter  the  Atlantic.  St.  John's  and  its  confluents,  the  Walloostook,  Alla- 
gash,  and  Aroostook,  drain  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  St.  John's 
forms  a  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  by  the  late  treaty  of 
Washington,  and  its  waters  are  open  to  the  free  navigation  of  both  nations. 
The  principal  bays  are — Casco,  Penobscot,  Machias,  and  Passamaquoddy. 
The  climate  is  healthy  ;  but  the  winters  are  long  and  severe.  The  prin- 
cipal productions  are — Indian  corn,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  flax,  and  the 
grasses.  The  uncleared  lands  are  of  great  extent,  and  furnish  an  immense 
amount  of  pine  and  other  lumber.  Marble  and  lime  are  extensively  ex- 
ported. On  the  sea-coast  large  quantities  of  cod-fish  are  dried  and  prepared 
for  the  market ;  and  the  rivers  abound  in  excellent  salmon.  Ship-building 
is  extensively  carried  on. 

The  principal  literary  institutions  are — Bowdoin  College,  at  Brunswick  ; 
Waterville  College,  at  Waterville ;  the  Bangor  Theological  Seminary,  at 
Bangor ;  and  the  Wesleyan  Seminary,  at  Read  field  ;  and  there  are  about 
90  academies  and  4000  common  schools  throughout  the  state. 


14  STATE  OF  MAINE. 

The  government  is  vested  in  a  governor,  senate,  and  house  of  represent- 
atives, who  are  elected  annually.  The  senate  consists  of  31,  and  the  house 
of  representatives  of  151  members.  Seven  counsellors  are  elected  by  the 
legislature  to  advise  the  governor  on  all  matters  pertaining  to  his  legislative 
duties.  The  judiciary  consists  of  a  supreme  judicial  court  and  a  court  of 
common  pleas,  each  composed  of  a  chief-justice  and  two  associate  justices. 
The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  are  appointed  by  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil, and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  or  until  they  have  attained 
the  age  of  70  years.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  possessed  by  every  male  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States,  21  years  of  age,  (excepting  paupers,  persons 
under  guardianship,  and  Indians  not  taxed,)  who  shall  have  resided  in  the 
state  for  three  months  next  preceding  an  election. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Maine  was  made  about  the  year  1630 ; 
and  in  1652  the  inhabitants  were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction,  and  formed 
a  part  of,  the  colony,  subsequently  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  It  was 
styled  the  District  of  Maine  until  the  year  1820,  when  it  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  an  independent  state.  The  constitution  was  formed  in  1819. 

The  railroads,  with  the  distances  between  each  depot,  will  be  found  in 
the  accompanying  tables  of  routes ;  for  example,  see  Portland,  Saco,  and 
Portsmouth  railroad  pages.  61  and  62 . 


PORTLAND, 

The  metropolis,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  at  the  western  extremity  of 
Casco  bay.  It  is  105  miles  from  Boston,  320  from  New  York,  and  545 
from  Washington.  Population,  15,500.  The  harbor  is  safe,  spacious,  and 
easy  of  access ;  completely  land-locked ;  and  is  well  defended  by  forts 
Preble  and  Scammel.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built,  rises  at  its 
eastern  and  northern  extremities,  presenting  a  beautiful  appearance  when 
approached  from  the  sea — rising  like  an  amphitheatre  between  two  hills. 
The  public  buildings  are — a  court-house,  jail,  city  hall,  custom-house, 
an  exchange,  an  athena^ums  with  a  library  of  5,000  volumes,  16  churches, 
and  11  academies.  On  Mt.  Joy,  an  eminence  a  little  to  the  northeast  part 
of  the  city,  is  an  observatory  82  feet  high,  and  226  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  from  which  a  beautiful  view  is  obtained  of  the  harbor,  its  islands, 
and  the  surrounding  country.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Boston  and  the  inter- 
mediate places.  Fare  to  Boston,  $3.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Eastport, 
and  Calais,  via  Brunswick,  Thomaston,  and  Belfast ;  also  for  Houlton, 
via  Augusta  and  Bangor.  Jl  triweekly  line  runs  to  the  White  Moun- 
tains ;  and  also  to  Quebec,  via  Augusta  and  Norridgewock.  Steamboats 
ply  between  Boston  and  Portland,  and  Bangor  and  Portland. 

frCT"  For  tables  of  distances,  see  routes  in  Maine,  pages  61  to  79  where 
will  be  found  the  railroad,  steamboat,  and  stage  routes  from  the  cities  and 
principal  towns  throughout  the  state,  with  the  distances  between  the  inter- 
mediate places. 

AUGUSTA,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Kennebec  rivez, 


STATE    OF    MAINE. 


15 


43  miles  from  the  sea,  and  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  It  is  150 
miles  NNE.  from  Boston,  469  from  New  York,  and  595  from  Washington; 
and  contains  a  state  house,  a  United  States  arsenal,  a  state  insane  hospital, 
a  high  school,  6  churches,  and  6,000  inhabitants.  The  State  House  is  sit- 
uated on  an  eminence,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  river.  The  central  part  is  84  feet  long, 
and  56  deep,  with  two  wings,  each  34  feet 
long  and  54  deep.  It  has  a  Doric  portico  of 
8  columns;  and  before  it  is  a  spacious  park, 
adorned  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  There  is  : 
a  tine  bridge  across  the  Kennebec,  and  a  sub- 
stantial dam  has  been  constructed  across  the 
river  a  short  distance  above,  forming  a  very  . 
extensive  water-power.  Stages  leave  daily  *' 
for  Portland  and  Bangor ;  three  times  a  week  for  Belfast  and  Thomaston  ; 
for  Jin  son  and  Phillips,  and  also  for  Fryeburg. 

BANGOR  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Penobscot  river,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  J  ,320  feet  long.  It  is 
222  miles  from  Boston,  436  from  New  York,  663  from  Washington.  It 
occupies  an  eminence  from  which  a  fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  surrounding 
country.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  this  place,  Portland,  and 
Boston.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  a  bank,  7  churches,  the  Bangor 
Theological  Seminary,  2  academies,  and  about  11,000  inhabitants.  The 
Theological  Seminary  has  3  professors,  50  students,  139  alumni,  and  7,000 
volumes  in  its  library.  It  gives  a  classical  and  theological  course  in  four 
years.  The  lumber  trade  of  Bangor  is  extensive.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Portland ;  three  times  a  week  to  Houlton ;  also  for  Calais,  Castine,  Bel- 
fast, Skowhegan,  &c. 

Old  Town  is  on  an  island  of  the  same  name  in  Penobscot  river,  12 
miles  from  Bangor  ;  here  are  manufactured  immense  quantities  of  boards, 
&c.  On  another  island,  about  a  mile  above,  are  the  remnant  of  Penobscot 
Indians,  (about  360. )  They  have  a  small  church. 

BRUNSWICK  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Androscoggin  river,  at  the 
Pejepscot  Falls,  which  here  make  an  extensive  water-power.  It  con- 
tains 9  churches,  — *—-  

two  academies,  a 
cotton  and  wool- 
len factory,  and 
4,500  inhabitants. 
It  is  the  seat  of 
Bowdoin  College, 
which  was  found-  \ 
ed  in  1794,  and  or- 
ganized in  1802; 

has  a  president  and  nine  professors,  or  other  instructors,  749  alumni,  190 
students,  and  23,950  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  ia 
on  the  1st  Wednesday  in  September.  Attached  to  this  institution,  is 
Maine  Medical  School,  founded  in  1820,  which  has  4  professors,  60  stu- 
dents, and  464  graduates.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  15th  of  Feb- 
ruary, annually.  The  philosophical  apparatus  and  cabinets  of  anatomical 
preparations,  mineralogy,  and  natural  history,  are  very  complete.  It  re- 
ceived a  donation  of  $10,000  from  James  Bowdoin,  Esquire,  its  principal 
benefactor,  from  whom  it  was  named.  The  state  has  granted  it  five 
townships  of  land  and  $3,000  annually.  Its  principal  edifice  has  been 


16  STATE    OF    MAINE. 

several  times  burned,  but  has  been  rebuilt.    The  college  chapel,  a  granite 
edifice,  is  in  the  Romanesque  style  of  architecture. 

BATH  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Kennebec  river,  12  miles  from  the 
sea.  It  is  built  on  a  declivity,  and  extends  for  a  mile  and  a  half  along  the 
river,  and  three-fourths  of  a  mile  back  from  it.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor, 
and  vessels  of  the  largest  class  come  up  to  its  wharves.  It  contains  2 
banks,  several  churches,  5  academies,  75  stores,  and  5,500  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  this  place  and  Portland,  and  Boston,  the 
most  part  of  the  year. 

THOMASTON  is  situated  at  the  head  of  St.  George's  bay,  and  contains  the 
Baptist  Theological  Institute,  a  bank,  3  academies,  the  state  prison,  several 
churches,  and  5,000  inhabitants.  The  Theological  Institute  was  founded 
1837 ;  has  2  professors,  23  students,  and  500  volumes  in  its  library.  The 
state  prison  is  near  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  attached  to  it  are  10  acres  of 
ground.  The  buildings  are  of  stone,  surrounded  by  a  high  wall.  Im- 
mense quantities  of  lime  of  the  best  quality  are  manufactured  here. 

BELFAST  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  arm  of  Penobscot  bay,  30  miles  from 
the  sea;  and  has  a  spacious  harbor,  sufficiently  deep  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  class.  It  has  several  churches,  an  academy,  and  4,500  inhabitants. 
EASTPORT  is  situated  on  Moose  Island, 
and  is  connected  by  a  bridge  with  the 
main  land.  It  is  the  easternmost  town  in 
!  the  United  States;  has  a  good  harbor,  and1 
I  contains  5  churches,  an  academy,  a  United 
j  States  garrison,  and  2,000  inhabitants. 

CALAIS  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
(  St.  Croix  river,  at  the  falls,  opposite  St. 
I  Andrews,  250  miles  from  Portland,  and  has 
i  about  3,000  inhabitants. 
HALLOWELL  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kennebec 
river,  and  contains  5  churches,  an  academy,  and  5,000  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  ply  to  Portland  and  Boston.  Gneiss  is  extensively  quarried 
under  the  name  of  Hallowell  granite,  and  exported  to  most  of  the  eastern 
states. 

CASTINE  is  situated  on  a  promontory  in  the  E.  side  of  Penobscot  bay,  and 
has  a  good  harbor.  It  contains  about  1,200  inhabitants. 

HouLton,  120  miles  NNE.  of  Bangor,  is  situated  on  a  small  stream 
emptying  into  St.  John's  river,  near  the  New  Brunswick  line.  It  con- 
tains the  Hancock  barracks,  a  United  States  military  post,  several  stores, 
and  1,500  inhabitants. 

WATERVILLE,  18  miles  north  of  Augusta,  ig  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Kennebec  river,  near  the  Teconick  Falls ;  and  contains  a 
bank,  several  churches,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Waterville  College  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  It  has,  a 
president  and  six  professors,  210  alumni,  70  students,  and  7,000  volumes 
in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  2d  Wednesday  in  August. 

Fryeburg,  48  miles  from  Portland,  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  plain,  and 
contains  a  church  and  an  academy.  Lovell's  Pond  lies  near  the  village, 
famous  as  the  scene  of  a  desperate  fight  between  the  whites  and  Indians  in 
early  times. 

Topsham  on  the  Androscoggin  river ;  Gardiner  and  Norridgewock  on 
the  Kennebec  river ;  Bucksport  and  Frankport  on  the  Penobscot  river ; 
Bristol  on  the  Damariscotta  river ;  and  Machias  on  the  Machias  river,  are 
large  and  thriving  places. 


STATE    OF    NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


17 


EW  HAMPSHIRE  . 

Is  situated  between  lat.  42°  41'  and  45°  11'  N.,  and 
I  70°  40'  and  72*  30'  W.  Ion.     It  contains  9,194  square 

miles,  and  284,574  inhabitants. 
This  state  has  only  18  miles  of  seacoast,  and  the  shore 

is  generally  a  sandy  beach.     Portsmouth  is  the  only 

good  harbor  in  the  state.     A  short  distance  from  the 
-J  coast,  the  country  becomes  beautifully  diversified  by  hill 

\  and  dale,  and  adorned  by  several  picturesque  sheets  of 

water.  The  White  Mountains  are  situated  a  little  north 
of  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  have  become  a  place  of  great  resort  during 
the  summer  months  ;  they  are  usually  ascended  from  the  southeast.  After 
climbing  the  sides  of  the  mountain  for  some  distance,  the  forest  trees 
begin  to  diminish  in  height,  until  at  the  elevation  of  about  4,000  feet,  you 
come  to  a  region  of  dwarfish  evergreens,  which  put  forth  numerous 
branches  and  surround  the  mountain  with  a  formidable  hedge,  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  in  thickness.  On  emerging  from  this  thicket,  you  are  above  all 
woods,  and  at  the  foot  of  what  is  called  the  bald  part  of  the  mountain, 
which  is  very  steep,  and  consists  of  a  huge  pile  of  naked  rocks.  After  at- 
taining the  summit,  the  traveller  is  recompensed  for  his  toil  and  trouble,  if 
the  sky  be  serene,  by  a  most  noble  and  extensive  prospect.  The  other  principal 
mountain  peaks  are  Moosehillock,  4,636  feet  high  ;  the  Grand  Monadnock, 
3,254  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  and  Kearsarge,  2,461  feet  high,  on 
the  west,  and  the  Moose  and  Ossippee  mountains  on  the  east.  These  moun- 
tains, though  not  a  connected  range,  are  regarded  as  a  continuation  of  the 
Alleghanies. 

The  notch  or  gap  in  the  White  Mountains,  is  justly  regarded  as  a 
curiosity.  It  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountains,  near  the  source  of  Saco 
river.  It  is  a  deep  and  narrow  defile,  in  one  part 
only  22  feet  wide.  The  mountain  mass  appears 
as  if  riven  quite  to  its  base  by  some  convulsion  of 
nature,  perpendicularly  on  one  side,  and  on  the 
other,  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees.  The  ; 
road  which  has  been  made  through  this  pass  is 
Crossed  by  the  river  Saco,  which  rushes  rapidly 
down  the  sides  of  the  mountain,  and  gives  a 
picturesque  effect  to  the  scenery. 

The  Silver  Cascade,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water 
is  precipitated  over  three  precipices,  from  a  height  '„ 
of  250  feet  into  a  basin  formed  by  the  hand  of  \ 
nature,  in  the  rock  beneath.  In  its  fall  it  presents 
a  diversity  of  pleasing  appearances ;  and  in  this 
whole  mountain  region,  nature  seems  to  have 
sported  her  wildest  fancies.  The  lakes  form  another  peculiar  characteris- 
tic of  this  state ;  Winnipiseogee  is  23  miles  long  and  10  broad  in  ita 
2* 


18  STATE    OF    NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

widest  part.  Its  form  is  very  irregular ;  its  shores  exhibit  almost  every 
gradation  of  scenery,  and  its  surface  is  studded  with  numerous  islands.  The 
waters  are  very  pure,  being  supplied  mostly  by  springs.  Squam  lake  is 
6  miles  in  length  and  about  3  in  breadth,  and  is  surrounded  by  bold  and 
rugged  scenery.  It  embosoms  many  islands.  Ossippee,  Sunapee,  Con- 
necticut, and  Newfound  lakes  are  smaller,  but  picturesque  sheets  of 
water.  Another  object  of  curiosity  in  this  state  is  Bellow's  Falls, 
in  the  Connecticut  river,  at  Walpole.  The  descent  of  the  water  in  the 
space  of  100  rods,  is  44  feet ;  there  are  several  pitches  one  above 
another;  at  the  highest  of  which  a  large  rock  divides  the  stream  into 
two  channels,  each  about  90  feet  wide.  When  the  water  is  low,  the 
eastern  channel  is  dry,  being  crossed  by  a  bar  of  solid  rock ;  and  the 
whole  stream  falls  into  the  western  channel,  where  it  is  contracted  to 
the  breadth  of  sixteen  feet,  and  flows  with  astonishing  force  and 
rapidity.  A  bridge  has  been  constructed  over  these  falls;  and  a  canal 
half  a  mile  long,  with  nine  locks  around  them  on  the  west  side. 
Amoskeag  Falls,  in  the  Merrimac,  consists  of  three  successive  pitches, 
falling  nearly  50  feet.  There  are  also  extensive  caverns  at  Chester.  The 
Profile  Mountain,  at  Franconia,  is  a  singular  eminence.  It  is  a  regular 
peak  1,000  feet  in  height,  presenting  a  bold  front  of  solid  rock ;  a  side  view 
of  this  exhibits  a  profile  of  the  human  face. 

The  Connecticut  river  has  its  source  in  the  highlands  on  the  north  border 
of  the  state,  and  its  west  branch  forms  the  boundary  line  between  New 
Hampshire  and  Canada,  to  within  one  mile  of  the  45th  deg.  of  N.  latitude.  Its 
general  course  is  south  by  west,  and  dividing  New  Hampshire  and  Ver- 
mont, it  passes  through  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  central 
part  of  Connecticut,  where  it  enters  Long  Island  Sound.  Merrimac  river, 
the  Pemigewassit  branch,  rises  near  the  Notch  in  the  White  Mountains, 
and  is  joined  by  the  Winnipiseogee,  70  miles  below  the  source  of  the 
former.  It  here  takes  the  name  of  Merrimac.  The  Androscoggin  and 
Saco,  rise  and  have  part  of  their  course  in  this  state. 

The  principal  literary  institutions  of  the  state  are — Dartmouth  College  in 
Hanover,  and  the  Gilmanton  Theological  Seminary  at  Gilmanton.  There 
are  in  the  state  about  70  academies,  and  2,200  common  schools. 

The  constitution  was  formed  in  1784,  and  in  1792  was  altered  to  its 
present  form.  The  governor  is  elected  annually  by  the  people  on  the 
second  Tuesday  in  March.  He  must  have  resided  in  the  state  for  seven  years 
next  preceding  his  election,  be  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  possess  property 
to  the  amount  of  .£500,  one  half  of  which  must  be  a  freehold  within  the 
state.  The  council  consists  of  five  members  chosen  by  the  people,  who 
must  have  resided  in  the  state  for  seven  years,  and  possess  property  to  the 
amount  of  Jt)500,  and  be  thirty  years  of  age.  The  legislature  consists  of 
the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  and  is  denominated  the  General 
Court  of  New  Hampshire.  The  senate  consists  of  twelve  members  chosen 
annually  by  the  people,  who  must  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  have 
resided  in  the  state  for  seven  years  preceding  the  election,  and  possess 
property  within  the  state  to  the  amount  of  .£200.  The  house  of  represen- 
tatives consists  of  250  members,  elected  annually  by  the  people.  A  mem- 
ber must  have  resided  two  years  in  the  state  next  preceding  his  election, 
be  thirty  years  of  age,  and  possess  property  to  the  amount  of  £100, 
within  the  district  which  he  represents,  one  half  of  which  must  be  a  free- 
hold.  All  judicial  officers  are  nominated  and  appointed  by  the  governor 
and  council,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior  ;  but  are  removable 
by  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  council,  at  the  representation  of 


STATE    OF    NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  19 

both  houses  of  the  legislature.  No  judicial  officer  can  hold  office  after  he 
is  70  years  of  age.  The  secretary  and  treasurer  are  elected  by  the  joint- 
ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  legislature.  Every  male  citizen  of  the  age  of 
2]  years  or  over,  excepting  paupers,  and  persons  excused  from  paying  taxes 
at  their  own  request,  has  the  right  of  suffrage. 

The  first  settlements  made  in  the  state  were  at  Dover  and  Ports- 
mouth, in  1623.  In  1641,  all  its  settlements,  by  a  voluntary  act,  submitted  to 
Massachusetts,  but  were  made  a  separate  province  by  an  act  of  Charles  II. t 
in  1679.  A  temporary  government  was  established  in  1776,  to  continue 
during  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  June  21st,  1788,  the  state  in  convention 
adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  yeas  57,  nays  46. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  capital  of  Rockingham  county,  is 
the  largest  town  in  the  state.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  peninsula,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Piscataqua  river,  three  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  harbor  is 
completely  land-locked,  and  has  the  advantage  of  being  always  free  from  ice. 
Portsmouth  is  54  miles  north  of  Boston,  and  493  from  Washington.  Two 
bridges  connect  it  with  Kittery  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  in  Maine  ;  an- 
other bridge  connects  it  with  Great  Island,  on  which  is  alight-house.  On  Con- 
tinental Island,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  harbor,  is  the  navy  yard.  The  town 
contains  8  churches,  7  banking  houses,  a  custom  house,  2  markets,  an 
academy,  an  atheneum,  an  almshouse,  a  state  lunatic  hospital,  and  about 
8,000  inhabitants.  The  atheneum,  a  very  flourishing  institution,  was  in- 
corporated in  1817,  and  has  a  library  of  more  than  5,000  volumes,  besides 
cabinets  of  minerals  and  of  natural  history.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart 
daily  for  Boston,  (fare  $1.50,)  and  for  Portland,  (fare  $1.50.)  Stages 
leave  three  times  a  week  for  Concord. 

CONCORD,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Merrimac  river.  It  is  76  miles  NNW.  from  (~~ 
Boston,  and  481  from  Washington.  It  lies 
chiefly  on  2  streets,  one  of  which  extends  I 
nearly  2  miles.  It  contains  a  state  house,  a  j 
court-house,  jail,  bank,  state  prison,  eight  I 
churches,  350  dwellings,  and  about  4,000  I 
inhabitants.  The  State  House  is  an  ele-  I 
gant  structure  of  hewn  granite,  126  feet 
long,  and  49  feet  wide.  The  hall  of  repre- 
sentatives and  the  senate  chamber,  are  i 
spacious  and  elegant  rooms.  By  means  of  artificial  locks  and  caucus 
around  the  falls  in  Merrimac  river,  and  the  Middlesex  canal,  a  navigable 
communication  exists  from  Boston  to  this  place.  Cars  arrive  from,  and 
depart  twice  daily  for  Boston,  (distance  76  miles  ;  fare  $1.75.)  Stages 
leave  three  times  a  week  for  Portsmouth ;  and  for  the  yVhite  Mountains  ; 
and  for  Burlington,  Vt.,  via  Hanover  and  Montveliei — thence  connecting 
with  a  steamboat  line  to  Montreal ;  and  for  Montreal,  via  Haverhill, 
Derby,  and  Stanstead,  Canada :  and  also  for  Brattleboro,  ft.,  via  Keene. 
DOVER,  the  capital  of  Strafford  county,  is  prettily  situated  at  the  Lower 
falls  of  the  Cochecto,  which  affords  an  abundant  water-power.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  jail,  2  academies,  10  churches,  several  extensive  manufac- 
turing establishments,  and  about  5,000  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive  from,  and 
depart  for  Boston  daily,  (distance  66  miles;  fare  $1.75;)  also  from 
Portland,  (43  miles  ;  fare  $1.25.)  Stages  leave  for  the  White  Mountains  3 
times  a  week. 

GREAT  FALLS  VILLAGE,  6  miles  north  of  Dover,  contains  several 
manufacturing  establishments,  and  2,500  inhabitants. 


20 


STATE    OF    VERMONT. 


EXETER,  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  on  Exeter  river,  has  a  court-house, 
a  bank,  4  churches,  an  academy  with  a  valuable  library,  philosophical 
apparatus,  &c.,  and  several  manufactories.  Cars  pass  through  it  daily 
from  Boston  to  Portland. 

NASHUA  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Merrimac  river,  41  miles  from 
Boston.  It  contains  several  manufacturing  establishments,  10  churches, 
many  pretty  residences,  and  about  7,000  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive  from, 
and  depart  three  times  daily  for  Boston  (fare  $1,)  and  Concord,  (fare 
75  cts. )  Stages  leave  daily  for  Windsor,  Ft. ;  three  times  a  week  to 
Bratlleboro,  Vt.,  and  three  times  a  week  to  Worcester,  Mass. 

HANOVER  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut 
river,  and  contains  a  church,  many  neat  dwel- 
lings, and  the  buildings  of  Dartmouth  College. 
This  institution  was  founded  in  1770,  and  be- 
sides the  collegiate,  it  has  a  medical  depart- 
ment. It  has  a  president  and  15  professors  or 
other  instructors;  has  had  2,228  alumni,  has 
331  students,  and  16,500  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
K  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in 
July.  The  medical  department,  instituted  in  1779,  has  6  professors,  80 
students,  and  has  had  577  graduates.  The  lectures  commence  on  the 
first  Thursday  in  August.  Stages  pass  through  Hanover  for  Concord  and 
Jlfontpelier. 

HAVERHILL  is  on  the  east  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  and  has  a  court- 
house, bank,  a  church,  an  academy,  and  about  60  dwellings. 

GILMANTON  is  20  miles  north  of  Concord,  situated  on  the  Suncook 
river.  The  village  contains  an  academy  and  the  Gilmanton  Theological 
Seminary,  founded  in  1835.  It  has  3  professors,  26  students,  and  4,300 
volumes  in  its  libraries. 


'"»*    c& 


VERMONT  lies  between  lat.  42°  44'  and  45°  00'  30" 
:  N.,  and  71°  30'  to  73°  20'  W.  Ion.,  and  contains  an  area 
[  of  9,056i  sq.  miles ;  and  in  1840,  291,948  inhabitants. 
This  state  presents  a  very  considerable  variety  of  sur- 
face.    It  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  Green 
Mountain   range;    some  summits  of   which   rise  to   a 
height  of  4,279  feet  above  the  sea.    About  the  centre  of 
,.  the  state,  they  divide  into  two  ridges,  the  principal  of 

which  passes  in  a  north-northeast  direction,  into  Canada.  The  Green 
Mountnins  are  from  ten  to  fifteen  miles  wide,  much  intersected  by  valleys 
abounding  with  springs  and  brooks,  and  are  mostly  covered  with  ever- 
greens to  their  summits,  from  which  they  have  derived  their  name.  The 


STATE  OF  VERMONT.  21 

rivers  are  inconsiderable  :  most,  of  those  flowing  east  are  merely  small 
tributaries  of  the  Connecticut ;  those  on  the  east  side  are  larger  and 
longer,  and  the  three  principal,  viz.,  Lamoille,  Missisque,  and  Winooski, 
rise  on  the  east  side  of  the  principal  mountain  chain,  which  they  break 
through  and  enter  Lake  Champlain.  Otter  creek  rises  on  the  west  side  of 
the  mountains,  and  enters  Lake  Champlain. 

The  climate  varies  according  to  differences  of  level  and  other  circum- 
stances. It  is  healthy,  although  the  winters  are  severe.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  but  more  suitable  for  pasturage  than  tillage.  Wool  is  the  staple 
production  ;  sheep,  horses,  and  cattle  are  raised  in  great  numbers. 

The  legislature  formerly  consisted  of  a  single  house  of  assembly,  but  in 
1836,  two  separate  houses  (a  senate  of  30  members,  and  a  house  of 
representatives,  composed  of  one  member  from  each  town)  were  established, 
which,  together  with  its  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  executive  coun 
cil,  are  chosen  annually  by  the  people.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  vested 
in  every  male  citizen  21  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  in  the  state 
for  the  year  previous  to  the  election.  The  judicial  power  is  in  a  supreme 
court  of  five  judges,  and  county  courts  each  composed  of  one  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  two  assistant  judges.  Judges  are  chosen  annually  by 
the  general  assembly,  and  a  court  of  censors,  by  a  popular  vote  once  in  7 
years.  The  general  assembly  meet  annually  in  October. 

There  are  three  colleges  in  Vermont,  viz.,  the  University  of  Vermont 
at  Burlington,  Middlebury  College  at  Middlebury,  and  Norwich  University 
at  Norwich ;  and  there  are  about  50  academies,  and  2,500  common 
schools  throughout  the  state. 


"V--* 


BURLINGTON  is  delightfully  situated  upon  the  tongue  of  land  formed  by 
the  confluence  of  the  Winooski,  or  Onion  river,  with  Lake  Champlain.  It 
is  the  most  important  town  in  Vermont ;  it  is  40  miles  WN  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier,  300  N.  from  New  York,  and  513  from  Washington.  Population  in 
1840,  4,271.  Here  is  a  court-house,  a  jail,  2  banking  houses,  6  churches, 
one  university,  an  academy,  and  a  female  seminary.  The  buildings  of  the 
University  of  Vermont,  4  in  number,  are  on  high  ground  on  the  east  side  of 
the  village.  This  institution  was  founded  in  1791.  It  has  a  president  and 
7  professors,  277  alumni,  125  students,  and  9,200  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  August.  The  view 
from  the  cupola  of  the  college  embraces  an  extensive  range.  On  the 
west  lies  the  village — the  broad  expanse  of  lake,  with  its  islands  and 
vessels  ;  and  beyond,  the  Adirondack  mountains,  rising  to  the  height  of  near 
6,000  feet,  give  grandeur  to  the  picture ;  while  on  the  east,  are  presented 
in  full  view  the  Green  Mountains,  with  their  two  highest  peaks,  Camel's 
Rump  and  Mansfield  Mountain.  Steamboats  stop  here  daily  (in  summer) 
from  Whitehall,  JV*.  Y.,  and  from  St.  John's,  Canada.  Stages  leave  daily 
for  Mbany,  also  for  Boston  via  Middlebury,  Bellows'  Falls,  and  Fitck~ 
burg,  Mass.,  and  to  Montpelier ;  from  thence,  three  times  a  week  to  Port 
land,  Me.,  via  the  White,  Mountains. 


22 


STATE  OF. VERMONT. 


_MONTPELIER,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  in  a  rugged  and 
-••;=:  ->:: ^^03^^^^  picturesque  region,  at  the  junction  of  the 
1  north  and  south  branches  of  the  Wi- 
I  nooski  river.  It  contains  a  state-house, 
|  court-house,  jail,  an  academy,  4  churches, 
I  and  about  1,800  inhabitants.  The  State 
I  House  is  built  of  granite,  72  feet  wide, 
I  and  152  feet  long  ;  it  has  a  projecting 
I  portico  in  the  centre  of  six  Grecian  Doric 
I  columns,  6  feet  in  diameter  and.  36  feet 

9.  high.     Stages  leave  daily  for  Burlington 

and  Concord,  JV.  //.,  via  Lebanon,  be.  ;  and  three  times  a  week  for  the 
White  Mountains ;  also  to  Derby,  St.  rflbans,  <$-c. 

MIDDLEBURY  is  situated  at  the  falls  and  on  both  sides  of  Otter  creek. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  bank,  5  churches,  2  academies,  several  ex- 
tensive manufactories,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants.  In  the  vicinity  .is  a 
quarry  of  excellent  marble,  which  is  extensively  wrought.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Middlebury  College,  founded  in  1800,  which  has  a  president  and  7  pro- 
fessors, has  771  alumni,  97  students,  and  7,054  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  H  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  August.  Stages  pass 
through  Middlebury  daily  for  Burlington,  Albany,  and  Boston. 

VERGENNES  is  situated  at  the  Lower  falls  on  Otter  creek,  and  contains  3 
churches,  a  bank,  and  several  manufactories. 

BENNINGTON  is  prettily  situated  on  elevated  ground,  and  contains  a 
court-house,  a  church,  2  academies,  a  bank,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 
The  Americans  under  General  Stark  defeated  a  large  British  force,  August 
16,  1777,  on  the  west  border  of  the  town. 

BRATTLEBORO  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river, 
and  contains  4  churches,  a  bank,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  Albany,  Springfield,  Worcester,  Nashua  ;  and  also  to  the 
White  Mountains,  passing  through  the  principal  towns  along  the  Con- 
necticut river. 

NORWICH  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  and  contains 
several  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  500  inhabitants.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Norwich -University.  It  has  a  president  and  6  professors,  and  40  students. 
The  commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday  in  August.  Jl  line  of  stages 
pass  through  this  place  three  times  a  week  from  Montpdier  and  Concord. 
•  ST.  ALBANS  is  situated  near  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Champlain  ;  it  has 
a  court-house,  jail,  a  bank,  3  churches,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  Stages 
from  Burlington  to  the  Canada  line,  pass  through  this  place  three  times 
a  week. 

>  CASTLETON,  74  miles  from  Montpelier,  contains  2  churches,  an 
academy,  and  the  Castleton  Medical  College,  founded  in  1818,  with  7 
professors,  104  students,  555  graduates.  The  lectures  commence  on  the 
4th  Thursday  in  August.  Woodstock  has  5  churches,  and  the  Vermont 
Medical  College,  founded  in  1835,  with  7  professors,  94  students,  and 
255  graduates.  Windsor  contains  3  churches,  the  Vermont  state  prison,  and 
1,000  inhabitants.  Bellows  Falls  village  has  2  churches  and  500  in- 
habitants. 

Alburg  Springs  are  on  the  point,  of  land  projecting  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  at  the  north ;  the  waters  are  of  considerable  efficacy  in  scrofulous  and 
other  diseases. 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


23 


VIEW    FROM    MT.  HQLY.OKE; 
MASSACHUSETTS  lies  between  41°  23'and42°5-r 
y  N.  lat.,  and  between  69°  50'  and  73°  30'  W.  Ion.    It  rs 
about  190  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  90 
miles,  and  contains  7,500  square  miles ;  and  in  1840, 
737,699  inhabitants. 

I  This  state  presents  three  distinct  zones.  The  first, 
towards  the  ocean,  is  a  marine  alluvion,  but  little 
elevated  above  the  sea;  it  is  mostly  sandy,  and  the 
least  fertile  and  smallest  in  extent  of  the  three  sections. 
This  plain  is  followed  by  a  fine  hilly  tract,  which  crosses  the  state  from 
north  to  south,  elevated  in  some  places  300  feet  above  the  sea  ;  from  these 
elevations  the  rivers  flow  in  every  direction.  The  second  or  middle  zone 
includes  part  of  the  beautiful  valley  of  Connecticut ;  and  is  followed  by 
the  mountainous  but  highly  fertile  county  of  Berkshire,  which  comprises 
the  whole  western  part  of  the  state.  Through  Berkshire  pass  two  moun- 
tain ranges,  the  Taghkannick,  on  the  western  border  of  the  state  ;  and  be- 
tween the  Housatonic  and  Connecticut  rivers,  the  Green  Mountain  range, 
here  called  Hoosick  Mountains.  Mount  Holyoke,  near  Northampton,  is 
near  1,200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  Wachusett  Mountain,  in 
Princeton,  is  an  elevated  peak  from  2,000  to  3,000  feet  high.  Saddle 
Mountain  in  the  Taghkannick  range,  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
state,  is  4,000  feet  high ;  and  Mount  Washington  in  the  same  range, 
in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  state,  is  about  3,000  feet  high.  The 
valleys  of  the  Connecticut  are  fertile,  as  are  also  those  of  the  Housa- 
tonic. 

The  principal  rivers  are — the  Connecticut,  a  noble  stream,  winding  for  50 
miles  across  the  state ;  Housatonic,  which  rises  in  Berkshire  county,  and 
flows  through  the  west  part  of  the  state :  and  Merrimac,  which  rises  in 
New  Hampshire,  and  has  a  course  of  50  miles  in  the  NE.  part  of  the 
state,  and  enters  the  ocean  below  Newburyport.  It  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels  to  Haverhill,  15  miles.  Besides  these  there  are— Nashua,  Concord, 
Taunton,  and  Blackstone  rivers. 

Massachusetts  has  numerous  good  harbors.  There  are  several  impor- 
tant islands  off  the  S.  shore  of  this  state,  to  which  they  belong.  The  largest 
is  Nantucket,  15  miles  long  and  11  broad,  and  which  constitutes  a  county 
of  its  own  name.  Martha's  Vineyard,  W.  of  Nantucket,  is  20  miles  long  and 
from  2  to  10  broad,  which  with  other  small  islands  constitutes  Duke's  coun- 
ty. The  shores  of  Massachusetts  are  diversified  by  some  bold  promontories 
and  capacious  bays.  Of  the  latter,  Massachusetts  bay,  between  Cape 
Ann  on  the  N.  and  Cape  Cod  on  the  S.,  is  about  40  milos  in  breadth. 
Buzzard's  bay  is  on  the  SW.  side  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  20  miles  long. 
Cape  Ann,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  is  a  rocky  promontory,  15 
miles  in  length.  Cape  Cod  is  a  peninsula  in  the  SE.  part  of  the 


24  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

state,  extending  75  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  20  broad,  with  a  bend 
in  the  middle,  nearly  at  right  angles.  The  peninsula  of  JVahant,  a 
^.t_  -_-,.-,..  -  _  few  miles  north  of  the  harbor  of  Boston,  is 

connected  with  the  main  land  by  Lynn  beach, 
two  miles  long.     It  has  become,  on  account 

.  of  its  cool  breezes  and  wild  sea-views,  a  place 

I  of  fashionable  resort  during  the  summer  months. 

|  Steamboats  ply  daily  in  s.ummer  from  it  to 

"  Boston. 

There  are  in  this  state  3  colleges,  and  2  theological  seminaries,  viz.,  Harvard 
University,  at  Cambridge,  the  oldest  and  best  endowed  in  the  country, 
founded  in  1638,  about  18  years  after  the  first  landing  on  the  rock  of 
Plymouth ;  Williams  College  at  Williamstown,  founded  in  1793 ;  and 
Amherst  College  at  Amherst,  founded  in  1821,  which  has  had  an  unex- 
ampled growth.  The  theological  seminary  at  Andover  is  under  the 
direction  of  the  Congregationalists.  It  was  opened  for  students  in  the 
autumn  of  1808.  The  Baptists  have  a  flourishing  theological  institution  at 
Newtown,  founded  in  1825.  There  are  260  academies  or  grammar 
schools,  and  3,500  common  schools  in  the  state. 

The  government  of  Massachusetts  consists  of  a  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  senate,  and  house  of  representatives.  They  are  elected  annually 
by  the  people.  The  governor  must  have  resided  7  years  in  the  state,  and 
own  a  freehold  worth  £  1,000,  and  declare  his  belief  in  the  Christian 
religion.  The  lieutenant  governor  must  possess  the  same  qualifications. 
A  council  of  nine  persons,  besides  the  lieutenant-governor,  are  elected 
annually  by  the  joint-ballot  of  the  legislature,  and  not  more  than  two  can 
be  chosen  in  one  congressional  district.  They  rank  next  to  the  lieutenant- 
governor.  The  senate  consists  of  40  members,  who  must  possess  a  free- 
hold of  .£300,  and  a  personal  estate  of  .£600,  and  must  have  resided  in  the 
state  for  5  years  next  preceding  the  election.  The  house  of  representa- 
tives contains  356  members,  who  must  possess  a  freehold  of  300  pounds  in 
the  town  for  which  he  is  chosen,  or  ratable  estate  to  the  value  of  .£200. 
The  judges  and  various  other  officers,  as  attorney-general,  &c.,  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  and  council.  The  judges  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior.  The  secretary,  treasurer,  and  receiver-general,  are 
appointed  annually  by  the  joint-ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  legislature. 
Every  male  citizen  over  21  years  of  age,  (except  paupers  and  persona 
under  guardianship,)  who  has  resided  in  the  state  one  year,  and  in  the 
town  or  district  in  which  he  claims  to  vote,  six  months  next  preceding 
the  election,  and  shall  have  paid  a  tax  in  the  commonwealth  within  two 
years,  or  shall  have  been  exempted  from  taxation,  enjoys  the  right  of 
suffrage. 

The  Plymouth  colony  was  settled  by  the  Puritans,  December,  1620.  In 
1628  the  settlements  of  Salem  and  Charleston  were  made,  and  in  1630 
that  of  Boston.  In  1692  these  colonies  were  united  under  the  name  of 
Massachusetts.  The  American  revolution  began  at  Boston,  and  this 
state  bore  a  prominent  part  in  that  great  struggle.  In  convention,  this 
state  voted  (February  6th,  1788)  to  adopt  the  federal  constitution  ;  yeaa 
187,  nays  168. 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS.  25 


Mai 

New  England,! 

commercial  city  in  the  Union,  is  situated   mostly  on  a  peninsula,  3  miles 

long,  and  a  little  more  than  one  mile  broad,  at  the  head  of  Massachusetts 

bay,  and  possesses  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  United  States.     It  is  ia 

42-  21'  23"  N.  lat.,  and  71*  4'  9"  W,lon.  from  Greenwich,  and  5*  11'  15"  E. 

from  Washington.     It   is  105  miles  from   Portland,  Me.,  214  from  New 

York,  302  from  Philadelphia,  439  from  Washington,  985  from  Cincinnati, 

and  1,809  from  New  Orleans.    The  population  in  1790,  was  J8.033,  in 

1800,  24,937;  in  1810,  33,250;  in  1820,  43,298;  n>  1830,61,391 ;  in  1840, 

93,338;  in  1845,114,366; 

The  harbor  extends  from  Nantasket  to  the  city,  and  spreads  from 
Nahant  to  Hingham,  containing  75  square  miles.  It  is  defended  by  Forts 
Warren  and  Independence,  the  former  of  which  is  on  Governor's  Island, 
and  the  latter  on  Castle  Island.  The  inner  harbor  has  a  depth  of  water 
sufficient  for  500  vessels  of  the  largest  class  to  ride  at  anchor  in  safety, 
while  the  entrance  is  so  narrow  as  scarcely  to  admit  two  ships  abreast. 
Boston  consists  of  three  parts,  viz.,  Boston  on  the  peninsula,  South 
Boston,  formerly  a  part  of  Dorchester,  and  east  Boston,  formerly  Noddle's 
island.  The  "  Neck"  or  isthmus,  which  in  early  times  formed  the  only 
connection  of  the  peninsula  with  the  main  land,  is  over  a  mile  in  length, 
and  still  constitutes  the  main  avenue  to  the  city  from  the  south  ;  but  by  a 
number  of  extension  bridges  and  artificial  avenues,  it  is  connected  in 
various  directions  with  the  surrounding  country. 

The  city  exhibits  a  picturesque  and  beautiful  appearance  when  ap 
proached  from  the  sea ;  and  in  surveying  its  several  parts,  the  traveller 
finds  much  to  admire.  The  peninsula  had  originally  an  uneven  surface, 
and  the  place  early  received  the  name  of  Trrmountain,  from  its  three  hills, 
and  their  principal  eminences  on  Beacon  Hill.  These  eminences,  though 
somewhat  lowered,  rontinue  to  adorn  the  city.  Beacon  Hill,  on  the  W. 
part,  is  110  feet  above  high-water  mark;  it  was  originally 30  feet  higher. 
Fort  Hill,  on  the  E.  side,  fronting  the  harbor,  is  80  feet  high  ;  and  Copp's 
Hill  in  the  N.  part,  is  50  feet  above  high  water  On  this  hill  the  British 
had  a  battery  in  1775,  from  which,  during  the  memorable  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill,  they  bombarded  and  burned  Charlestown.  South  Boston 
constituted  part  of  Dorchester  until  1804,  when,  fay  an  act  of  the 
legislature,  it  was  united  to  the  city.  It  extends  about  two  miles 
along  the  south  side  of  the  harbor.  Nearly  in  the  middle  of  this  tract 
are  Dorchester  heights,  or  Mount  Washington,  130  feet  above  the 
sea.  On  these  heights,  the  Americans  under  Washington  erected  a 
fortification  in  1775,  which  soon  compelled  the  British  to  evacuate 
Boston. 

East  Boston  is  built  on  Noddle's  island.  It  is  connected  with  the  city  by 
a  steam  ferry,  and  with  Chelsea,  on  the  main  land,  by  a  b.idge  600  feet 


26 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


long.  The  eastern  railroad  commences  here.  A  wharf  1,000  feet  long, 
called1  Cunard's  wharf,  has  been  granted  free  of  charge  for  20  years,  for 
the  use  of  the  Liverpool  line  of  steamships.  East  Boston  has  wholly 
grown  up  since  1833,  and  already  constitutes  an  important  part  of  the 
city. 

The  Common  occupies  the  declivity  of  Beacon  Hill  ;  it  has  a  pleasantly 
diversified  surface,  and  covers  a  space  of  75  acres.  The  State  House  oc- 
cupies its  north  part.  Boston  is  generally  well  built,  mostly  of  brick,  and 
many  of  its  private  residences  are  elegant.  Among  the  public  buildings, 
the  State  House  is  the  principal.  It  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  Beacon 
Hill,  110  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  fronts  on  the  spacious  Com- 
mon. This  edifice  is  173  feet  long,  and  61  wide.  The  lower  story  has  a 
large  hall  or  public  walk  in  the  centre,  50  feet  square  and  '20  feet  high, 
supported  by  Doric  columns.  In  the  middle  of  the  south  side  of  this 
story,  is  a  statue  of  Washington,  by  Chantry.  The  rooms  above  are — 
the  representatives'  room,  in  the  centre,  55  feet  square  ;  the  senate  cham- 
ber, 55  feet  long,  and  33  feet  wide,  arid  30  feet  high,  with  two  screens  of 
Ionic  columns,  supporting  with  their  entablature  a  richly-decorated 
arched  ceiling.  In  another  part  of  the  building  is  the  council-chamber, 
27  feet  square.  The  dome  is  ascended  by  a  spiral  stairway  on  the  inside  ; 
and  from  its  top  is  presented  a  view  of  the  harbor,  the  bay,  and  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

Faneuil  Hall  was  erected  in  1742,  by  a  gentleman  whose  name  it  bears, 
and  was  by  him  presented  to  the  city.  It 
was  enlarged  in  1805,  and  is  now  100  feet 
long  and  80  wide,  and  three  stories  high. 
The  lower  story  is  occupied  by  stores.  The 
great  hall  in  the  second  story  is  76  feet 
square  and  28  high,  with  galleries  on  three 
I  sides,  supported  by  Doric  columns,  and  the 
ceiling  is  supported  by  two  ranges  of  Ionic 
i  columns.  The  west  end  is  ornamented  by  a 
full  length  portrait  of  Washington,  by  Stu- 
_J  art;  and  another  of  Peter  Funeuil,  Esq., 
copied  from  an  original  picture.  Above  the  great  hall,  is  another  in  the 
third  story,  78  feet  long  and  30  feet  wide,  devoted  to  military  exercises. 
This  venerable  building  has  been  appropriately  called  "the  cradle  of 
American  liberty."  It  is  the  property  of  the  city,  and  secured  by  its 
charter  from  ever  being  devoted  to  any  but  public  purposes.  There  are 
75  churches  in  the  city.  The  old  State  House,  at  the  head  of  State-street, 
was  built  in  1658  ;  it  has  been  twice  destroyed  by  fire,  and  was  the  last  time 
rebuilt  in  1747.  It  was  formerly  occupied  by  the  state  legislature.  An 
elegant  Merchants'  Exchange  has  been  recently  erected  in  State-street.  It 
contains  the  post-office,  a  reading-room,  &c.  Quincy  Market  is  a 
splendid  edifice,  585  feet  long  and  50  feet  wide  ;  it  is  directly  east  of 
Faneuil  Hall.  The  wings  are  two  stories  high,  and  at  the  E.  and  W. 
ends  are  five  porticoes,  of  four  Grecian  Doric  columns.  The  new  court- 
house, constructed  of  hewn  duincy  granite,  is  176  feet  long,  54  feet 
wide,  and  57  feet  high  ;  and  the  N.  and  S.  fronts  are  adorned  with  Grecian 
Doric  porticoes.  The  interior  has  four  court-rooms,  each  50  by  40  feet, 
besides  various  public  offices.  The  Custom-house  has  an  elegant  Doric 
portico  its  whole  length,  and  a  fine  dome  in  the  centre.  The  houses  of 
Industry,  Correction,  and  Reformation,  are  pleasantly  situated  in  South 
Boston,  near  the  brow  of  Dorchester  heights,  and  are  surrounded  by 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS.  27 

ornamented  grounds.    The  Tremont  House  is  one  of  the  finest  hotels  in 
the  United  States.     There  are  two  theatres  in  the  city. 

The  Medical  Institution  of  Harvard  University  is  located  in  Boston, 
where  its  professors  reside.  It  was  founded  in  1782,  has  six  professors, 
157  students,  and  over  5,000  volumes  in  its  library.  The  lectures  com- 
mence on  the  first  Wednesday  of  November,  annually.  The  Institution  for 
the  Blind  has  been  liberally  patronized  ;  it  has  a  splendid  edifice  on  Mount 
Washington,  South  Boston. 

Boston  has  106  literary  and  charitable  societies.  Among  the  literary 
societies  of  a  high  order,  is  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
founded  in  1780,  which  has  published  four  quarto  volumes  of  its  transac- 
tions, and  has  a  library  of  over  2,000  volumes.  The  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society  was  incorporated  in  1794.  Its  collections  have  been 
published  in  26  volumes  octavo,  in  which  are  many  valuable  papers.  Its 
library,  consisting  of  books  and  manuscripts,  amounts  to  over  6,000  articles, 
many  of  them  rare  and  valuable,  besides  several  paintings  of  distinguished 
individuals.  The  Boston  Athenaeum  was  incorporated  in  1837,  and  has  a 
library  of  over  30,000  volumes,  a  collection  of  over  2,000  coins  and 
medals,  and  a  reading-room  well  furnished  with  American  and  foreign 
newspapers.  The  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  was  instituted  in 
]830,  and  has  a  cabinet  and  museum.  The  Boston  museum  possesses  a 
rare  and  valuable  collection  of  curiosities.  The  Massachusetts  hospital, 
in  the  western  part  of  the  city,  is  deserving  of  notice ;  it  has  a  beautiful 
edifice,  built  of  granite,  and  surrounded  by  grounds  highly  ornamented 
with  trees  and  shrubbery. 

There  are  36  newspapers  published  here,  of  which  12  are  daily  ;  of  the 
remainder,  a  portion  are  semi-weekly  and  weekly,  and  others  weekly. 
Besides  newspapers,  there  are  a  number  of  magazines  and  reviews; 
the  most  distinguished  of  the  latter  is  the  North  American  Review. 

The  city  is  supplied  with  water  brought  from  Jamaica  pond  in  Rox- 
bury,  4  miles  from  the  city,  by  the  Aqueduct  Corporation,  formed  in  1795. 

Cars  leave  Boston  twice  daily,  on  each  of  the  railroiMs  for  Port- 
land, (fare  $3  ;)  for  Lowell,  (fare  65  cts.,)  three  times,  ana  Concord,  JV*. 
H.,  (fare  $1.75,)  twice  daily;  for  Fitchburg  three  times  daily,  (fare 
$1.25;)  for  Jllbauy,  JV.  Y.,  twice  daily,  (fare  $5  to  $6.)  Cars  leave 
daily  for  New  York  on  fire  different  routes,  (fare  $3  to  $6.)  (see  page  66.) 
Cars  leave  twice  daily  for  Providence,  (fare  $1.25  ;)  for  New  Bedford 
(fare  $1.50.)  and  Fall  River,  (fare  $1.45;)  and  also  for  Plymouth, 
{fare  $1 . )  See  pages  65,  66,  67. 

CHARLESTOWN,  one  mile  north  of  Boston,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula, 
between  Mystic  and  Charles  rivers,  and  is  connected  by  bridges  with 
Boston,  Cambridge,  Chelsea,  and  Maiden.  The  streets,  although  not 
regular,  are  wide,  and  ornamented  with  trees.  It  has  a  square,  around 
which  a  number  of  the  public  buildings  are  situated.  It  contains  a  state 
prison,  the  M'Lcan  Insane  Asylum,  an  almshouse,  a  town-house,  3  banks, 
a  United  States  navy  yard,  a  marine  hospital,  and  12  churches.  The  navy 
yard  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Charles  river,  embracing  60  acres  of 
ground,  enclosed  by  a  wall,  within  which  are  erected  the  warehouse, 
arsenal,  magazine,  ropewalk,  dwellings  for  the  officers,  &c.,  all  of  brick, 
and  two  immense  edifices  of  wood,  under  which  the  largest  vessels  of 
war  are  constructed.  Here  is  a  dry-dock  of  hewn  granite,  341  feet  long, 
80  wide,  and  30  feet  deep.  The  M'Lean  Insane  Asylum  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  elevated  ground  ;  the  buildings  are  large  and  commodious, 
and  attached  to  the  institution  are  15  acres  of  land,  handsomely  laid  out. 


28 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


and  tastefully  ornamented.  The  state  prison  is  NW.  of  the  city,  and 
consists  of  four  large  stone  buildings,  a  chapel,  &c.,  enclosed  by  a  high 
wall.  Bunker  Hill,  or  more  properly,  Breed's  Hill,  is  a  little  north  of 
Charlestown.  On  the  site  of  the  battle,  62  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  has 
been  erected.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  by  La  Fayette, 
on  the  50th  anniversary  of  the  battle,  June  17th,  J825. 
This  foundation  having  been  found  insufficient,  the 
corner-stone  of  the  present  structure  was  laid  in  March, 
1827.  The  monument  was  completed  July  23d,  1842. 
i  Its  form  is  that  of  an  obelisk,  30  feet  square  at  the  base, 
H  and  16  feet  4|  inches  at  the  top.  The  height  from  the 
Jt  base  to  the  top,  is  221  feet.  It  is  substantially  built  of 
p  hewnQuincy  granite.  The  interior  is  circular,  having  a 
|  diameter  of  10  feet  7  inches  at  the  bottom,  and  of  6 
<  feet  4  inches  at  the  top,  and  is  ascended  by  294  steps. 
I  At  the  top  is  an  elliptical  chamber,  17  feet  high  and  11 
iSS  feet  in  diameter,  with  4  windows.  A  most  beautiful 
view  is  obtained  from  this  apartment,  of  Boston,  its  harbor,  and  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Omnibuses  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Boston,  every 
15  minutes  daily. 

CAMBRIDGE,  3  miles  NW.  from  Boston,  consists  of  three  parts — Old 
Cambridge,  the  seat  of  the  University ;  Cambridge  Port,  about  halfway  be- 
tween the  university  and  the  bridge  leading  to  Boston  ;  and  East  Cam- 
bridge, formerly  Lechmere's  Point,  opposite  to  th«  north  part  of  Boston. 
It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  New  England,  incorporated  in  1630,  by 
the  name  of  Newtowa,  but  eight  years  after  took  its  present  name.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  jail,  state  arsenal  3  banks,  16  churches,  2  acade- 
mies, and  9,000 
inhabitants.  It 
is  the  seat  of 
(s  Cambridge  Uni- 
jjf  versity,  the  old- 
|est  and  best 
I  endowed  insti- 
ll tution  in  the 
I  Union ;  founded 

-,,_  -^   „ „- :in!638.  Frorna 

donation "made  to  it  by  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  it  was  called  Harvard  College. 
Its  funds  now  amount  to  over  halfa  million  of  dollars.  It  has  a  president,  29 
professors  or  other  instructors,  has  had  5,942  alumni,  has  280  students, 
and  68,500  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  fourth 
Wednesday  in  August.  The  buildings  consist  of  University  Hall,  an 
elegant  granite  edifice  140  by  50  feet,  and  42  feet  high,  containing  a 
chapel,  6  lecture-rooms,  dining  halls,  &c. ;  Harvard  Hall,  a  brick  edifice 
108  by  40  feet,  containing  the  library,  the  philosophical  apparatus,  and 
mineralogical  cabinet;  and  four  other  buildings,  denominated  Massa- 
chusetts, Hollis,  Stoughton,  and  Holworthy  Halls,  with  rooms  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  students;  Holden  Chapel,  containing  the  anatomi- 
cal museum,  chemical  laboratory,  and  lecture-rooms;  and  three  other 
edifices  for  the  students.  The  buildings  occupy  an  enclosed  pluin  of  14 
acres.  It  has  a  botanical  garden  of  8  acres,  with  a  large  collection  of 
trees,  plants,  and  shrubs,  native  and  foreign.  The  Medical  Institution  has 
6  professors.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  JNo- 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


29 


vember.     It  has  a  library  of  over  5,000  volumes.     Mount  Auburn  Cemetery 

is  in  Cambridge,  5  miles  from  Boston.     The 

grounds  occupy  about  70  acres,  and  are  prettily  > 

diversified  with   hill  and  valley,  mostly  cover-  ' 

ed  with  a  great  variety  of  native  trees,  and  J 

planted  with  ornamental  shrubbery.     There  | 

are  also  several  beautiful   sheets   of   water.  1 

It  has  been  tastefully  laid  out  with  avenues  \ 

and  paths.     Cambridge  was  a  place  of  im-  * 

portance  in  the  early  history  of  the  country.  * 

The  first   printing-press   in  America  was   established    here,  in   1639,  by 

Stephen  Day.     It  was  long  the  literary  centre  round  which  the  affections 

of  the  colonists  clustered.    Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  at 

the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  20,000  men  collected  here, 

and  July  2d,   1775,  Gen.  Washington  arrived  and   established  his  head 

quarters  at  this  place.     Omnibuses  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Boston 

every  half  hour  daily. 
ROXBURY,  2  miles  south  of  Boston,  is  connected  with  the  city  by  a 

neck  of  land.    It  contains  16  churches,  2  banks,  many  beautiful  dwellings, 

and  about  12,000  inhabitants. 

LEXINGTON  is  11  miles  NW.  from  Boston,  and  contains  2  churches  and 

about  50  dwellings.     This  village  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  fir^t 

blood  was  shed  at  the  opening  of  the  great  drama  of  the  revolution.    The 

legislature  of  Massachusetts  have  caused  a  monument  to  be  erected  on  the 

gpot  where  the  first  victims 

fell,  to  perpetuate  the  memo-  \ 

ry  of  the  slain,  and  of  this  is 

event.     The  engraving  is 

view  from  the  Concord  road  :  | 

the  monument  is  on  an  eleva  j 

tion.onthe  western  side  of  the  ( 

green;  a  school-house  stood J 

there  at  the  time  the  Britislif 

troops  fired  upon  the  Ameri-: 

cans,  on  the  memorable  19th  ot  April,  1775.     The  church  stands  in  the 

place  of  the  old  one,  which  was  taken  down  in  1794,  when  the  present 

one  was  erected. 

CONCORD  lies  17  miles  NW.  of  Boston.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail, 
a  bank,  2  churches,  and  an  academy.  Population  1,784.  The  first  blood 
of  the  revolution  was  shed  here  on  the  part  of  the  British.  They,  after 
killing  8  Americans  at  Lexington,  proceeded  to  this  place,  where  they 
were  resisted,  and  two  British  soldiers  killed.  A  monument  records  the 
event.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Boston,  (fare  50  cts.~)  3  times 
daily,  and  also  for  Fitchburg. 

SALEM,  the  largest  town  in  Essex  county,  is  the  oldest  and  largest  sea- 
port but  one  in  Massachusetts,  situated  14  miles  NNW.  from  Boston.  It 
is,  chiefly  built  on  a  point  of  land  formed  by  two  inlets  from  the  sea,  called 
North  and  South  rivers,  and  contains  18  churches,  9  banks,  and  16,000 
inhabitants.  The  public  square,  containing  ten  acres,  lies  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  town,  and  is  almost  perfectly  level,  enclosed  and  shaded  by  a 
large  number  of  elms.  An  aqueduct  supplies  the  city  with  soft  spring 
water.  On  a  peninsula  below  the  town,  are  Fort  Pickering  and  Fort  Lee, 
and  on  an  island  there  is  a  light-house.  In  1692,  the  witchcraft  delusion 
prevailed  in  Salem,  and  19  persons  were  tried  and  executed.  Cars  arrive 


30  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

from,  and  depart  several  times  daily  for  Boston.  Jl  branch  railroad  ex- 
tends from  Salem  to  Marblehcad,  a  distance  of  four  miles.  Stages  leave 
for  Gloucester  daily. 

NEWBURYPORT  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Essex 
county.  It  is  situated  38  miles  nortlreast  of  Boston,  on  a  gentle  accli- 
vity, on  the  right  bank  of  the  AJerrirnac,  at  the  union  of  that  river  with 
the  ocean.  It  is  considered  in  point  of  natural  advantages,  as  well  as  in  its 
improvements,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  New  England.  The 
harbor  is  safe  and  spacious,  but  difficult  of  entrance.  It  contains  a 
custom-house,  8  churches,  an  academy,  4  banks,  an  almshouse,  a  lyceum, 
and  7,500  inhabitants.  Mr.  Whitefield,  the  celebrated  preacher,  died  and 
was  buried  here.  A  monument  in  one  of  the  churches  records,  "  that  in 
his  ministry  of  thirty-four  years,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic  thirteen  times, 
and  preached  more  than  18,000  sermons."  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart 
twice  daily  for  Boston,  and  also  for  Portland,  Me.  Stages  leave  for 
Haverhill  and  Exeter.  N.  H.,  3  times  a  week. 

LOWELL,  city,  and  the  semi-capital  of  Middlesex  county,  is   situated 

25  miles  iNNW. 
from  Boston.  In 
the  rapidity  of 
?  its  growth,  and 
|  the  extent  of  its 
?  manufactures, 
stJinds    un- 
jj  rivalled  in    the 
•  United    States. 
The  town    was 

incorporated  in  18:26,  and  embraces  four  miles  square;  the  population 
then  was  about  200,  and  its  property  valued  at  about  $100,01)0.  In 
1834,  Belvidere  village  was  added  to  it,  and  in  1836,  it  was  incorporated 
as  a  city.  The  water-power  of  this  place  is  very  extensive  and  easily 
available.  A  canal  60  feet  wide  and  8  feet  deep,  commencing  at  the  head 
of  Pawtucket  Falls,  supplies  the  factories  with  the  water  of  Concord 
river.  The  entire  fall  is  thirty  feet.  In  the  factories  there  are  employed 
6,430  females,  and  about  2,200  males.  Besides  the  factories,  there  are 
print-works  and  bleacheries,  and  new  manufactories  are  constantly  being 
added. 

Lowell  contains  3  banks,  a  city  hall,  court-house,  market-house,  23 
churches,  a  Mechanics'  hall,  an  hospital  belonging  to  the  factories, 
several  public  schools,  and  25,000  inhabitants.  The  Mechanics'  Associa- 
tion is  a  flourishing  literary  society.  Besides  several  newspapers  published 
here,  there  is  issued  monthly  a  magazine  called  the  "  Offering,"  edited,  and 
its  contributions  furnished,  by  female  operatives  in  the  factories,  which  holds 
a  very  respectable  place  among  the  magazines  of  the  day.  Cars  arrive 
from,  and  depart  four  times  daily  for  Boston,  (fare  65  cts.,}  and  three 
times  for  Concord,  JV".  H.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  New- 
buryport,  Worcester ,  and  of  so  for  Brattleboro,  Vt. 

ANDOVER,  23  miles  north  from  Boston,  contains  2  banks,  5  churches, 
the  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  Philips'  Academy,  and  about  3,000 
inhabitants.  The  Theological  Seminary  was  founded  in  1807.  It  has  5 
professors — one  of  sacred  literature,  one  of  Christian  theology,  one  of 
sacred  rhetoric  and  ecclesiastical  history,  and  one  assistant  professor — 86 
students,  965  graduates,  and  17,500  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Commence- 
ment is  on  the  4th  Wednesday  of  September.  Funds  to  the  amount  of 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


31 


$400,000  have  been  contributed  by  a  few  benevolent  donors.  Philips' 
Academy  was  founded  in  1778,  and  has  a  fund  of  $50,000.  The  number 
of  students  in  limited  to  130,  all  of  whom  study  the  learned  languages. 
Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Boston  twice  daily. 

PLYMOUTH  lies  37  miles  SE.  from  Boston,  on  Plymouth  bay.    It  has  the 
noble  distinction 
of  being  the  place 
where  the  "Pil- 
grim      fathers" 
landed,  after  their  j 
perilous  voyage,  | 
on    the   twenty-  i 
second  of  Decem-  > 
ber,     1620,    and 
also  of  being  the 

first  town  built  iu  New  England,  by  civiJized  man.  Plymouth  coo- 
tains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  2  banks,  2  academies,  and  about 
5,500  inhabitants.  The  rock  on  which  the  Pilgrims  landed  has  been  con- 
veyed to  the  centre  of  the  village.  The  anniversary  of  the  landing  is 
celebrated  annually.  In  Pilgrim  Hall  is  a  large  painting  representing 
the  landing  from  the  Mayflower — the  chair  of  Governor  Carver — the  sword- 
blade  of  Capt.  Miles  Standish,  and  other  curiosities.  Cars  arrive  from, 
and  depart  twice  daily  for  Boston,  (fare  $1.)  Stages  leave  three  times 
a  week  for  Barnstable,  for  Falmouth,  for  New  Bedford,  and  for  Taunton. 

NEW  BEDFORD,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  semi-capital  of  Bristol  coun- 
ty,   is  56    miles 
south    of     Bos- 
ton.   Population  ^ 
15,000.    It  is  on  £g 
the  west  side  of  * 
an  arm  of    the  | 
sea  which    sets  • 
up    from     Buz-  {_ 
zard's  bay.  The  | 
ground  rises  rap- ' 

idly  from  the  water,  and  presents  a  fine  appearance  when  approached 
from  the  sea.  A  wooden  bridge  and  causeway,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long, 
connects  it  with  Fairhaven.  It  contains  a  jail,  court-house,  4  banks,  a 
savings  institution,  and  18  churches.  The  harbor  is  safe  and  com- 
modious, but  not  easy  of  access.  The  whale  fishery  is  extensively  carried 
on  here.  There  is  a  Friends'  academy  exclusively  devoted  to  the  educa- 
tion of  females.  As  early  as  the  year  1764,  we  find  the  settlers  of  the 
village  of  Bedford  sending  out  small  craft  in  search  of  the  greasy  monsters, 
some  of  which  reached  as  far  south  as  the  Falkland  Islands.  Twice  has 
the  whale  fishery  been  interrupted  by  war  with  Britain,  but  vigorously 
and  successfully  renewed  as  often,  and  is  now  continually  increasing. 
The  vessels  engaged  in  the  fishery  amount  to  22{),  all  ships  but  four,  having 
on  board  6,000  seamen.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  twice  daily  for 
Boston,  (fare  $1.50.)  Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Nantucket;  stages 
3  times  a  week  for  Providence,  for  Newport,  and  also  for  Barnstable,  via 
Sandwich. 

TAUNTON,  semi-capital  of  Bristol  county,  36  miles  south  of  Boston, 
is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Taunton  river.  The 
village  contains  a  court-house,  a  town  house,  9  churches,  3  banks, 


32 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


and  8,000  inhabitants.  Iron  works  were  established  here  in  1652.  Cars 
arrive  from,  and  depart  twice  daily  for  Boston,  and  for  New  Bedford, 
and  also  for  Fall  River. 

FALL  RIVER,  Bristol  county,  Massachusetts,  is  53  miles  south  from 
Boston.  Watuppa  Pond,  2  miles  east  of  the  village,  is  11  miles  long  and 
1  broad,  and  constitutes  by  its  outlet,  Fall  River.  This  river,  which  ia 
an  unfailing  stream,  descends  140  feet  in  80  rods,  creaiing  an  immense 
water  power.  It  enters  Taunton  river  on  the  east  side,  at  its  entrance  into 
Mount  Hope  buy,  producing  a  fine  harbor,  navigable  for  the  largest  ships. 
It  is  safe  and  easy  of  access.  The  village  contains  13  churches,  2  banks, 
several  factories,  and  7,000  inhabitants.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  to  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Boston,  (fare  $1.45J 
WORCESTER,  capital  of  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is  44  miles  west 
by  south  from  Boston.  This  village  is  one  of  the  finest  and  largest  of  the 
inland  towns  of  New  England.  It  contains  a  court-house,  4  banks,  7 
churches,  and  7,500  inhabitants.  The  hall  of 
the  American  Antiquarian  Society  has  a  cen- 
,  tral  building,  46  feet  long  and  36  feet  wide, 
\  with  a  neat  Doric  portico ;  and  two  wings,  28 
t  feet  long  and  21  feet  wide.  It  has  a  library  of 
•  12,000  volumes,  containing  many  rare  and 
valuable  works  relating  to  American  history, 
and  interesting  specimens  of  early  printing,  nearly  half  of  them  dona- 
tions from  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.,  its  first  president,  and  author  of  the 
"'  History  of  Printing."  The  Massachusetts  Lunatic  Asylum,  is  a  com- 
modious building.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  several  times  daily  fitr 
Boston;  also  for  Albany,  via  Springfield;  New  Haven,  via  Springfie.d 
and  Hartford  ;  Allan's  Point,  via  Norwich  ;  and  Providence,  via  Woon- 
socket  Falls.  Slaves  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Lowell ;  for  Nashua, 
N.  //.,  via  Fitchburg;  for  Keene,  N.  H.  ;  for  Brattleboro,  Vt.%  and  for 
Greenfield,  Mass. 

SPRINGFIELD,  capital  of  Hampden  county,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Con- 
necticut    river, 
26    miles    north 
from     Hartford, 
.  98     west    from 
Boston.  Popula- 
fl_  lion  li. OOo.  The 
main    street  ex- 
tends along  the 
k.  river  between  2 

and  three  miles. 

The  houses  are  well  built,  and  many  of  them  elegant.  The  town  contains 
a  court-house,  jail,  8  churches,  two  banks,  and  one  of  the  most  extensive 
United  States  arsenals  of  construction  in  the  country.  The  armory  is  situ- 
ated on  elevated  ground,  half  a  mile  east  of  the  village.  The  buildings 
are  very  extensive,  of  brick,  and  admirably  arranged  for  the  manufacture 
and  storage  of  fire-arms.  The  establishment  has  250  workmen,  and  com- 
pletes 45  muskets  daily.  The  water-power  here  employed  is  owned  by 
the  United  States.  It  operates  upon  18  water-wheels.  A  steamboat  plies 
from  Springfield  to  Hartford  daily.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  for 
Boston,  for  New  Hirev,  for  Albany,  and  for  Northampton,  twice  datty. 
Stages  leave  for  Norwich,  Ct.,  3  times  a  week. 
JVoRTHAMPTON,  capital  of  Hampshire  county,  is  93  miles  west  from 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS.  33 

Boston.  Population  3,700.  The  village  is  on  the  right  bank  of  Con- 
necticut river,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  pleasant  for  residence 
in  New  England.  Round  Hill,  a  considerable  elevation  in  the  west  part 
of  the  village,  is  the  seat  of  the  celebrated  Round  Hill  Seminary,  on  the 
plan  of  a  German  gymnasium.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  a 
town-hall,  Shanks,  aad  ti  churches.  The  Female  Seminary  here,  is  pa- 
tronized from  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  scenery  around  is 
highly  picturesque,  including  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  and 
Mount  Holyoke,  830  feet  high,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  whose 
top  affords  one  of  the  finest  views  in  this  part  of  the  United  States.  Cars 
arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Springfield,  several  times  daily.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  the  White  Mountains,  via  Greenfield.  Brattleboro,  Ft.t 
Bellows'  Falls,  frc.  ;  and  also  fur  Albany,  JV.  Y. 

AMHERST,  82  miles  west  from  Boston,  contains  3  churches,  a  bank, 
an  academy,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Amherst  College  was  founded  in 
1821,  and  incorporated  in  1825.  It  has  a  president,  11  professors  or 
other  instructors,  662  alumni,  142  students,  and  15,000  volumes  in  its 
libraries.  The  philosophical  apparatus  is  very  complete,  and  it  has  a 
valuable  cabinet  of  natural  history,  including  mineralogy.  Commence- 
ment on  the  fourth  Thursday  in  July.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Springfield, 
and  3  times  a  week  for  Northampton,  and  also  for  Worcester. 

GREENFIELD,  92  miles  WNW.  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  town-house, 
a  bank,  5  churches,  the  Greenfield  Institute  for  males,  the  Greenfield  High- 
school  for  young  ladies,  and  about  150  dwellings.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Northampton  and  also  for  Brattleboro*  Vt.,  and  3  times  a  week  for 
Fitchburg,  and  also  for  Albany,  via  Williamstown. 

WILLIAMSTOWN  is  131  miles  west  by  north  from  Boston.  The  village  is 
on  uneven  ground,  and  contains  a  church,  an  academy,  the  buildings  of 
Williams  College,  and  about  50  dwellings.  Williams  College  was  founded 
in  1793.  It  has  a  president  and  7  professors,  967  alumni,  144  students,  and 
7,500  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  third  Wed- 
nesday in  August.  Stages  pass  through  the  village  3  times  a  week  from 
Pittsfield,  from  Greenfield,  and  from  Bennington,  Vt. 

PITTSFIELD,  151  miles  from  Boston,  33  from  Albany,  is  situated  on  the 
Housatonic  river,  which  here  affords  an  immense  hydraulic  power,  giving 
motion  to  several  mills  and  manufactories.  The  village  contains  five 
churches,  a  bank,  and  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  founded  in 
1823,  having  5  professors,  100  students,  and  500  graduates;  the  lectures 
commence  on  the  first  Thursday  in  September.  Cars  pass  through  this 
place  twice  daily  for  Boston,  via  Springfield  ;  and  for  Albany,  JV.  Y. 

NANTUCKET  is  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  nnme,  30  miles  from 
the  main  shore,  and  109  SSE.  from  Boston.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  nearly 
land-locked  by  two  projecting  beaches.  About  150  vessels  belong  to  this 
port,  and  are  nearly  all  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery.  The  village  is  com- 
pactly built,  and  contains  a  court-house,  9  churches,  3  banks,  an  atheneum, 
with  a  neat  edifice,  and  a  library  of  over  2,000  volumes,  a  museum,  and 
the  Coffin  School.  This  school  was  endowed  by  its  founder,  Admiral  Sir 
Isaac  Coffin,  of  the  British  navy,  with  a  building  and  .£2*500  sterling  for 
its  support.  A  steamboat  pl>'es  daily  to  JVetc  Bedford  via  Holmes'  Hole,  Src. 

Hopkinton  Mineral  Spring  is  77  miles  from  Boston,  and  3£  miles  from  the 
depot  at  Westborough  ;  the  waters  contain  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonate  of 
Jime.  and  iron.  There  is  a  large  and  commodious  hotel,  near  Whitehall 
Pond  at  this  place. 


34 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 


RHODE  ISLAND  is  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union. 
^  being  about  49  miles  long  and  29  broad,  containing  1,360 
^square  miles,  of  which  Narragansett  bay  includes  130; 
md  the  whole  state  contains  but  870,400  acres.     Popu- 
lation in  1840, 108,830. 

This  state  on  the  north  and  west  is  hilly  and  broken, 
>ut  becomes  gradually  level  towards  the  sea.  The 
'islands  in  Narragansett  bay  are  distinguished  by  their 
pleasing  and  diversified  scenery  and  fertile  soil.  The 
climate  is  healthy,  particularly  on  the  islands,  where  the  sea-breezes  have 
the  effect  not  only  of  mitigating  the  heat  in  summer,  but  moderating  the 
cold  in  winter,  and  rendering  the  climate  truly  delightful.  The  rivers, 
though  not  large,  furnish  many  fine  mill-seats,  which  are  extensively  used 
for  manufacturing  purposes.  The  principal  are — Pawtucket,  Providence. 
Pawtuxet,  Pawcatuck,  and  Wood  rivers.  Narragansett  bay  is  a  fine 
body  of  water,  and  contains  a  number  of  beautiful  and  fertile  islands. 
Among  them  is  Rhode  Island,  which  gives  name  to  the  state. 

The  government  consists  of  a  governor,  a  senate,  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  are  appointed  annually 
by  the  people.  The  senate  consists  of  the  lieutenant  governor  and  one 
member  from  each  town  or  city  in  the  state.  The  house  of  representa- 
tives consists  of  69  members,  and  cannot  exceed  72.  The  judicial  power 
is  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  the  General  As- 
sembly shall  from  time  to  time  establish.  Every  person  who  is  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  of  the  age  of  21  years,  who  has  resided  in  the  state 
one  year,  and  in  the  county  six  months  in  which  he  offers  his  vote,  is  a 
legal  voter,  under  the  following  regulations:  1st,  all  citizens  native  or 
naturalized,  without  regard  to  color,  who  are  possessed  of  a  freehold  of 
$134,  or  renting  for  $7  per  annum  ;  2d,  all  native  citizens,  without  regard 
to  color,  who  either  p;iy  a  property  tax  of  one  dollar  or  n  voluntary 
registry  tax  of  one  dollar.  A  residence  at  any  garrison  or  naval  station  in 
the  state  does  not  give  a  legal  residence. 

Brown  University  was  founded  at  Warwick  in  1764,  but  removed  to 
Providence  in  1770.  It,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  There  are 
in  the  state  55  academies  or  grammar  schools,  and  500  common  schools. 

Rhode  Island  was  first,  settled  by  Roger  Williams  in  1636.  It  was  the 
last  of  the  old  thirteen  states  that  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United 
Slates,  which  it  did  May  20th,  1790,  by  a  majority  of  two  votes. 

WOONSOCKET  FALLS,  15  miles  NNW.  from  Providence,  is  situated  at 
the  falls  of  Blackstone  river.  The  village  is  partly  in  Smithfield.  On  the 
Cumberland  side  it  contains  6  churches  and  2  banks.  It  has  a  great 
number  of  factories,  and  about  4,000  inhabitants.  The  Blackstone  eanni 
passes  through  the  village.  Cars  pass  through  it  daily  from  Provi- 
dence and  Worcester.  Stages  leave  for  Boston  3  times  a  week 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND.  35 

BRISTOL  lies  18  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Providence,  on  a  branch  of  Narragan- 
cett  bay.  It  contains  a  court-house,  market-house,  2  banks,  5  churches, 
and  about  3,000  inhabitants.  Mount  Hope  lies  about  2  miles  northeast 
from  the  court-house.  This  was  in  early  times  the  favorite  residence  of 
King  Philip,  the  celebrated  Pequod  chief,  so  formidable  an  enemy  of  the 
colonists.  From  its  summit  a  beautiful  view  is  obtained  of  the  bay  and 
the  surrounding  country.  Steamboats  ply  daily  to  and  from  Providence. 

PROVIDKNCE,  city,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  state,  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  Narragansett  bay,  on  the  Seekonk  or  Providence  river,  35 
miles  from  the  ocean,  and  is  in  41°  49'  22"  N.  lat.,  and  71«  24'  48"  W.  Ion. 
It  is  42  miles  SSW.  from  Boston,  173  east  from  New  York,  and  396  from 
Washington.  Population  32,000.  The  compact  part  of  the  city  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  river,  and  is  connected  by  two  bridges,  one  of  which  is 
90  feet  wide.  The  principal  wholesale  business  is  done  on  the  east  side. 
The  Blackstone  canal  terminates  here.  Among  the  public  buildings  are, 
the  State  House, 
City  Hall,  Ar- 
cade, 21  banks, 
the  state  prison,  = 
hospital,  a  thea- 1 
tre,  the  custom- 
house, atheneun.  ! 
33  churches,  the| 
halls  of  Brown  = 
University,  a  high 

school,  and  several  public  schools.  The  buildings  of  Brown  University 
occupy  a  commanding  situation  on  Prospect-street,  at  the  head  of 
College-street,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  It  has  a  president  and  8 
professors,  1,690  alumni,  140  stude^s,  and  25,000  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  September.  It  has  an 
extensive  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus ;  and  the  cabinets  of 
mineralogy  and  natural  history  are  very  complete.  The  Friends'  Boarding 
School,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  northeast  from  the  University,  is  a 
flourishing  institution,  with  10  instructors  and  200  pupils.  The  Atheneum, 
founded  in  1836,  has  a  handsome  granite  building  and  12,000  volumes  in 
its  library.  The  town  was  settled  in  1636  by  Roger  Williams,  who  fled 
from  Massachusetts  on  account  of  his  religious  opinions,  and  who  adopted 
the  principles  of  universal  toleration.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and 
depart  daily  for  New  York,  (fare  2  to  $3,)  and  for  Newport,  and  also  for 
Fall  River,  Mass.  Cars  leave  daily  fur  Boston,  (fare  $1.25,)  and  for 
Stonington,  and  also  for  Worcester,  via  Woonsocket  Falls.  Stages  ar- 
rive from,  and  depart  daily  for  Newport,  and  also  for  New  Btdford*  via, 
Fall  river ;  and  3  times  a  week  for  Hartford. 

NEWPORT,  the  capital  of  Newport  county,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of 
the  state,  is  situated  on  the  SW.  side  of  Rhode  Island,  71  miles  SW. 
from  Boston.  The  harbor,  enclosed  by  Brenton's  Point  on  the  SW. 
and  Goat  Island  in  front,  is  safe,  and  has  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  for  the 
Jargest  ships.  The  harbor  is  defended  by  forts  Adams  and  Green.  The 
town  is  beautifully  situated,  being  built  on  a  gentle  acclivity,  which  rises 
gracefully  from  the  water.  Its  healthful  climate,  pleasing  scenery,  and 
the  cooling  sea-breezes,  have  rendered  it  a  favorite  summer  resort.  It 
contains  a  state-house,  market-house,  theatre,  almshouse,  a  library  con- 
taining over  4,000  volumes,  many  of  them  rare  old  folios,  3  academies,  7 
baa&s,  13  churches,  and  9,000  inhabitants.  Newport  is  unrivalled  in  its 


36 


STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT. 


fish  market,  having  nearly  60  different  kinds  of  scale  and  shell  fish,  and  in 
grent  abundance.  Steamboats  arrive,  from,  and  depart  daily  for  JWzo 
York,  and  also  for  Providence,  and  '3  times  a  week  for  New  Bedford. 

PAWTUCKET,  four  miles  north  of  Providence,  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  Puwtucket  river.  It  is  a  large  andvflourishing  manufacturing  village, 
and  contains  9  churches,  3  banks,  12  cotton  factories,  and  about  6,000 
inhabitants. 


CONNECTICUT,  the  southernmost  of  the  eastern 
states,  lies  between  41°  and  42°  2'  N.  lat.,  and  71°  20* 
and  73°  15'  W.  Ion.     It  contains  4,674  square  miles, 
}  or  2,291,360  acres.     Pop.  in  1840,  300,015. 

Though  generally  hilly  and  broken,  no  part  of  the 
f" surface  rises  to  a  great  elevation  above  the  sea.  The 
'greatest  elevation  is  a  range  of  mountains  commencing 
"  at  a  bluff  called  East  Rock,  near  New  Haven,  and 
continuing  northward  through  the  state.  The  hills  are  generally  of  mod- 
erate size,  and  occur  in  quick  succession,  in  ranges  trending  northward, 
presenting  to  the  travelle?  an  ever  varying  prospect.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile,  but  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage. 

The  three  principal  rivers  are  the  Connecticut,  navigable  for  vessels 
drawing  eight  feet  of  water,  50  miles  to  Hartford,  crossing  the  state  nearly 
in  the  middle,  and  entering  the  Sound  between  Saybrook  and  Lyme ;  the 
Housatqnic,  navigable  for  small  vessels  12  miles  to  Derby,  and  entering 
the  Sound  between  Milford  and  Stratford;  the  Thames,  navigable  14 
miles  to  Norwich,  and  entering  the  Atlantic  at  New  London.  Farmington 
and  Naugatuck  are  considerable  streams,  furnishing  extensive  water- 
power.  The  principal  seaports  are  New  London,  New  Haven,  and 
Bridgeport.  Long  Island  Sound  extends  the  whole  length  of  the  state. 

This  state  has  3  colleges : — Yale  College,  at  New  Haven,  one  of  the 
oldest,  and  also  the  most  flourishing  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
States  ;  Washington  College,  at  Hartford  ;  and  the  Wesleyan  University, 
at  Middletown.  There  are  in  the  state  130  academies,  and  1,700  common 
and  primary  schools.  Connecticut  has  a  larger  school  fund  than  any  of 
the  other  states,  amounting  to  about  $2,000,000. 

The  government  is  vested  in  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  who  is 
president  of  the  senate,  and  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  The 
senate  consists  of  not  less  than  18,  nor  more  than  24  members.  Most  of 
the  towns  choose  two  representatives  ;  some,  of  Jess  population,  but  one. 
The  sessions  of  the  legislature  are  held  annually,  alternately  at  Hartford 
and  New  Haven.  The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  five  judges,  appointed 
by  the  legislature,  who  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  or  until 
they  are  70  years  of  age. 


8TATE  OF  CONNECTICUT.  37 

The  colony  of  Connecticut  was  settled  in  1633,  at  Windsor,  by  emi- 
grants from  Massachusetts,  who  penetrated  through  the  wilderness.  Hart- 
ford was  settled  by  the  English  in  1635,  the  Dutch  having  previously  built 
a  fort  there.  The  colony  at  New  Haven  was  settled  by  the  English  in 
1638.  By  a  charter  granted  by  Charles  II.,  in  1665,  these  colonies  were 
united.  During  the  tyranny  of  Andros,  an  attempt  was  made  to  procure 
a  surrender  of  the  charter.  The  subject  was  publicly  debated  in  the 
evening,  at  Hartford,  when  suddenly  the  candles  were  extinguished,  and 
the  charter  was  hid  in  the  hollow  of  an  oak  tree,  which  has  become 
famous  since  as  the  Charter  Oak.  This  charter  continued  to  be  the  basis 
of  the  government  until  the  year  1818.  The  constitution  of  the  United 
States  was  adopted  in  a  convention,  January  9,  1788  ;  yeas  128,  nays  40. 

NEW  HAVEN,  the  capital  of  New  Haven  county,  and  semi-capital  of 
the  state,  is  beautifully  situated  round  the  head  of  a  bay  which  sets  up 
four  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound.  Population  in  1840,  ] 2,960. 

It  lies  on  a  plain  with  a  gentle  inclination  towards  the  water,  skirted  in 
other  directions  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills,  two  of  which  present  at 
their  termination  bold  bluffs  which  rise  almost  perpendicularly  to  the 
height  of  370  feet.  From  these  elevations  a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding 
country  may  be  had,  including  in  its  range  the  Sound,  which  is  here  20 
miles  wide.  The  city  extends  about  three  miles  from  east  to  west,  and 
two  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  is  laid  out  with  regularity.  The 
public  square,  shaded  with  elms,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  country.  The 
State  House,  a  large  and  well-constructed  building  of  the  Grecian  Doric 
order,  is  on  the  western  portion  of  the  square,  and  on  the  west  side,  facing 
the  east,  is  the  fine  range  of  buildings  belonging  to  Yale  College.  The 
houses  of  the  city  are  generally  built  of  wood,  neatly  painted  white,  and 
surrounded  by  gardens  ornamented  with  shrubbery  and  fruit  trees.  As  a 
place  for  a  quiet  and  elegant  residence,  it  is  unsurpassed.  The  city  con- 
tains 20  churches,  a  custom-house,  an  almshouse,  a  museum,  3  banks,  and 
a  savings  insti- 
tution. But  the 
most  important 
public  institution 
is  Yale  College.  \ 
It  was  founded  • 
at  Killingworfh,  jj 
in  1701,  and  per- j 
manently  estab-  j 

lished    at    New „______-     , 

Haven  in  1717.  There  are  four  college  halls,  J  04  feet  long  by  40  feet 
wide,  and  four  stories  high.  There  is  also  another  hall  for  theological 
students,  and  three  other  buildings,  denominated  the  chapel,  the  lyceum, 
and  the  atheneum.  In  the  rear  of  the  main  buildings  is  another  range, 
consisting  of  a  chemical  laboratory,  the  Commons'  hall,  which  has  in  its 
second  story  the  most  complete  mineralogical  cabinet  in  the  United 
States,  and  a  building  containing  a  fine  collection  of  paintings  by  Col. 
Trumbull  and  others.  A  short  distance  from  these  are  the  buildings  de- 
votod  to  the  law  and  medical  departments.  Yale  College  has  a  greater 
number  of  students  than  any  other  college  in  the  United  States.  It  has  a 
president  and  31  professors,  394  students,  5,463  alumni,  and  34,500  volumes 
in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday  in  August, 
The  Medical  Institute  of  Yale  College,  founded  in  1810,  has  6  professor*. 
34  students,  and  810  graduates.  Lectures  commence  six  weeks  after  the 


38  STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT. 

Jiird  Thursday  in  August.  There  are  in  this  city  11  select  schools  for 
males,  10  seminaries  for  females,  2  Lancasterian  schools,  besides  many  others. 

New  Haven  was  settled  in  1638.  In  July,  1779,  the  British  under  Gen. 
Tryon  had  possession  of  the  town  for  a  few  days,  and  committed  many 
outrages.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  York.  Cars 
leave  daily  for  Boston  via  Hartford  and  Springfield.  Stages  leave  daily 
for  New  York,  via  Bridgeport ;  3  times  a  week  for  New  London ;  for 
Middletown  ;  for  Farmington  ;  and  for  Litchfield. 

HARTFORD,  capital  of  Hartford  county,  and  semi-capital  of  the  state,  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  at  the  head  of  sloop 
navigation,  50  miles  from  its  mouth.  Population  in  1840,  9,468. 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  State  House,  standing  on  a  public 
square  fronting  Main-street,  is  conspicuous.  It  is  of  the  Doric  order  of 
architecture,  114  feet  long,  and,  with  the  porticoes,  76  feet  wide.  The 
legislature  meets  here  on  each  alternate  year.  The  City  Hall,  fronting  on 
Market-street,  is  a  large  and  commodious  building.  Washington  College 
occupies  an  elevated  position,  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  city.  Its  main 
building  is  148  feet  long,  43  wide,  and  4  stories  high.  This  institution, 
founded  in  1824,  has  a  president  and  7  professors  or  other  instructors, 
257  alumni,  80  students,  and  6,500  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Thursday  in  August.  It  is  under  the  direction 
of  the  Episcopalians.  The  American  Asylum  for  the  Instruction  of  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb,  was  the  first  institution  of  the  kind  established  in  the 
United  States.  Its  principal  building  is  130  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and 
4  stories  high.  Attached  to  it  are  eight  or  ten  acres  of  land.  The  Re- 
treat for  the  Insane  is  located  1£  miles  southwesterly  from  the 'State 
House:  the  situation  is  elevated,  and  overlooks  a  wide  extent  of  in- 
teresting scenery.  The  grounds  around  the  buildings  are  handsomely 
laid  out  in  walks  ornamented  with  shrubbery  and  extensive  gardens. 
The  main  bnilding  is  254  feet  square  and  3  stories  high,  with  wings  2 
stories  high,  each  70  feet  long  and  30  feet  wide.  The  Atheneum  is  an  ele- 
gant edifice  of  the  Gothic  order,  on  Main-street.  The  "  Charter  Oak," 
which  is  still  vigorous,  deserves  mention  as  an  object  of  interest.  Hart- 
ford contains  13  churches,  5  banks,  2  markets,  and  an  arsenal.  The  first 
settlement  here  was  made  by  the  Dutch  from  New  York,  in  1633.  Steam- 
boats arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  York.  Cars  leave  daily 
for  Albany  via  Springfield,  Mass.,  for  Boston*  and  for  New  Haven. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Litchfield,  and  also  for  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  via 
Canaan  ;  3  times  a  week  for  Providence,  R.  I. ;  for  Norwich,  New  Lon- 
don, and  also  New  Haven,  via  Middletown. 

NEW  LONDON,  city,  and  port  of  entry,  and  semi-capital  of  New  London 
county,  is  54  miles  east  from  New  Haven  and  120  from  New  York.  It  is 
on  the  right  bank  of  Thames  river,  3  miles  from  hs  mouth,  and  is  built  on 
a  declivity  which  descends  to  the  south  and  east.  Back  of  the  city  the 
ground  rises  to  a  considerable  height,  from  the  elevated  parts  of  which  a 
fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  surrounding  country.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, a  custom-house,  3  banks,  an  almshouse,  2  markets,  9  churches,  and 
7,000  inhabitants.  The  harbor  is  the  best  in  the  state,  easy  of  access,  spacious, 
and  safe,  having  a  depth  of  water  for  the  largest  ships  of  war.  There  are 
belonging  to  this  place  50  ships  and  several  smaller  vessels  engaged  in  the 
whale  fishery.  In  September,  1781,  a  large  portion  of  the  city  was  burned 
by  the  British  under  Arnold.  Fort  Griswold,  in  Groton,  was  captured, 
and  a  large  part  of  the  garrison  massacred.  A  granite  obelisk,  125  feet 
high,  erected  near  the  spot,  commemorates  the  event ;  and  on  a  tablet  are 


STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT.  39 

inscribed  the  names  of  those  who  fell.  Steamboats  leave  daily  for  New 
York.  Steamboats  in  connection  with  cars  leave  daily  for  Boston  via 
Norwich  and  Worcester,  Mass.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Ston- 
ington ;  for  Providence,  R.  L  ;  for  Hartford ;  and  also  for  New 
Haven. 

NORWICH,  serai-capital  of  New  London  county,  is  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Yantic  and  Shetucket  rivers  with  the  Thames.  The  city 
is  built  on  a  steep  acclivity,  the  houses  on  each  street,  as  you  ascend, 
overlooking  those  on  the  streets  below.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navigation 
on  the  Thames  river,  and  has  a  court-house,  town-house,  4  banks,  8 
churches,  3  academies,  and  about  5,000  inhabitants.  The  falls  of  the 
Yantic  are  singularly  wild  and  picturesque.  From  a  high  projecting  rock 
which  overhangs  the  foot  of  those  falls,  the  Mohegan  warriors  plunged  to 
destruction,  when  pursued  by  the  Narragunsetts.  The  town  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Mohegan  Indians,  the  burial  place  of  whose  kings  is  still  to 
be  seen  here.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Boston  daily,  and  steam- 
boats leave  daily  for  New  York.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Hart- 
ford, and  for  Springfield,  Mass. 

STONINGTON,  71  miles  from  New  Haven,  is  situated  on  a  rocky  point  of 
land,  which  projects  about  half  a  mile  into  the  Sound.  It  has  a  good 
harbor,  and  contains  2  churches,  2  academies,  a  bank,  and  about  1,000 
inhabitants.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  York. 
Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Boston  via  Providence.  Stages 
leave  3  times  a  week  for  New  London,  New  Haven,  <$-c. 

Stafford  Springs  are  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Willimantic  river, 
24  miles  northeast  from  Hartford.  They  have  been  pronounced  by 
chemists  to  be  the  most  efficacious  chalybeate  springs  in  the  United  States. 
There  are  two  distinct  springs,  one  of  which  contains  "  a  solution  of  iron, 
sustained  by  carbonic  acid  gas,  a  portion  of  marine  salt,  some  earthy 
substances,  and  what  has  been  called  natron,  or  a  native  alkali.'"  The 
other  contains  "  a  large  portion  of  hydrogen  gas,  of  sulphur,  and  a  small 
proportion  of  iron."  Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Hartford 
during  the  watering  season. 

MIDDLETOWN  is  on  the  right  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  and  at  the  head 
of  ship  navigation.  There  are  in  the  city,  a  court-house,  a  custom- 
house, 3  banks,  8  churches,  the  Wesleyan  University,  3  academies,  and 
about  4,000  inhabitants.  The  Wesleyan  University,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Methodists,  was  founded  in  1831.  It  has  a  president  and  8  professors, 
221  alumni,  105  students,  and  1,100  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  August.  It  has  a  valuable 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  mineralogical  cabinet.  Steamboats  arrive 
from,  and  depart  daily  for  Hartford  and  New  York.  Stages  leave  three 
times  a  week  for  Hartford,  for  New  Haven,  and  for  Say  brook. 

BRIDGEPORT,  Fairfield  county,  situated  on  the  west  side  of  an  arm  of 
Long  Island  Sound,  is  17  miles  WSW.  from  New  Haven,  and  62  NE. 
from  New  York,  and  contains  5  churches,  2  banks,  several  extensive 
manufactories,  and  about  4.000  inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  daily  to  and 
from  New  York.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Mbany  via  New  Milford,  Canaan, 
Great  Barrington,  Mass..  &c.,  frc. 

LiTCHfiELD,  33  miles  west  from  Hartford,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
summit  of  a  hill,  and  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  an  academy,  a 
bank,  and  about  800  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Hartford;  3 
times  a  week  for  New  Haven ;  for  Cornwall ;  and  for  New  Milford. 


40 


STA.TE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


NEW  YORK  is  situated  between  40°  30  and  45° 
1  00'  N.  lat.,  and  between  71°  56'  and  79°  56'  W.  Jon.. 
T  and  contains  an  area  of  46,000  square  miles.  Eopula- 
S  lion  1840,  2,428,921 ;  1845,  2,584,365. 

Physical  features. — This  state  is  divided  into  three 
unequal  parts,  by  two  great  valleys,  viz.  :  First,  the 
valley  of  the  Hudson,  including  the  depression  in  which 
Lake  Champlain  is  situated — or  more  properly  the  val- 
^s  of  the  Hudson  and  of  Champlain  united  :  Second, 
jf  the  valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  Oneida  lake  and  Os- 
-  wego  river  united.     The  eastern   division  is  a  long 

narrow  belt  extending  from  New  York  Island  to  the 

nead  ot  .Lake  Uhamplain.  Its  eastern  limits  are  the  borders  of  Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts,  and  Vermont,  with  a  slope  westward  to  the 
Hudson,  traversed  longitudinally  by  several  narrow  valleys.  This  division 
comprehends  the  western  slope  of  the  Taghkanic  Mountains,  which  form 
the  water-shed  that  separates  the  waters  flowing  into  the  Hudson  from 
those  which  flow  into  Long  Island  Sound.  The  north  division  of  the  state 
is  traversed  by  the  Clinton  range.  There  are  several  subordinate  ranges 
connected  with  this  group.  It  begins  at  Little  Falls,  in  the  valley  of 
the  Mohawk,  and  pursues  a  northeast  course  across  the  country  to 
Trembleau  Point,  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Champlain.  There  are 
numerous  lofty  peaks,  which  form  a  remarkable  group,  and  have  been 
styled  the  Adirondack  Mountains.  Mount  Marcy,  the  highest  of  the 
range,  attains  to  an  elevation  5,467  feet  above  the  sea.  This  ridge  pre- 
sents the  water-shed  of  the  region,  dividing  the  waters  of  the  Hudson,  or 
those  winch  flow  south  into  the  Atlantic,  from  those  which  flow  into  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  south  division  is  situated  between  Luke 
Ontario  and  the  Mohawk  and  the  Hudson  valleys,  and  Pennsylvania.  It 
rises  with  a  gradual  ascent  until  it  reaches  its  maximum  height  near  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  state.  The  southeastern  part  of  this  division  is 
comprised  in  three  ranges,  viz. :  the  Highlands,  broken  through  by  the 
Hudson;  the  Shawangunk  ;  and  the  Catskill. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Hudson,  324  miles  long,  navigable  156 
miles  to  Troy  :  the  Mohawk,  135  miles  long,  which  enters  the  Hudson  a 
little  above  Troy ;  the  Genesee,  125  miles  long,  which  enters  Lake  On- 
tario, having  at  Rochester,  5  miles  from  its  mouth,  two  falls  of  96  and  75 
feet ;  Black  river,  which  rises  near  the  sources  of  the  Hudson,  and  flows 
120  miles  into  Lake  Ontario ;  the  Saranac,  65  miles  long,  entering  Lake 
Champlain  at  Plattsburg ;  the  Oswegatchie,  100  miles,  flowing  into  the 
St.  Lawrence ;  the  Oswego,  proceeding  40  miles  from  Oneida  Lake  into 
Lake  Ontario ;  the  Au  Sable,  rising  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  and 
having  a  course  of  75  miles  to  Lake  Champlain.  The  majestic  St 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  41 

Lawrence  forms  a  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state.  The  head 
branches  of  the  Susquehanna,  the  Alleghany,  and  the  Delaware,  rise  in 
this  state. 

Besides  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  on  the  N..  andChamplain  on  the  E.,  which 
are  but  partly  within  it,  there  are  wholly  within  the  state  many  picturesque 
sheets  of  water — viz.,  Lakes  George,  Oneida,  Skaneateles,  Owasco,  Cayuga. 
Seneca,  Crooked  lake,  Canandaigua,  and  Chautauque. 

The  islands  belonging  to  New  York  are — Long  Island,  120  miles  long 
from  W.  to  E.,  with  an  average  width  of  about  15  miles,  within  whose 
waters  on  the  east  are  Fisher's,  Shelter,  Robin's,  and  some  other  islands ; 
Staten  Island,  southwest  of  the  harbor  of  New  York,  18  miles  long  and 
8  wide;  Manhattan  Island,  on  which  the  city  of  New  York  stands,  13$ 
miles  long  and  about  H  wide  at  an  average  breadth ;  Grand  Island,  in 
Niagara  river,  12  miles  long  and  from  2  to  7  wide,  and  extending  to  within 
a  short  distance  of  the  falls. 

The  harbor  of  New  York  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United  States.  On 
the  bar  at  Sandy  Hook,  it  has  a  depth  of  from  21  to  27  feet  Sag  Harbor, 
on  the  E.,  and  Brooklyn  on  the  W.  end  of  Long  Island,  have  good  harbors. 
Sacketts  Harbor  has  a  good  natural,  and  Oswego  a  good  artificial  harbor, 
on  Lake  Ontario.  Buffalo  and  Dunkirk  are  harbors  on  Lake  Erie. 

This  state  has  a  number  of  highly  respectable  literary  institutions:  — 
Columbia  College,  (formerly  King's,)  founded  in  New  York  in  1754; 
Union  College,  at  Schenectady,  founded  in  1795 ;  Hamilton  College,  iu 
Clinton,  founded  in  1812;  Geneva  College,  in  Geneva,  founded  in  1823; 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  founded  in  1831 ;  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, at  Fordham,  founded  in  1841 ;  the  Hamilton  Literary  and  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  founded  in  1819  ;  the  Theological  Institute  of  the  Episco- 
pal Church,  founded  in  1819,  in  the  city  of  New  York;  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  connected  with  the  University,  founded  in  1826 ; 
the  Theological  Seminary,  at  Auburn,  founded  in  1821 ;  the  Hartwick 
Seminary,  founded  at  Hartwick,  in  Otsego  county,  in  1816;  the  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  of  the  Associate  Reformed  Church,  founded  at  Newburg,  in 
1836 ;  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
founded  in  1807 ;  the  Albany  Medical  College,  founded  in  1839.  There 
are  in  the  state  550  academies,  and  12,000  common  and  primary  schools. 

The  governor  is  elected  biennially.  He  must  be  30  years  of  age,  be  a 
native-born  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  have  resided  five  years 
in  the  state.  The  lieutenant-governor  is  elected  in  like  manner,  and 
must  possess  similar  qualifications.  He  is  president  of  the  senate ;  and 
in  case  of  the  disqualification,  absence,  or  death  of  the  governor,  discharges 
the  duties  of  that  office.  The  senate  consists  of  32  members,  who  are 
chosen  for  2  years,  one-half  of  whom  are  elected  annually.  The  as- 
sembly consists  of  128  members,  elected  annually.  The  secretary  of  state, 
comptroller,  treasurer,  and  attorney- general,  are  elected  biennially;  as  are 
the  engineer  and  surveyor.  The  judges  hold  their  offices  during  a  term  of 
eight  years,  and  are  elected  by  the  people.  Every  male  white  citizen  21 
years  of  nge,  who  has  resided  one  year  in  the  state,  and  for  four  months 
preceding  the  election  in  the  county  where  he  offers  his  vote,  enjoys  the 
right  of  suffrage.  Persons  of  color,  who  have  resided  three  years  in  the 
state,  and  who  possess  a  freehold  of  $250,  and  have  held  it  one  year 
previous  to  the  election,  and  paid  a  tax  upon  it,  are  allowed  the  right  of 
suffrage. 

In  1G09,  Hendrick  Hudson,  an  English  navigator,  serving  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company,  discovered  Hudson  river,  and  in  1614  some  Dutch 


42  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

merchants  built  a  fort  where  the  city  of  New  York  now  stands.  The 
state  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  English  in  1664,  who  governed 
it  down  to  the  revolution,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  year.  On  the 
26th  of  July,  1788,  this  state  in  convention  adopted  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States ; — yeas  30,  nays  25. 


NEW  YORK,  the  metropolis  of  North  America,  and  the  second  com 
mercial  city  on  the  globe,  is  situated  on  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Hudson  with  the  East  river  or  strait  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  in  lat.  40°  42'  40",  Ion.  74°  00'  41"  W.  from  Greenwich.  Its 
harbor  is  safe,  spacious,  easy  of  access,  and  capable  of  accommodating 
the  united  navies  of  the  world.  The  harbor  occupies  a  wide  circuit  of 
twenty-five  miles,  everywhere  bounded  with  variegated  scenery,  villages, 
and  country  seats,  and  embosoms  several  beautiful  islands.  New  York 
has  communication,  by  steam  and  sailing  pockets,  to  all  the  principal  sea- 
ports of  America,  Europe,  Africa,  Asia,  East  and  West  Indies,  and  the 
Islands  of  the  Pacific.  Its  progress  in  population,  commerce,  and 
wealth,  has  no  parallel.  Population  in  1790  was  33,131 ;  in  1800,  00,489 ; 
in  1810,  96,373;  in  1820,  123,706;  in  1830,  202,589;  in  1840,  312,710; 
in  1845,  371,223. 

The  streets  were  originally  laid  out  according  to  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  some  of  them  were  crooked  ;  but  in  later  times  they  have 
been  widened  and  improved.  No  city  can  exhibit  a  more  beautiful  plan 
than  the  northern  portion  of  New  York.  Principal  Inisiness  streets  : — Broad- 
way extends  from  the  Battery  nearly  three  miles  to  Union  Square.  It  is 
80  feet  wide,  and  occupies  the  height  between  the  two  rivers.  It  is  well 
built,  with  many  fine  houses  and  stores.  Being  the  great  promenade  of 
the  city,  it  is  much  resorted  to  in  pleasant  weather  by  the  gay  and 
fashionable.  Pearl-street,  between  Broadway  and  the  East  river,  is  in 
a  crescent  form,  over  a  mile  long,  and  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  whole- 
sale drygoods  and  hardware  business,  which  has  also  extended  into  Cedar. 
Pine,  and  other  adjacent  streets.  Water  and  Front  streets,  between 
Pearl-street  and  the  East  river,  are  occupied  chiefly  by  wholesale  grocers, 
commission  merchants,  and  mechanics  connected  with  the  shipping 
business.  South-street,  extending  along  the  margin  of  East  river,  con- 
tains the  warehouses  and  offices  of  the  principal  shipping  merchants. 
In  front  of  it  is,  at  all  times,  a  dense  forest  of  masts.  Wall-street  extends 
from  Broadway  to  the  East  river,  and  is  occupied  by  banks,  insu- 
rance offices,  newspaper  and  brokers'  offices,  the  Custom-house,  Mer- 
chants' Exchange,  and  many  fine. granite  buildings,  and  is  the  centre  of 
the  heaviest  money  transactions  m  America.  The  Bowery  is  a  wide  and 
extensive  street  east  of  Broadway,  running  north  and  south,  connected 
•\yith  the  third  avenue,  which  is,  macadamized  to  Harlem,  and  forms  the 
principal  entrance  to  the  city  from  the  northeast. 

PUBLIC  SQUARES,  '&&.-— T/ie  Battery,  at  the  southeastern  end  of  the 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  43 

island,  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  and  East  rivers.  It  is  in 
the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  contains  about  11  acres  of  ground,  tastefully 
laid  out,  and  from  it  is  obtained  a  fine  view  of  the  bay,  with  its  islands, 
and  the  adjacent  shores.  Castle  Garden  is  built  on  a  mole,  and  con- 
nected with  the  Battery  by  a  bridge.  It  was  originally  erected  as  a 
fortification,  and  having  become  unnecessary  for  that  purpose,  was  ceded 
by  the  United  States  to  the  corporation  of  the  city,  in  1823.  It  has  been 
covered  by  a  roof  converting  it  into  an  immense  room,  which  is  used  for 
exhibitions,  &c.  The  Bowling  Green,  at  the  southern  termination  of 
Broadway,  is  an  elliptical  area,  220  feet  long  and  140  broad,  containing  a 
fountain  supplied  by  the  Croton  water-works,  and  is  enclosed  by  an 
iron  railing.  It  was  established  before  the  revolution,  and  formerly  con- 
tained  a  leaden  statue 
George  III,,  which  was 
converted  into  bullets  at  J 
that  period.  The  Park,  \ 
called  in  early  times  the 
Commons,  is  a  triangular  1 
area  of  lOf  acres,  lying  j 
between  Broadway,  Chat-f 
ham, and  Chambers  streets.  I 
It  contains  the  City  Hall,  • 
the  city  buildings,  or  old  I 
Almshouse,  the  Hall  of< 
Records,  and  Rotunda  for  ^ 
the  exhibition  of  paintings.  It  has  also,  towards  its  south  part,  a  public 
fountain,  within  a  basin  100  feet  in  diameter,  the  water  of  which  ascends 
in  a  single  stream  to  the  height  of  70  feet.  St.  John's  Park  in  Hudson- 
street,  containing  about  four  acres  of  ground,  is  beautifully  laid  out  with 
walks,  shaded  with  trees,  and  embellished  with  a  fountain.  Washington 
Square,  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of  the  City  Hall,  between  Fourth- street 
n nd  Waverley  Place,  contains  about  ten  acres  of  ground.  Two-thirds  of 
this  area  was  the  Potter's  Field  until  1827.  It  is  tastefully  laid  out  with 
walks  and  shaded  with  trees.  Union  Square^  at  the  northern  termination 
of  Broadway,  is  in  an  elliptical  form,  enclosed  with  a  fine  iron  fence, 
having  a  public  fountain  in  the  centre,  with  ornamental  jets.  Tompkins 
Square,  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  city,  is  a  large  and  ornamented 
ground.  Grammercy  Park,  between  the  Third  and  Fourth  avenues,  is 
small,  but  very  tastefully  laid  out,  and  ornamented  with  trees,  shrubbery, 
&c.  Madison,  Bloomingdal,e,  and  Hamilton  squares  are  very  extensive 
grounds,  but  not  yet  regulated. 

The  city  of  New  York  has  many  superb  public  buildings.  The 
most  splendid  of  these  is  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  which  covers  the 
whole  space  between  Wall,  William,  Exchange,  and  Hanover  streets. 
It  is  built  in  the  most  substantial  form,  of  duincy  granite,  and  is  200 
feet  long  by  171  to  144  feet  wide,  77  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  cor- 
nice, and  124  to  the  top  of  the  dome.  The  front  on  Wall  street  has 
a  recessed  portico  of  eighteen  massive  Grecian-Ionic  columns,  38  feet 
high  and  4  feet  four  inches  in  diameter.  Besides  numerous  other  rooms 
for  various  purposes,  the  Exchange  in  the  centre  is  in  a  circular  form,  80 
feet  in  diameter,  with  four  recesses,  making  the  length  and  breadth  each 
100  feet,  the  whole  80  feet  high,  surmounted  with  a  dome  resting  in  part 
on  eight  Corinthian  columns  of  Italian  marble,  41  feet  high,  and  lighted 
by  a  skylight  25  feet  in  diameter.  The  Custom-house  is  a  fine  building, 


44  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

constructed  in  the  Doric  order  of  Grecian  architecture.  It  is  built  in  the 
must  substantial  manner,  of  white  marble,  after  the  model  of  the  Parthenon 
at  Athens,  and  occupies  the  site  of  the  old  Federal  Hall,  in  the  open 
gallery  of  which,  WASHINGTON  was  inaugurated.  The  building  is  200 
feet  long,  90  feet  wide,  and  80  feet  high.  At  the  south  end  on  Wall- 
street  is  a  portico  of  eight  columns,  5  feet  eight  inches  in  diameter  and  32 
feet  high  ;  and  on  the  north  end  on  Pine-street  is  a  corresponding  portico. 
The  great  business  hall  is  a  circular  room,  60  feet  in  diameter,  with 
recesses  and  galleries,  making  it  80  feet  in  diameter,  surmounted  by  a 
dome,  supported  by  16  Corinthian  columns  30  feet  high.  The  City  Hall 
is  beautifully  situated  in  the  Park;  it  is  216  feet  long  and  105  wide.  The 
front  is  ornamented  with  columns  and  pilasters  of  the  Ionic,  Corinthian, 
and  Composite  orders,  rising  above  each  other  in  regular  gradations. 
There  are  28  offices  and  other  public  rooms,  the  most  conspicuous  of 
which  are  the  Governor's-room,  and  the  Chambers  of  the  Common 
Council  and  Assistant  Aldermen.  The  Governor's-room  is  appropriated  to 
the  governor  of  the  state  when  he  visits  the  city,  and  has  been  used  as  a 
reception  room  for  other  distinguished  persons.  It  is  52  by  20  feet.  The 
walls  are  hung  with  a  fine  collection  of  portraits,  including  the  governors 
of  the  state,  the  mayors  of  the  city,  since  the  revolution,  some  of  the 
Dutch  governors,  and  the  principal  military  and  naval  heroes.  The 
Common  Council  Room  is  42  by  30  feet,  and  the  president  occupies  the 
game  chair  in  which  General  Washington  sat  when  he  presided  over  the 
first  American  Congress,  which  assembled  in  New  York.  The  room  con- 
tains several  fine  full-length  portraits  painted  by  Trumbull,  of  which 
that  of  Washington  is  thought  the  best  in  existence.  The  Superior  Court 
Room  is  very  neat  and  conveniently  fitted  up  for  its  purpose.  To  the 
east  of  the  City-hall  is  the  Hall  of  Records  ;  it  has  a  lofty  portico  of  four 
Ionic  pillars  on  each  front;  and  in  the  rear  of  it,  are  the  City  Buildings, 
containing  the  United  States  Court  rooms  and  several  public  offices.  The 
Hall  of  Justice  occupies  the  whole  space  between  Centre,  Elm,  Leonard, 
and  Franklin  streets,  and  is  an  elegant  building  of  the  Egyptian  order  of 
architecture. 

There  are  215  churches  in  the  city ;  many  of  them  have  been  recently 
built,  and  are  expensive,  elegant,  and  commodious  buildings. 

New  York  contains  several  literary  institutions.  The  oldest  is  Columbia 
College,  chartered  by  George  II.  in  1754,  by  the  name  of  King's  College, 
and  confirmed,  with  alterations,  by  the  legislature  of  New  York,  in  1784. 
It  has  a  president,  and  10  professors,  1,170  alumni,  124  students,  and 
14,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  building  is  situated  on  a  beautiful 
square  at  the  head  of  Park  Place,  and  contains  a  chapel,  lecture-room, 
halls,  museum,  and  an  extensive  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus. 
The  funds  amount  to  about  $200,000.  The  commencement  is  on  the  Tues- 
day preceding  the  last  Wednesday  in  September.  There  is  a  flourishing 
grammar  school  attached  to  the  institution.  The  University  of  the  city 
of  Nevv  York,  in  University  Place,  has  a  fine  edifice  of  white  marble,  in 
the  Gothic  style  of  architecture.  This  institution,  founded  in  1831,  has  a 
chancellor  and  12  professors,  (besides  6  professors  in  its  medical  de- 
partment,) and  in  all  its  departments  737  students— viz.,  undergraduates, 
145;  medical,  343;  grammar  school,  249.  It  has  a  valuable  library  and 
philosophical  apparatus.  The  General  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Prot. 
Epis.  Church  in  theU.  S.,  corner  of  Ninth  avenue  and  21st-street,  founded  in 
18J9,  contains  two  handsome  buildings,  and  has  6  professors,  74  students, 
and  9,350  volumes  in  its  library.  The  Union  Theological  Seminary. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  45 

(Presbyterian,)  organized  in  1836,  has  6  professors,  104  students,  and 
16,000  volumes  in  its  library  The  Rutger's  Female  Institute,  in  Madison- 
street,  has  a  valuable  library  and  philosophical  apparatus.  The  Me- 
chanics' Society  School,  in  Crosby-street,  has  a  number  of  teachers  and 
500  pupils.  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  founded  in  1807, 
has  a  handsome  edifice  in  Crosby-street ;  it  has  6  professors,  about  220 
students,  a  library  of  2,000  volumes,  and  a  superior  museum  of  anatomical 
preparations.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Monday  in  November, 
and  continue  four  months.  The  New  York  Hospital,  handsomely  situ- 
ated in  Broadway,  has  extensive  buildings.  The  Eye  Infirmary  has 
four  surgeons  attached  to  it.  The  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum,  con- 
nected with  the  New  York  Hospital,  located  at  Bloomingdale.  has  a 
large  and  fine  building,  attached  to  which  are  40  acres  of  ground,  taste- 
fully laid  out  in  gardens,  pleasure-grounds,  and  gravelled  walks ;  it 
occupies  one  of  the  most  elevated  sites  on  the  island.  The  Deaf  and 
Dumb  Asylum  is  on  50th- street,  near  the  Fourth  avenue,  and  has  a 
principal  and  8  instructors.  The  Institution  for  the  Blind,  on  the  8th 
avenue,  has  about  70  pupils. 

The  New  York  Society  Library,  an  old  institution,  founded  in  1754, 
has  an  elegant  edifice  on  Broadway  at  the  corner  of  Leonard-street,  and 
besides  spacious  accommodations  for  the  library,  has  a  handsome  and 
commodious  lecture-room,  and  the  rooms  of  the  Academy  of  Design. 
The  library,  which  contains  about  40,000  volumes,  is  open  on  every 
week  day.  The  Historical  Society,  at  the  University,  has  a  valuable 
library  of  12,000  volumes,  besides  a  collection  of  coins,  medals,  and 
manuscripts;  it  has  published  several  volumes  of  historical  collections. 
The  National  Academy  of  Design,  instituted  in  1826,  has  purchased  the 
statuary  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  exhibits  annually  a  large  col- 
lection of  paintings  by  living  artists.  Its  exhibitions  open  on  the  15th  of 
April  and  close  on  the  4th  of  July  annually ;  the  same  painting  is  not  al- 
lowed to  be  exhibited  twice.  Clinton-hall  Association  was  founded  in 
1830  for  the  promotion  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts,  and  is  the 
proprietor  of  Clinton-hall,  in  which  the  Mercantile  Library  is  located. 
The  Mercantile  Library  Association  was  formed  in  1820  for  the  special 
benefit  of  merchants'  clerks.  It  has  a  library  of  21,000  volumes,  and  a 
reading-room  much  frequented.  It  sustains,  in  the  winter  season,  an  in- 
teresting course  of  literary  and  scientific  lectures.  The  Apprentices' 
Library,  in  Crosby-street,  contains  12,000  volumes.  The  American  In- 
stitute, incorporated  in  1829,  for  the  encouragement  of  Agriculture,  Com- 
merce, and  Manufactures,  has  a  valuable  library,  reading-room,  and  a 
collection  of  models  of  machinery.  It  holds  an  annual  fair.  The  New 
York  Lyceum,  founded  in  1838,  sustains,  in  the  winter  season,  an  able 
course  of  lectures.  The  Mechanics'  Institute  contains  a  library  of  about 
2,000  volumes,  a  reading-room,  supplied  with  the  reviews,  literary  and 
scientific  journals,  and  newspapers ;  a  museum  of  models  of  machinery, 
and  a  valuable  chemical  and  philosophical  apparatus.  It  has  established 
an  annual  course  of  lectures ;  and  also  two  schools,  one  for  each  of  the 
sexes.  There  are  many  religious  charitable  institutions  which  have  their 
centre  in  New  York. 

There  are  25  Banks  in  the  city  of  New  York,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  28  millions  of  dollars;  several  marine  insurance  companies,  with  a 
total  capital  of  about  3  millions  ;  26  fire  insurance  companies,  with  an  ag- 
gregate capital  of  about  8  millions ;  besides  several  mutual  insurance 
companies.  There  are  four  savings  banks,  15  markets,  five  theatres,  an 


46  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

opera-house,  a  museum,  and  a  circus.  During  the  summer  there  are 
theatrical  performances  at  Castle  Garden  . 

There  are  in  New  York  many  splendid  hotels,  of  which  the  Astor 
House,  is  the  most  remarkable. 

The  Croton  Jlqucduct  commences  at  the  Croton  river,  five  miles  from 

the  Hudson,  in  Westches- 
>  ter  county.  The  Dam  is 
f  250  feet  long,  70  feet  wide 
I  at  the  bottom,  and  7  at 
I  the  top,  and  40  feet  high, 
i  built  of  stone  and  cement. 
'  It  creates  a  pond  5  miles 
£  long,  covering  a  surface 
^  of  400  acres,  and  contain- 
;  ing  500  millions  of  gallons 
7  water.  From  the  dam, 

^_ ^ ^^  *  the  .Aqueduct    proceeds, 

sometimes  tunnelling  through  solid  rocks)  crossing  valleys  by  embank- 
ments, and  brooks  by  culverts,  until  it  reaches  Harlem  river,  a  distance  of 
33  miles.  It  is  built  of  stone,  brick,  and  cement,  arched  over  and  under, 
6  feet  three  inches  wide  at  bottom,  7  feet  eight  inches  at  top  of  the  side 
walls,  and  8  feet  five  inches  high ;  has  a  descent  of  13$  inches  per  mile, 
and  will  discharge  60  millions  of  gallons  every  twenty-four  hours.  It 
crosses  the  Harlem  river  on  a  magnificent  bridge  of  stone,  1,450  feet  long, 
with  14  piers,  8  of  them  bearing  arches  of  80  feet  span,  and  seven  others 
of  50  feet  span,  \\4  feet  above  tide- water,  at  the  top.  The  receiving 
reservoir,  at  86th-street,  38  miles  from  the  Croton  dam,  covers  35  acres, 
and  holds  150  millions  of  gallons.  The  distributing  reservoir,  on  Murray's 
Hill  in  40th  street,  covers  4  acres,  and  is  constructed  of  stone  and  ce- 
ment, 45  feet  high  above  the  street,  and  holds  twenty  millions  of  gallons. 
Thence  the  water  is  distributed  over  the  city  in  iron  pipes,  laid  so  deep 
under  ground  as  to  be  secure  from  frost.  The  whole  cost  of  the  work  has 
been  about  13  millions  of  dollars.  "The  water  is  of  the  purest  kind  of 
river  water.  There  are  laid  below  the  distributing  reservoir  in  40th- 
street,  more  than  170  miles  of  pipe  from  6  to  36  inches  in  diameter. 

There  are  not  more  t\\&u  four  cities  in  Europe  larger  than  New  York, 
vix.,  London,  Paris,  Constantinople,  and  St.  Petersburg. 

Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Boston  on  four  routes,  viz.:  via  Providence, 
via  Stonington ;  via,  New  London  and  Jlllyn's  Point ;  and  via  Ntio 
Haven,  (see  routes  122,  123,  124,  125  ;)  and  daily  for  Bridgeport,  Nor- 
walk,  New  Rochelle,  Flushing,  Glen  Cove,  Oyster  Bay,  Port  Jefferson, 
<S*c.  On  the  Hudson,  several  lines  run  daily  for  Albany ,  (fare  50  cts. 
£0  $2, )  and  also  to  the  intermediate  places,  (see  route  128;)  a  line  runs 
daily  for  Piermont,  (where  it  connects  with  the  New  York  and  Erie 
railroad,  see  route  131,)  and  also  for  Philadelphia,  connecting  with  the 
Camden  and  Jlmboy  railroad,  (fare  $3.)  Cars  leave  daily  on  the  Long 
Island  railroad  for  Boston,  fare  $3  ;  White  Plains,  <£c.,  by  tite  Harlem, 
railroad;  for  Paterson,  N.  J.,  for  Philadelphia,  fare  $4,  twice  daily 
via  Jersey  City,  Newark,  New  Brunswick,  Princeton,  Trenton,  i^-c. 
FARK  to  Baltimore,  $7  ;  to  Washington,  $3.60  ;  to  Richmond,  Va.,  $13.60; 
to  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  $23.50;  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  $28;  to  Mobile, 
864.50;  to  New  Orleans,  $69.50  ;— to  Pittsburff,  Pa..  $16;  to  Wheeling, 
$17;  to  Cincinnati,  $21  ;— to  Buffalo,  $14;  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  $19;  to 
Detroit.  $20 ;  to  Mackinac,  $24  ;  to  Milwaukee  and  Chicago,  $26. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


47 


Jersey  City.  New  York.  Brooklyn. 

BROOKLYN  is  situated  on  Long  Island,  opposite  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  four  ferries,  upon 
which  steamboats  ply,  every  few  minutes,  day  and  rn«ht.  Its  beautiful, 
and  for  the  most  part  elevated  situation,  has  made  it  a  favorite  residence 
of  many  persons  doing  business  in  New  York.  It  contains  a  City  Hall,  30 
churches,  3  banks,  a  savings  institution,  3  insurance  companies,  and  in 
1845,  60,000  inhabitants.  The  Lyceum  is  a  fine  granite  building  with  a 
spacious  lecture-room.  The  City  Library  contains  over  3,000  volumes, 
and  has  a  tine  building  and  reading-room.  The  Hamilton  Literary 
Association  supports  annually  an  able  course  of  lectures.  The  United 
States  Navy  Yard  is  situated  on  Wallabout  bay,  and  covers  40  acres  of 
ground,  containing  several  extensive  ship-houses,  and  houses  for  storage 
of  materials,  workshops,  &c.  An  extensive  drydock  is  in  the  course  of 
construction.  Connected  with  the  Navy  Yard  is  the  United  States  Naval 
Lyceum,  a  literary  institution  formed  in  1832,  possessing  a  valuable 
library,  an  extensive  collection  of  charts,  and  a  museum.  About  half  a 
mile  east  from  the  Navy  Yard  is  the  United  States  Naval  Hospital,  a  fine 
building,  beautifully  situated,  and  surrounded  by  33  acres  of  land,  planted 
with  trees  and  shrubbery.  In  Jackson-street,  near  the  Navy  Yard,  is  a 
vault,  over  the  entrance  of  which  is  the  following  inscription : 

"PORTAL  TO  THE  TOMB  OF  11,500  PATRIOT  PRISONERS, 

WHO  DIED  IN  DUNGEONS  AND  PRISON-SHIPS, 

In  and  about  the  city  of  New  York,  during  the  Revolution.'1'' 
In  the  year  J808,  the  bones  of  these  martyrs  were  collected  from  the 
hill-sides  in  the  neighborhood,  where  they  had  been  slightly  interred,  and 
placed  in  this  vault. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  in  the  south  part  of  Brooklyn,  is  admirably  situa- 
ted, and  presents  an  agreeable  variety  of  surface 
and  scenery  ;  from  the  elevated  parts,  the  views 
are  extremely  beautiful,  overlooking  the  cities  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn,  the  bay  of  New  York,  i 
the   Narrows,    and    the   Atlantic    ocean.      The| 
ground  has  been  laid  out   in  the  most  tasteful  \ 
manner,   preserving  its  natural   surface,   ponds,  | 
trees,    shrubbery,   dec.;    and  many  appropriate! 
tombs  and  monuments  have  been  erected. 

There  are  on  Long  Island  several  places  much  fre- 
quented in  the  summer  season — viz.,  Fort  Ham-  ! 
ilton,  Coney  Island,  Rockaway,  Patchogue,  &c., 
on  the  south  side  ;  and  Glen  Cove,  Oyster  Bay,  Stony  Brook,  Port  Jeffer- 
son, Greenport,  and  Sag  Harbor,  on  the  north.  Sea  bathing  may  be  en- 
joyed at  all  these  places  ;  and  most  of  them  afford  abundance  of  sport  in 
fishing  and  fowling.  Most  of  these  places  may  be  approached  daily  by 
stages  running  in  connection  with  the  rail  cars,  or  bylines  of  steam- 
boat*,  or  sailing  vessels. 


48  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

TOUR  ON  THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 

[The  figures  on  the  left  of  the  page  denote  the  distance  from  Albany— 
on  the  right,  the  distance  from  New  York.] 

In  ascending  the  Hudson,  immediately  on  leaving  the  wharf,  tho 
traveller's  attention  is  drawn  to  the  view  seaward  —  the  bay  of  New  York, 
with  its  moving  panorama  of  vessels,  its  picturesque  islands  and  shores- 
all  of  which  constitute  a  scene  of  surpassing  beauty. 
F1451  JERSEY  CITY,  formerly  known  as  Powle's  Hook,  is  on  the 
Jersey  shore,  opposite  to  the  place  of  starting,  and  contains  five 
churches  and  4,000  inhabitants.  At  this  place  the  New  Jersey  and  the 
Paterson  railroads  commence,  and  also  the  Morris  canal.  One  mile  north  is 
HOBOKEN,  a  favorite  resort  of  the  citizens  of  New  York.  The  grounds 
for  nearly  2  miles  along  the  Hudson  are  laid  out  in  walks,  embowered  in 


F1431 


, 
trees>     VVEEHAWKEN,  2  miles  north,  is  a  bold  rocky  bluff,  rising  r 


abruptly  from  the  water's  edge.  A  villa  occupies  its  summit. 
A  short  distance  above,  on  the  river-shore,  overhung  by  beetling  cliffs  and 
almost  inaccessible  from  the  land-side,  is  the  famous  duelling-ground. 
Here  it  was  that  Gen.  Hamilton  fell,  July  llth,  1804.  The  Palisades, 
which  commence  at  Weehawken,  are  a  massy  range  of  columnar  rock, 
rising  almost  perpendicularly  from  the  shore  to  the  height  of  four  or  five 
hundred  feet,  and  are  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  inter- 
esting objects  on  the  Hudson.  They  extend  for  a  distance  of  20  miles— 
F1391  tne'r  summ'ts  being  slightly  undulating  table-land.  BULL'S  rfi-i 
L  J  FERRY.—  From  this  place  to  New  York,  a  ferry  has  existed  for  L  J 
more  than  half  a  century.  Opposite  is  BLOOMINGDALE,  a  suburb  of 
New  York,  extending  north  3  or  4  miles.  The  Orphan  Asylum,  with 
numerous  seats  embowered  in  shrubbery,  attracts  the  attention  ;  and  the 
Lunatic  Asylum,  situated  on  elevated  ground,  is  also  an  object  of 
interest.  Immediately  above,  is  seen  Manhattanvillc  valley  and  its  pretty 
T1351  v^'age>  containing  a  church  and  about  500  inhabitants.  FORT  ,-,„-! 
*•  J  LEE,  on  the  Jersey  side,  (from  which  a  steamboat  plies  several  *-  •* 
times  daily  to  New  York,)  derives  its  name  from  a  fort  built  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  rocks,  300  feet  above  the  river.  Traces  of  the  ruins  of  the 
fortress  still  remain,  overgrown  with  shrubbery.  Just  above,  on  the  New 
York  side,  is  FORT  WASHINGTON,  situated  on  the  most  elevated  point 
of  the  island.  It  was  taken  by  the  British,  after  a  desperate  resistance, 
November  16th,  1776,  and  the  garrison  put  to  the  sword.  The  ruins  still 
exist,  in  the  centre  of  which  there  has  been  erected  a  pretty  mansion. 
F1321  ^PUYTKN  DUYVEL  CREEK  enters  the  Hudson  two  miles  above  rjoi 

Fort  Washington,  and  connecting  with   Harlem   river,   sepa-  L 
rates  New  York  from  the  main  land.     Kingsbridge  crosses  this  creek  one 
mile  east.     On  the  north  of  this  stream,  on  the  heights,  was  Fort  Inde- 
[1281  pendence.     YONKERS  is  on  the  east  bank,  at  the  entrance  of  rj7] 

Sawkill  cr.    It  contains  two  churches,  a  seminary,  and  about  50  '- 
dwellings.     Closter  Landing  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.    HAS- 
TINGS, three  miles  north  of  Yonkers,  has  several  pretty  country  residences. 
OBBS  FERRY  was  a  noted  place  in  the  war  of  the  Revolu-  r^-i 
on.     Here  is  a  village  containing  two  churches  and  50  dwell- 
On  the  opposite  shore,  and  just  below  the  old  ferry  landing,  is  the 
commencement  of  the  line  dividing  the  states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 
f!211      PIERMONT,  on  the  west  bank,  was  formerly  known  as  the  r^-i 
J  "  Sloat."    At  this  place  a  pier  has  been  erected  about  one  mile  *-~  J 
long,  on  which  is  the  depot  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  railroad,  which 


[123]  VOE 
tion 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  49 

commences  here.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  to  and  from  New  York.  The 
village  contains  two  churches  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Three  miles 
west  lies  the  village  of  Tappan ;  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
this,  on  an  eminence  overlooking,  to  the  east,  a  romantic  and  fertile  val- 
ley, is  the  spot  where  Mnjor  Andre  was  executed,  October  2d,  1780. 
Cam  leave  Piermont  every  day  on  the  route  west — see  route  131.  Here 
commences  an  expansion  of  the  river,  locally  known  as  "  Tappan  Sea," 
and  extending  for  a  distance  of  ten  miles,  with  an  average  width  of  2i 
miles.  The  Van  Tassell  House  is  on  the  east  shore,  just  above,  and 
nearly  opposite  to  Piermont.  It  is  the  residence  of  Washington  Irving. 
riiQ-i  TARRYTOWN,  on  the  east  bank,  is  prettily  situated,  and  con-  r27-i 
L  J  tains  4  churches  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  About  one-  ™* 
fourth  of  a  mile  north  of  the  village,  is  the  spot  where  Major  Andre  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  at  the  distance  of  a  mile  further  north,  is  an  ancient 
Dutch  church,  (supposed  to  be  the  oldest  in  the  state,)  erected  in  1699. 
It  was  in  this  church  that  the  never-to-be-forgotten  Ichabod  Crane,  in 
rivalry  of  the  Dominie,  led  off  the  choir.  It  was  also  in  the  ravine 
near  by,  that  Ichabod  had  his  fearful  encounter  with  the  headless  horse- 
man, when  he  disappeared  forever  from  the  vale  of  Sleepy  Hollow. 
NYACK,  on  the  west  bank,  is  a  considerable  village,  containing  3  churches 
and  800  inhabitants.  Near  the  northern  extremity  of  Tappan  bay,  on  the 
east  side,  is  the  thriving  village  of 

niQl  SINQ  SING,  containing  four  churches,  two  seminaries,  and  r««-, 
L  J  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Mount  Pleasant  State  Prison  is  a  L  J 
short  distance  south  of  the  village,  where  are  extensive  quarries  of 
marble,  wrought  by  the  convicts.  The  prison  grounds  cover  an  area  of 
130  acres. — Almost  opposite  to  Sing  Sing  is  Verdreitjes  Hook,  a  rocky 
promontory.  Half  a  mile  above  is  ROCKLAND  LAKE  LANDING  ;  and 
about  f  of  a  mile  from  the  Hudson  is  the  lake,  a  picturesque  sheet  of 
water,  from  which  immense  quantities  of  ice  of  the  purest  kind  are  ob- 
tained. This  lake  is  the  principal  source  of  Hackensack  river. — Abov^ 
Verdreitjes  Hook  the  river  expands  again  to  an  average  width  of  two 
miles  for  a  distance  of  six  miles,  and  is  called  Haverstraw  bay. 
HAVERSTRAW  is  a  neat  village  on  the  west  shore,  and  contains  two  ^^ 
churches,  an  academy,  and  400  inhabitants, — Grassy  Point  is  two  '•dOJ 
flOGl  ni'^es  a^ove'  at  which  is  a  steamboat-landing.  STONY  POINT,  a 
I  J  small  rough  promontory,  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  with  a  light- 
house on  its  summit.  It  was  fortified  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and 
was  distinguished  by  the  celebrated  and  successful  assault  made  upon  it 
by  the  Americans  under  Gen.  Wayne,  on  the  night  of  the  16th  July,  1779. 
On  the  east  side,  and  opposite  to  Stony  Point,  is  Verplanck1  s  Point,  near 
which  place  was  the  famous  continental  village,  containing  the  United 
»lftl1  States  Barracks,  destroyed  by  the  enemy  in  Oct.,  1777.  CALD-  r..-, 

J  WELLS,  at  the  entrance  to  the  highlands,  is  the  first  landing-place  *-** 

in  ascending  the  river,  and  from  which  steamboats  ply  across  the  river  to 

F991  PEKKSKILL»  a  village  mostly  situated  on  an  elevation  200  feet  p^gi 

above  the  river.    It  contains  a  bank.  8  churches,  an  academy,  * 
and  2,000  inhabitants.     Stages  leate  3  times  a  week  (in  the  summer  season 
daily]  for  Mohapack  lake  and  Garnet,  and  3  times  for  Danbury,  Con. 
On  the  bluff  north  of  Peekskill  creek  is  the  site  of  Fort  Independence. 

The   Highlands,  or   Matteawan  Mountains,  extend  in  a  northeastern 

direction  across  Orange  and  Rockland  counties,  till  they  are  broken  by 

the  Hudson ;  rising  again  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river,  they  pass  off  in  the 

same    general    direction,  occupying  a  breadth  of  from  15  to  20  miles. 

3 


50  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Several  of  their  summits  attain  to  an  elevation  of  1,000  to  1,685  fcei. 
"They  are  composed  principally  of  granite  and  gneiss,  embedding  loose 
nodules  and  fixed  veins  of  magnetic  iron  ores,  with  other  minerals  of  the 
same  class.  It  is  unequivocally  a  primitive  chain,  and  in  the  early  ag'es 
must  have  opposed  a  barrier  to  the  passage  of  the  waters,  and  caused  a 
va^t  lake,  covering  the  present  valley  of  the  Hudson."  The  course  of  the 
traveller  is  now  for  a  mile  in  a  direction  almost  due  west,  through  what 
is  locally  called  the  Horse  Race,  from  the  rapidity  of  its  current;  this  ia 
caused  by  an  abrupt  angle  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  which  is  contracted  to 
a  narrow  space  by  its  passage  through  the  mountain  mass.  The  Thunder 
Mountain  on  the  west,  and  the  noted  eminence  on  the  east,  called  Jln- 
thimy^s  Nose,  stand  as  guardians  of  the  Pass.  The  Nose  is  1,228  feet 
high.  During  the  Revolution  a  large  boom  and  chain  extended  across 
from  the  foot  of  this  peak  to  Fort  Montgomery  on  the  west  side.  Forts 
Ointon  and  Montgomery  were  erected  to  defend  the  passage  of  the  river 
at  this  place.  On  the  6th  Oct.,  1777,  Sir  H.  Clinton,  with  a  force  of 
about  3,000  men,  took  these  forts  by  storm.  The  works  were  bravely 
defended  for  a  length  of  time  by  a  garrison  consisting  of  only  600  men, 
wiio  were  finally  overpowered  by  superior  numbers. — Two  miles  above 
Anthony's  Nose  is  the  Sugar  JLoaf  Mountain,  near  the  base  of  which  is 
t;ie  Beverly  House,  where  Arnold  resided  when  he  was  meditating'  that 
act  of  treachery  which  has  stamped  his  memory  with  everlasting  infamy. 
Buttermilk  Falls  (on  the  west  side,  and  nearly  opposite  to  the  Sugar 
Loaf)  descends  in  a  succession  of  cascades  for  more  than  100  feet,  spread- 
ing out  in  sheets  of  milk-white  foam,  and  making  a  beautiful  appearance, 
especially  when  the  stream  is  swollen  by  rains. 

T931      WEST  P°INT,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  where  the  p—-, 
••  river  makes  an  angle  forming  the  point  from  which  it  derives  its  *•     •• 

name,  is  situated  among 
the  most  picturesque  riv- 
er and  mountain  scene- 
ry conceivable.  It  was 
strongly  fortified  during 
the  warof  theRevolution, 
and  the  ruins  of  Fort 
Putnam,  on  Mount  Inde- 
pendence, (elevated  495 
feet  above  the  river,)  are 
objects  of  great  interest ;  as  are  also  the  earthen  mounds  of  Fort  Clinton, 
on  the  plain  below.  The  United  States  Military  Academy  was  established 
here  in  1802.  It  is  situated  on  a  plain  157  feet  above  tide- water.  The 
buildings  are — two  stone  barracks  ;  a  building  for  exercises  in  winter,  275 
feet  long  ;  a  building  of  Gothic  architecture,  150  feet  long,  with  three 
towers,  for  astronomical  apparatus  and  an  observatory  ;  a  chapel,  hospital, 
mess-hall,  17  separate  dwellings  for  the  officers  of  the  institution,  several 
workshops  and  storerooms,  cavalry  stables,  a  magazine,  laboratory, 
soldiers'  barracks,  a  store,  and  about  25  dwellings  for  families  connected 
with  the  establishment.  There  is  also  an  extensive  hotel  situated  on  the 
bank  of  the  river.  About  the  grounds  are  several  monuments  that 
erected  in  memory  of  Kosciusko  by  the  cadets,  at  an  expense  of  $5,000,  fa 
the  most  beautiful.  The  number  of  cadets  is  limited  to  260.  Opposite  to 
West  Point,  on  the  E.  shore,  is  Constitution  Island,  on  which  are  the 
ruins  of  the  fort  erected  during  the  Revolution.  A  massy  chain  was  ex- 
tended from  this  island  to  West  Point.  In  the  cove  just  above  is  the  West 


.STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  51 

Point  Foundry,  the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  America,  and 
which  employs  400  persons.  COLD  SPRING,  on  the  E.  shore,  1&  miles 
above  West  Point,  is  very  prettily  situated,  and  contains  5  churches  and 
1,250  inhabitants.  Near  the  base  of  the  mountain,  north  of  the  village,  is 
Under  Cliff,  the  elegant  villa  of  Gen.  Morris. — Crow  Nest  Mountain  on 
the  west  side,  the  summit  of  which  is  elevated  1,394  feet  above  the  river, 
affords  a  beautiful  and  extended  prospect. — Butter  Hill,  just  ubove,  is 
1,530  feet  above  the  river.  On  the  E.  side  are  the  three  elevations  known 
as  Bull  Hill,  1,486  feet  high,  Breakneck  Hill,  1,187,  and  Beacon  Hill  or 
Grand  Sachem,  1,685  feet  high.  Polopels  Island  lies  near  the  east  shore, 

POO-,  opposite  the  ravine  between  Bull  and  Breakneck  Hills.     CORN-  ,-,...-, 

*•    J  WALL,  on  the  west  side,  at  the  termination  of  the  Highlands,  ••  *\ 
contains  about  150  inhabitants.     The  river  expands  here  to  the  width  of 
a  mile  for  the  distance  of  about  five  miles,  and  is  called  Newburg  bay. 
Two  miles  above  is  NEW  WINDSOR,  which  has  two  churches  and  about 
250  inhabitants.     It  is  the  birthplace  of  De  Witt  Clinton. 

rR11      NEWBURGH  is  situated  on  a  steep  acclivity,  rising  to  about  rfi.-. 

L"4J  300  feet.  From  the  terrace  there  is  a  magnificent  view  of  the  L  J 
river  and  the  Highlands.  There  are  in  the  village  a  theological  seminary, 
several  academies,  3  banks,  11  churches,  and  about  6,000  inhabitants. 
The  stone  house  occupied  by  WASHINGTON  as  his  head-quarters,  is  still 
standing  near  the  village.  On  the  23d  of  June,  1783,  the  American  army 
was  disbanded  here.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Goshen  and  also  for  Dun- 
kirk via  Binghamton.  (See  routes  160  and  161.)  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river,  and  to  which  a  steamboat  plies,  is  Ftshkill  Landing,  which  has 

r_fi1  3  churches  and  about  800  inhabitants.     Ftshkill,  about  5  miles  ..  _-. 

"•  J  east  of  the  landing,  contains  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  *•  ' 
1,000  inhabitants.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  Head  Quarters  of  the  American 
Army  for  a  time  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Three  miles  above 
the  landing  is  Low  Point,  a  scattered  settlement  extending  along  the 
river.  NEW  HAMBURG  is  on  the  eust  side  of  the  river,  just  above  the  en- 
trance to  Wappinger's  Creek.  Hampton,  a  landing  on  the  opposite  side, 
is  connected  with  New  Hamburg  by  a  ferry.  Three  miles  above,  on 
the  west  side,  is  Milton  Landing.  The  village  is  about  half  a  mile  distant. 

P-,-,      POUGHKEEPSIE,  the  capital  of  Dutchess  county,  is  on  the  left  r_  . 

!?7V  bank  of  the  Hudson.  Population  10,000.  This  village,  one  of  I-74' 
the  handsomest  in  the  state,  is  built  on  an  elevated  plain  200  feet  above 
the  river,  and  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  a  collegiate  school,  the 
Dutchess  Academy,  four  seminaries  for  young  ladies,  3  banks,  a  savings 
bank,  a  market,  a  lyceum,  and  14  churches.  The  College  edifice,  modelled 
after  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  stands  on  Prospect  Hill,  having  a  wide 
range  of  prospect.  The  village  has  a  rich  back  country.  Stages  leave  3 
times  a  week  for  Danbury,  Con.  ;  for  New  Milford  ;  and  for  West  Corn" 
wall  via  Sliaron.  On  the  west  side,  opposite  to  Poughkeepsie,  is  JVeto 
Paltz  Landing.  The  village  of  New  Paltz  lies  some  distance  from  the 
river.  Six  miles  above,  on  the  east  side,  is  HYDK  PARK,  which  contains 
3  churches  and  about  50  dwellings. 

Ffill      R°NDOUT«  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  of  the  same  .g^-i 

I  •"  name,  contains  two  churches,  a  seminary,  and  about  1,500  in-  * 
habitants.  It  is  the  port  of  the  Delaware' and  Hudson  canal.  One  mile 
further  north  is  Kingston  Landing.  The  village  of  KINGSTON  is  situated 
3  miles  west  of  the  landing.  It  was  incorporated  in  1805,  and  contains  a 
court-house,  4  churches,  two  banks,  an  academy,  and  about  2,300  in- 
, habitants.  This  place  was  burned  by  the  British  army  Oct.,  1777.  Stages 


52  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

leave  3  times  a  week  for  Delhi,  and  Ellcnmlle.     Six  miles  above,  on  the 

T551  east  S'(*6'  *s  Rhinebeck  Landing.     The  village  of  KHINEBECK,  roftl 

J  two  miles  from  the  landing,  contains  3  churches,  an  academy,  LJUJ 

and  ahout  1,200  inhabitnnts.     Nine  miles  north  is  Lower  Red  Hook,  and  3 

miles  above  is  Upper  Red  Hook  Landing.    The  villages  lie  some  3  or  4 

miles  from  the  river.    A  ferryboat  plies  from  the  Upper  Landing  to  the 

[441  West  side'  at  SAUGERTIKS»  a  laree  manufacturing  village,  on  nml 

J  Esopus  creek,  where  is  an  extensive  water-power.   The  village  "•      •" 

contains  five  churches  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. — Bristol  is  2  miles  above. 

|-~.-i      CATSKILL  is  prettily  situated  on  the  right  bank,  and  contains  nill 

*J  a  court-house,  two  banks,  5  churches,  and  about  3,000  inhabi-  L11] 
tants.  Vehicles  are  ready  on  the  arrival  of  the  boats  to  convey  pas- 
sengers to  the  celebrated  summer  resort,  (12  miles  distant,)  at  Pine 
Orchard,  Catskill  Mountain.  There  is  here  an  excellent  hotel,  on  an  ele- 
vation 2,212  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  which  gives  to  the 
atmosphere  a  refreshing  coolness  amid  the  most  sultry  heat  of  summer. 
A  little  to  the  west  of  the  Mountain  House  are  two  ponds,  the  outlets  of 
which  unite,  and  proceed  by  falls  and  rapids,  in  a 
,  deep  ravine,  to  the  plain  below.  The  first  fall  is  180 
feet  perpendicular;  and  within  a  short  distance  is  a 
second  fall  of  about  80  feet.  By  a  circuitous  path  the 
,  traveller  can  pass  down  and  go  under  the  rock,  and 
fc  behind  the  water  of  the  first  fall,  where  is  presented  a 
|  singular  and  interesting  view.  From  the  Mountain 
House,  is  a  most  extensive  and  varied  prospect,  for  the 
£  distance  of  sixty  miles,  (in  a  clear  atmosphere:)  the 
I  landscape  is  distinctly  visible,  adorned  with  the  pic- 
^^  ^  ^  iljturesque  Hudson,  its  green  isles  and  moving  panorama 
of  vesse's,  its  cities,  villages,  and  villas.  The  range  of  vision  extends  from 
the  Hudson  Highlands  to  the  Green  Mountains.  Stages  leave  Catskill 
daily  for  Ithaca. 

rgq-|  HUDSON,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  is  built  on  an  elevated  rjjgi 
L  J  site,  from  which  is  obtained  n  fine  view  of  the  river  and  sur-  I  J 
rounding  country.  It  has  an  elegant  court-house,  8  churches,  two  banks, 
two  markets,  the  Franklin  Literary  Association,  with  a  respectable  library 
and  philosophical  apparatus,  two  academies,  a  lunatic  asylum,  and  5,700 
inhabitants.  The  city  is  supplied  with  pure  water  from  a  mountain 
spring  two  miles  distant,  conveyed  in  iron  pipes.  Several  whale-ships  be- 
long to  Hudson.  The  village  of  New  Lebanon  Springs  is  24  miles  NE. 
from  Hudson.  The  Shaker  Settlement  contains  a  large  church,  several 
extensive  workshops,  and  600  inhabitants.  The  Springs  are  warm,  emit 
nitrogen  gas,  and  have  a  temperature  of  73°  Fahrenheit ;  they  are  effica- 
cious for  rheumatism,  salt  rheum,  and  cutaneous  affections.  The  country 
around  is  beautiful  and  picturesque,  and  the  springs  are  much  frequented. 
Cars  leave  Hudson  daily  for  West  Stockbridge,  Lebanon  Springs,  frc. ; 
and  stages  3  times  a  week  for  Gnat  Barrington,  Mass.  A  ferryboat 
plies  to  the  west  shore  at  Athens,  which  contains  4  churches  and  about 
1,200  inhabitants. — Four  Mile  Point,  on  which  is  a  light-house,  is  at  the 
r0ji  head  of  ship  navigation.  Coxsackie  Landing  is  on  the  right  r^i 

bank  ;   the  village  extends  along  the  river  for  the  distance  of  L 

a  mile,  and  contains  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  1,200  inhabitants. 

r.R-,  STUYVESANT,  on  the  east  side,  contains  a  church  and  about  rj27l 

J  300  inhabitants.      A  short  distance  above  is  KINDERHOOK  L 
LANDING.    The  village  of  Kinderhook  lies  5  miles  east  from  the  river. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  53 

Rod  contains  two  churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  about  1,400  in- 
habitants.    NEW  BALTIMORE,   on  the   west   shore,   has  u  church  and 
r     ,  about  300  inhabitants.    Two  miles  above  is  COEYMANS,  con-       ^ 
I    J  taining  two  churches  and  about  700  inhabitants.     Four  miles  L 
farther,  on  the  east  side,  is  CASTLETON,  with  a  church  and  about  350  in- 
nl  habitants.     The  Overslaugh  has  heretofore  been  an  obstruction  ,J42, 
I  •"  to  navignt'on    for  some  distance  below  Albany,  but  the  chan-  L 
nel  has  been  straightened  and  deepened,  at  a  great  expense,  by  the  United 
States  government,  thus  rendering  it  more  navigable. 


ALBANY,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
river,  145  miles  from  New  York,  200  west  by  north  from  Boston,  and  370 
from  Washington.  Population  42,000.  On  the  margin  of  the  river  is  a 
flat  alluvial  tract,  from  15  to  100  yards  wide,  back  of  which  the  ground 
rises  abruptly,  and  in  the  course  of  a  mile  attains  to  the  height  of  220 
feet,  after  which  it  becomes  level.  Originally  the  streets  were  not  very 
regularly  laid  out,  and  some  of  them  are  narrow.  State-street  has  a  steep 
ascent,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the  Capitol,  a  fine  edifice  115  feet  long 
and  90  wide,  with  richly  furnished  apartments  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  state  legislature.  In  front  of  it  is  a  handsome  square,  ornamented 
with  walks,  trees,  and  shrubbery.  To  the  north  of  this,  separated  only 
by  a  street,  is  a  corresponding  square,  on  the  east  side  of  which  is  the 
City  Hall,  a  splendid  marble  edifice  ;  and  facing  the  same  square  is  the 
State  Hall  for  the  public  offices.  The  Albany  Academy  is  a  fine  edifice. 
The  other  public  buildings  are,  a  Medical  College,  a  Female  Academy,  the 
Exchange,  thirty-two  churches,  three  markets,  a  state  arsenal,  and  eight 
banks.  The  old  State  Hall,  on  the  south  side  of  State  street,  is  fitted  up 
for  the  geological  cabinet,  collected  in  the  geological  survey  of  the  state. 
The  New  York  State  Library  occupies  a  large  room  in  the  Capitol,  and 
contains  10,000  volumes.  The  Albany  Medical  College,  founded  in  1839, 
has  8  professors  and  104  students.  It  has  a  museum  and  library.  The 
lectures  commence  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October.  The  Albany 
Academy  has  able  instructors,  and  400  students.  The  Female  Academy 
has  about  350  pupils,  and  sustains  a  high  reputation.  The  Young  Men's 
Association  has  a  library  of  3,200  volumes. — Albany  was  founded  by  the 
Dutch  in  1623,  then  called  Fort  Orange,  and  was  chartered  as  a  city  in  1686. 

Twenty  or  more  steamboats,  and  50  towboats,  ply  between  this  city  and  JV. 
York,  and  other  places  on  the  river.  Cars  arrive  and  depart  twice  daily  for 
Boston  and  the  intermediate  places ;  twice  daily  for  Saratoga  Springs,  (fare 
$1.62;)  awd3  times  daily  for  Buffalo,  (/are$12,)  Niagara  Falls,  andthein- 
termediate  places  :  (see  pages  74  and  75. )  Stages  leave  daily  for  Pittsfield, 
Mass. ;  far  Bennington,  Vt.  ;  for  Burlington^  for  Montreal,  Can.,  via 
Whitehall,  Plattsburg,  &c. :  and  also  Syracuse,  via  Cherry  Valley.  Twice  a 
week  for  Binghamton ;  and  also  for  Williamstown,  Mass. 

TROY,  the  capital  of  Rensselaer  county,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  the  head  of  tide-water,  6  miles  north  of 
Albany,  and  151  north  of  New  York.  Population  21,709.  It  extends 
about  3  miles  along  the  river,  with  a  breadth  of  U  miles.  It  is  bordered 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


on  the  E.  by  hills  of  considerable  elevation,  from  which  descend  two  con- 
siderable streams,  which  have  romantic  cascades  and  afford  extensive 
water-power.  The  city  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  its  streets  are  wide 
and  well  paved.  The  Court-house  is  a  fine  building,  constructed  of 
marble,  with  a  Grecian  front  of  the  Doric  order.  Here  are  the  Troy  Fe- 
male Institute  and  the  Rensselaer  Institute,  with  several  other  schools  of  a 
high  order;  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  a  Young  Men's  Association, 
18  churches,  6  banks,  and  11  academies.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Saratoga 
Springs,  for  Schenectady,  and  also  for  Boston.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Bennington,  F~t.  ;  and  for  Whitehall,  and  also  for  Burlington,  Ft. 

BALLSTON  SPA,  31  miles  from  Albany,  is  situated  on  a  small  branch  of 
Kayaderosseras  creek,  and  contains  a  court-house,  4  churches,  1  bank,  and 
about  1,500  inhabitants.  The  oldest  and  still  most  esteemed  fountain  is 
known  as  the  "  Public  Well,"  on  the  flat  west  of  the  centre  of  the  village. 
There  are  several  other  springs  of  less  note,  possessing  medicinal  prop- 
erties of  a  similar  character.  Cars  pass  twice  daily  from  Albany  and 
from  Saratoga  Springs. 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  38  miles  north  of  Albany,  is  the  most  celebrated 

watering-place  in 
theUnited  States. 
It  contains  some 
'  of  the  largest  and 
i  most  splendid  ho- 
1  tels  and  board- 
|  ing-houses  in  the 
[  country,  which 
in  the  watering 
season  are  abun- 
dantly filled  by  the  gay  and  fashionable  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  West 
Indies,  &c.  The  village  contains  six  churches,  an  academy,  a  female 
seminary,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 

The  mineral  waters  are  drawn  from  some  9  or  more  fountains  or 
springs,  and  vary  considerably  in  their  characteristics.  The  principal 
springs  are  called  the  Congress,  Iodine,  Empire,  Putnam's,  Hamilton, 
High  Rock,  Columbian,  Flat  Rock,  and  Washington.  The  most  promi- 
nent effects  of  these  waters,  when  taken  into  the  stomach,  are  cathartic, 
diuretic,  and  tonic.  In  all  pulmonary  affections  arising  from  primary 
diseases  of  the  Jungs,  the  waters  are  thought  to  be  injurious,  but  they 
have  proven  highly  efficacious  in  cutaneous  diseases,  scrofula,  jaundice, 
bilious  affections,  chronic  rheumatism,  &c.,  &c.  The  objects  of  amuse- 
ment here  are  always  sufficiently  numerous  for  the  gratification  of  the 
transient  visitor.  The  reading-rooms  afford  mental  recreation  ;  while,  if 
other  amusement  be  sought,  it  is  afforded  by  the  railroad  carriages— can 
leaving  several  times  a  day  on  trips  of  pleasure — or  by  a  short  excursion 
into  the  neighborhood,  where  sufficient  beauty  and  novelty  of  scenery  are 
always  presented  Jo  render  it  interesting.  The  amusements  of  the  day 
are  usually  crowned  by  a  ball  or  promenade. 
Saratoga  Lake,  4  miles  southeast  of  the  vil- 
f  lage,  is  much  resorted  to,  by  parties  of  pleas- 
[  ure.  It  affords  ample  sport  to  the  angler,  and 
^  its  shores  abound  with  game.  The  Sulphur 
'pring  at  the  head  of  the  lake  is  exciting 
much  attention ;  its  waters,  which  are  remark- 
ably clear,  are  moderately  impregnated  with  sulphur 


STATE  0V  NEW  YORK. 


55 


The  plain  of  Saratoga  was  the  scene  of  the  surrender  of  the  British 
ormy  under  Gen.  Burgoyne,  Oct.  17,  1777.  Bemus'  Heights,  Freeman's 
Farm,  and  other  places  in  the  vicinity,  connected  with  the  battles  which 
preceded  that  event,  are  objects  of  interest.  Cars  arrive  and  depart 
twice  daily  for  Albany,  and  also  for  Troy.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Whitehall  via  Glenn's  Falls,  and  three  times  a  week  for  Ticonderoga. 

The  village  of  GLENN'S  FALLS,  on  the  Hudson,  is  18  miles  north  from 
Saratoga  Springs.     It  has  three  churches,  two 
seminaries,  and  about  1,200  inhabitants.     The  I 
falls  in  the  river  are  exceedingly  beautiful.  • 
Caldwell  is  delightfully  situated  at  the  head  of  jj 
Lake  George,  62  miles    north  from  Albany,  j 
and  contains  a  church  and  about  two  hundred  ' 
inhabitants.      A  steamboat  plies  on  the  lake 
36  miles  to  its  outlet,  near  Fort  Ticonderoga. 

WHITEHALL,  seventy-two  miles  N.  of  Albany,  us  situated  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Champlain  ;  and  contains  3  churches,  1  bank,  and  about  2.500 
inhabitants.  Steamboats  leave  daily  (in  the  summer  season)  for  Montreal 
via  St.  John's.  (See  page  74.)  Fort  Ticonderoga,  the  ruins  of  which 
fortress  still  exist,  was  situated  near  Lake  Champlain,  at  the  outlet 
of  Lake  George.  The  scenery  in  this  region  is  varied  and  picturesque. 

Lake  George  is  justly  celebrated  for  its  wild,  picturesque,  and  varied 
scenery  ;  its  waters  are  remarkably  transparent  and  pure.  Its  shores 
contain  the  remains 
of  Fort  William  Hen-  .--^ 
ry  and  Fort  George,  ^j^- 
and  others  memora-  ^ 
ble  in  the  French  and  ^ 
Revolutionary  wars. 

PLATTSBUROH,| 
Clinton  co. ,  is  166  miles  i_ 
N.  of  Albany,  and  538 
from  Washington.  Population  6,000.  The  village  is  on  both  sides  of 
Saranac  river,  at  its  entrance  into  Cumberland  bay,  on  the  W.  shore  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  a  lyceum,  an 
academy,  and  4  churches.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  battle  in  the  last  war 
between  the  Americans  and  British,  September  llth,  1814,  in  which  tho 
Americans  under  Gen.  Macomb,  on  land,  and  Commodore  Macdonough, 
on  the  lake,  were  victorious,  after  a  hard-rought  battle.  Steamboats  (in 
the  summer)  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Whitehall  via  Burlington, 
Ticonderoga,  &c. ;  and  also  for  Montreal  via  St.  John's.  Stages  (in  the 
winter  season)  pass  through  daily  from  Montreal  and  from  Albany. 
Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Ogdensburg  via  Fort  Cov- 
ington. 

SCHENECTADY,  16  miles  NW.  from  Albany,  on  the  south  bank  of 
Mohawk  river,  contains  a  court-house,  a  market,  a  female  academy,  a 
lyceum,  two  banks,  9  churches,  and  6,555  inhabitants.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Union  College,  founded  in  1795,  which  has  a  president,  10  professors  or 
other  instructors,  2,125  alumni,  242  students,  and  13,000  volumes  in  its 
libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  fourth  Wednesday  in  July.  Its 
buildings  are  commodious,  and  attached  to  them  are  250  acres  of  land, 
handsomely  laid  out.  The  reputation  of  this  college  is  deservedly  high. 
Cars  pass  through  daily  for  Buffalo  and  the  intermediate  places,  and  also 
for  Albany,  and  twice  daily  for  Saratoga  Springs. 


56  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Sharon  Sulphur  Springs  are  12  miles  from  the  depot  at  Palatine  Bridge, 
(see  route  150,)  from  which  stages  leave  daily  in  the  summer  season. 
These  waters  are  highly  efficacious  in  rheumatic,  cutaneous,  and  dyspeptic 
complaints.  There  are  in  the  vicinity  several  caves,  and  tftsego  La.k& 
furnishes  abundant  sport  for  the  angler. 

LITTLE  FALLS,  situated  on  both  sides  of  Mohawk  river,  73  miles  from 
Albany,  contains  five  churches,  a  bank,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants. 
There  is  a  fall  of  42  feet  in  the  river,  affording  an  immense  hydraulic 
power.  Ji  line  of  stages  leaves  daily  for  Trenton  Falls. 

TRENTON  FALLS  are  18  mile* 
•.  NE.  from  Utica,  on  West  Canada 
]*  creek.  The  waters  fall  312  feet, 
|  by  a  succession  of  cascades,  in 
e  course  of  two  miles,  and  the 
I  scenery  is  the  most  wild  and  pic- 
I  turesque  imaginable.  The  chasm, 
I  for  the  whole  distance,  is  broken 
I  through  limestone  rock,  and  the 

_      pathway  is  mostly  along  the  margin 

of  the  rushing   Waters,  upon  a  ledge  or  shelf  so  narrow  and  perilous,  that 
the  visitor  will  find  difficulty  in  sustaining  himself. 

HERKIM.ER,  pleasantly  situated  on  Mohawk  river,  contains  a  court- 
house, an  academy,  a  bank,  two  churches,  and  about  800  inhabitants. 

UTICA  is  94  miles  from  Albany,  202  from  Buffalo,  and  237  from  New 
York.  The  city  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Mohawk  river, 
on  an  inclined  plain  rising  from  the  river,  so  as  to  command  from  its  eleva- 
ted parts  some  fine  prospects.  It  contains  a  court-house,  18  churches,  an 
exchange  building,  two  academies,  the  Utica  Library,  a  Mechanics'  As- 
sociation, an  Apprentices'  Library,  two  Orphan  Asylums,  4  banks,  and 
12,200  inhabitants.  The  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  a  mile  west  of  the  city,  is 
a  fine  building,  with  a  farm  of  160  acres  attached  to  it.  The  city  occupies 
the  site  of  old  Fort  Schuyler,  and  is  now  one  of  the  finest  in  Western  New 
York,  though  in  1794  there  were  only  3  or  4  dwellings  on  the  spot.  It 
dates  its  great  prosperity  from  the  completion  of  the  Erie  canal.  Cars 
pass  through  3  times  daily  from  Buffalo,  and  from  Albany.  Stages  ar- 
rive and  depart  daily  for  Sacketts  Harbor,  via  Trenton,  Watertown, 
<S-c.  ;  and  for  Binghamton  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Ithaca  and  for 
Coopcrstown. 

ROME,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  river,  108  miles  from  Albany,  oc- 
cupies the  site  of  Fort  Stanwix,  built  in  1758,  and  which  was  rebuilt 
during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  and  called  Fort  Schuyler.  The  village 
contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  a  bank,  a  female  academy,  a  United 
States  arsenal,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week 
for  Oswego  ;  and  for  Sacketts  Harbor. 

SYRACUSE,  situated  14  miles  south  from  Onondaga  lake,  and  147  miles 
from  Albany,  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  two  banks,  8  churches, 
and  7,500  inhabitants.  Great  quantities  of  salt  are  manufactured  in  the 
village  and  vicinity.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Albany  and  for 
Buffalo,  Stages  leave  daily  for  Ogdensburg,  for  Oswego,  and  for  Ithaca. 
AUBURN,  173  miles  W.  from  Albany,  is  a  flourishing  village,  situated  on 
the  outlet  of  Owasco  lake.  It  contains  a  court-house,  two  banks,  3 
academies,  a  female  seminary,  7  churches,  and  5,600  inhabitants.  -The 
Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  founded  in  1821,  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Presbyterians,  and  has  4  professors,  71  students,  and  5,000  volumes  in  its 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  57 

libraries.  The  State  Prison  is  regarded  as  a  model  forv  such  institutions. 
The  building  forms  three  sides  of  a  square,  the  front  of  which  is  276  feet 
and  the  wings  242.  The  prisoners  labor  together  in  silence,  and  when 
not  laboring  are  confined  in  solitary  cells.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart 
daily  for  Mbany  and  for  Buffalo.  Stages  leave  for  Ithaca  daily,  and  fur 
Oswego  thrte  times  a  week. 

SENECA  FALLS,  15  miles  from  Auburn,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
outlet  of  Seneca  lake,  which  has  here  a  fall  of  47  feet.  The  village  con- 
tains 5  churches,  several  manufactories,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 

WATERLOO,  on  Seneca  outlet,  has  a  court-house,  4  churches,  1  bank, 
an  academy,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants. 

GENEVA,  199  miles  from  Albany,  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  north 
end  of  Seneca    lake.  ^ 
The    principal   street  |__ 
runs  parallel  with  the !!!!!!!! 
lake  shore,  at  an  ele  J~" 
vation    of    120    feet.| 
Most   of   the  houses  = 
on  the  south  side  <A  = 
this  street  have    ter-  = 

raced  gardens  extending  clown  to  the  shore.  It  contains  nine  i 
two  banks,  a  seminary,  and  about  3,600  inhabitants.  Geneva  College, 
founded  in  1823,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians.  It  has  a 
president,  5  professors,  70  students,  10,000  volumes  in  its  libraries,  a 
cabinet  of  minerals,  and  ample  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus. 
Geneva  Medical  College  was  founded  in  J834,  and  has  since  been  liberally 
endowed  by  the  state  for  the  erection  of  buildings,  &c.  It  has  a  dean, 
register,  6  professors,  and  175  students.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart 
daily  for  Albany  and  for  Buffalo.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Ithaca,  for 
Osicego,  and  for  Williamsport  via  Corning,  Blossburg,  Src. 

Clifton  Springs,  12  miles  from  Geneva,  are  becoming  somewhat  cele- 
brated for  their  medicinal  properties.  They  are  sulphur  springs. 

CANANDAIGUA,  222  miles  from  Albany,  is  one  of  the  most  Deautiful 
villages  in  Western  New  York,  situated  on  a  plain  at  the  north  end  of 
Canandaigua  lake,  at  its  outlet.  The  ground  descends  gently  towards  the 
lake,  presenting  a  fine  view  of  it  from  the  village.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, jail,  and  county  offices,  a  town-hall,  5  churches,  two  banks,  an 
academy  of  a  high  order,  a  female  seminary,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Erie,  via  Oeneseo,  Ellicottsville,  and  Jamestown. 

Avon  Springs,  situated  near  the  Genesec  river,  20  miles  south  from 
Rochester,  have  become  a  place  of  much  resort.  The  village  contains  3 
churches,  an  academy,  several  extensive  hotels,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 
The  two  most  noted  springs  are  about  80  rods  apart,  and  are  a  short  dis- 
tance southwest  of  the  village.  The  waters  have  been  found  efficacious 
in  disordered  digestion,  rheumatism,  gout,  and  cutaneous  affections. 
Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Rochester. 

ROCHESTER,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Genesee  river,  251  miles 
from  Albany,  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1817  and  a  city  in  J834. 
Population  25,500.  It  is  handsomely  built,  and  to  many  of  the  dwellings 
are  attached  gardens  ornamented  with  shrubbery.  The  city  contains  a 
court-house,  two  markets,  7  banks,  twenty-two  churches,  a  museum,  a 
Collegiate  Institute,  two  seminaries,  two  orphan  asylums,  an  arcade, 
a  Mechanics'  Literary  Association,  an  atheneum,  and  many  extensive 
3* 


58  .STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

flouring  mills  and  manufactories.  The  Genesee  Falls  have  an  entire 
descent  of  268  feet, 
composed  of  3  per- 
pendicular falls,  of  p 
105,  96,  and  20  feet,  f 
besides  rapids ;  tfie 
best  views  of  these  ' 
falls  are  obtained  from  j 
the  east  side  of  the  s 
river.  The  Erie  ca-  * 
nal  crosses  the  ri\ 
here  by  a  massive  stone  aqueduct.  The  Mount  Hope  Cenie7ery7"near 
the  city,  has  been  laid  out  in  walks,  and  embellished  with  sculptured 
tombs,  trees,  shrubbery,  &c.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Albany  and  for  Buffalo.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Niagara  FaUs  via 
Lockport ;  and  to  Corning,  via  Gen.eseo,  and  Dansville ;  3  times  a  week 
for  Oswcgo  ;  also  to  Olean,  via  Mt.  Morris,  and  Angelica. 

BATAVIA,  32  miles  from  Rochester,  is  prettily  situated  on  a  plain  through 
which  flows  the  Tonawanda  creek  ;  it  has  a  court-house,  4  churches,  two 
banks,  a  land  office,  a  seminary,  and  2,000  inhabitants. 

BUFFALO  is  situated  at  the  NE.  end  of  Lake  Erie,  325  miles  west  from 
Albany,  195  from  Cleveland,  and  327  from  Detroit.  Population  30,000. 
Its  situation  as  a  place  of  business  is  very  commanding,  being  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  Erie  canal,  and  at  the  eastern  termination  of  the 
navigation  of  the  great  lakes — Erie,  Huron,  and  Michigan.  The  ground 
on  which  the  city  is  built  rises  gradually  to  a  considerable  elevation,  from 
which  is  a  commanding  view  of  the  lake,  Niagara  river,  the  Canadian 
shore,  &c.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  and  are  wide  and  well- 
regulated.  The  public  buildings  and  institutions  are,  a  court-house,  two 
markets,  17  churches,  4  banks,  a  theatre,  an  orphan  asylum,  and  several 
large  hotels.  The  Young  Men's  Association  has  c.  reading-room  and  a 
library  of  3,000  volumes.  A  mole  or  pier  of  stone,  1,500  feet  long,  haa 
been  constructed  at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek,  which,  by  confining  tl.e 
channel,  has  so  far  removed  the  bar  that  vessels  requiring  8  feet  of  water 
freely  enter.  At  the  end  of  the  pier  is  a  stone  light-house  twenty  feet  in 
diameter,  and  46  feet  high.  The  harbor  is  well  protected,  and  sospaciousi 
that  several  hundred  vessels  can  be  accommodated  in  it.  Buffalo  was 
originally  laid  out  by  the  Holland  Land  Company,  in  1801.  In  December, 
1813,  it  was  burnt  by  the  British  and  Indians.  It  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  in  1832.  Cars  leave  Buffalo  twice  daily  for  Albany  (fare  $12)  and 
Vie  intermediate  places;  for  Niagara  Falls  twice  daily,  (fare  75  cts.) 
Steamboats  leave  Buffalo  almost  daily  for  Erie,  Pa.,  (fare  $3  ;)  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  (fare  $5;)  Sandusky,  (fare  $5.50;)  Detroit,  Mich.,  (fare 
$6  ;)  Mackinac,  (fare  10;)  Milwaukee  and  Chicago,  (fare  $12:)  for 
Port  Stanley,  Can. ;  also  for  Quecnston,  Can.,  via  Chippeioa.  Stages 
leave  Buffalo  daily  for  Erie,  Pa.  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Olean,  for 
Geneseo,  and  for  Batavia. 

LOCKPORT  is  on  the  Erie  canal,  58  miles  from  Rochester ;  the  waters 
of  the  canal  here  descend  60  feet  by  5  locks  of  12  feet  each.  Tho 
surplus  water  of  the  canal  creates  an  immense  hydraulic  power,  and 
is  extensively  used.  Lockport  contains  a  court-house,  twelve  churches,  a 
lyceum,  two  academies,  and  about  6,500  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive  from% 
and  depart  twice  daily  for  Niagara  Falls,  and  for  Lewistown.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  Rochester. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


59 


ttl 


I 


. 

THE  FALLS  OF  NIAGARA  are  about  21 
I  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  and  14  miles  from 
I  Lake  Ontario,  and  are  regarded  as  one  of 
I  the  greatest  natural  curiosities  in  the  world. 
I  The  Niagara  strait  or  river  at  its  efflux 
]  from  Lake  Erie,  is  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
(<  wide,  from  40  to  60  feet  deep,  and  flows 
I  with  a  current  of  7  miles  an  hour.  As  it 
"'  proceeds,  the  river  widens,  and  embosoms 

_W(,__w_»f  Grand  and  Navy  Islands,  which  terminate 

in  beautiful  points  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  falls.  Below  the  islands 
are  rapids,  which  extend  a  mile  to  the  precipice,  in  which  space  the  river 
descends  57  feet.  At  the  precipice  it  is  three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide. 
Here  Goat  Island  divides  the  waters  into  two  channels  ;  and  the  channel 
between  Goat  Island  and  the  eastern  shore  is  also  divided  by  a  small 
island.  Over  the  precipice  the  river  falls  perpendicularly  about  160  feet. 
The  greater  part  of  the  water  passes  in  the  channel  between  Goat  Island 
and  the  Canada  shore,  and  this  fall  is  called  from  its  shape  the  Horse-shoe 
fall  Between  Goat  Island  and  Bath  Island  in  the  eastern  channel,  the 
stream  is  only  about  ten  yards  wide,  forming  a  beautiful  cascade.  Between 
Bath  Island  and  the  shore,  the  sheet  of  water  is  broad,  and  the  descent 
several  feet  greater  than  at  the  Horse  shoe  fall,  but  the  stream  is  com- 
paratively shallow.  The  best  single  view  of  the  falls  is  from  Table 
Rock,  on  the  Canada  shore,  and  the  best  view  of  the  rapids  is  from 
Goat  Island,  which  is  ingeniously  connected  by  a  bridge  with  the  shore. 
While  curiosity  constitutes  an  attribute  of  the  human  character,  these 
falls  will  be  frequented  by  admiring  and  delighted  visitors,  as  one  of  the 
grandest  exhibitions  in  nature.  Well  has  an  American  poetess  said  of  this 
magnificent  cataract — 

"  Flow  on  forever,  in  thy  glorious  robe 
Of  terror  and  of  beauty.     God  hath  set 
His  rainbow  on  thy  forehead  ;  and  the  cloud 
Mantled  around  thy  feet.     And  he  doth  give 
Thy  voice  of  thunder,  power  to  speak  of  Him 
Eternally — bidding  the  lip  of  man 
Keep  silence — and  upon  thine  altar  pour 
Incense  of  awe-struck  praise." 

About  two  miles  below  the  falls  on  the  American  side,  is  the  Bellvue 
fountain  ;  its  waters  contain  sulphuric  and  muriatic  acids,  lime,  and 
magnesia,  and  are  useful  in  scrofulous,  rheumatic,  and  cutaneous  com- 
plaints. One  mile  further  is  the  WHIRLPOOL,  almost  as  famous  as  the 
Maelstrom  of  Norway.  Apart  from  the  falls,  the  region  of  the  Niagara 
strait  is  one  of  deep  interest,  from  historical  reminiscences,  its  many  objects 
of  curiosity,  its  picturesque  scenery,  &c 


60  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK- 

OSWEGO  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  river,  at  its  entrance 
into  Lake  Ontario,  185  miles  from  Albany.  It  has  a  good  harbor  protected 
by  two  stone  piers,  and  contains  a  custom-house,  a  court-house,  a  bank, 
7  churches,  an  academy,  a  seminary,  and  4,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave 
daily  for  Syracuse,  and  3  times  a  week  for  Sacketts  Harbor,  Watertown, 
and  Ogdensburg ;  for  Utica  via  Rome ;  for  Auburn ;  and  also  for  Roches* 
ter.  Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Kingston,  Sacketts  Harbor,  and  Ogdens- 
burg, and  for  Lewiston  via  Rochester. 

SACKETTS  HARBOR,  50  miles  from  Oswego,  on  the  south  side  of  Black 
Water  bay,  is  one  of  the  best  ports  on  Lake  Ontario.  The  village  con- 
tains three  churches,  a  United  States  Navy  Yard,  the  Madison  barracks, 
and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

OGDENSBURG,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  210 
miles  from  Albany,  contains  5  churches,  two  banks,  and  3,500  inhabitants. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Utica,  and  for  Plattsburg  ;  steamboats  for  Oswego, 
Rochester,  and  Lewiston,  and  for  Montreal,  Can. 

CLINTON,  9  miles  from  Utica,  situated  on  Oriskany  creek,  contains  the 
building  of  Hamilton  College,  4  churches,  two  academies,  two  semi- 
naries, and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Hamilton  College,  founded  in  1812, 
has  a  president,  8  professors,  487  alumni,  126  students,  and  7,000  volumes 
in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  fourth  Wednesday  in 
August. 

COOPERSTOWN  is  situated  on  a  plain  at  the  outlet  of  Otsego  lake.  The 
village  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  contains  a  court-house,  5  churches,  a 
bank,  an  academy,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  The  lake,  9  miles  long, 
is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  and  affords  first-rate  sport  for  the  angler. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Albany,  and  for  Syracuse,  and  3  times  a  week  for 
Utica,  and  also  for  Binghamton. 

ITHACA  is  prettily  situated  H  miles  from  the  head  of  Cayuga  lake.  It 
is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills,  which  rise  by  a 
gentle  ascent  to  the  height  of  500  feet ;  and  a  part  of  the  village  lies  on  a 
hill,  commanding  an  extensive  view  of  Cayuga  lake  and  the  surrounding 
country.  It  contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  3  banks,  a  lyceum,  an 
academy,  and  about  5,000  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Owego,  con- 
necting with  stages  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  railroad.  Steamboats  leave 
daily  (.in  summer")  for  Jluburn.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Catskill,  and  for 
Geneva ;  three  times  a  week  for  Albany,  for  Utica,  for  Syracuse,  for 
Jluburn,  for  Rochester  via  Bath,  and  for  Jamesport. 

BINGHAMTON  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  Chenango  and  Susquehanna 
rivers,  133  miles  from  Albany.  It  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  9* 
churches,  several  extensive  manufacturing  establishments,  and  about 
3,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  (connecting  with  the  New  York 
and  Erie  railroad}  for  New  York,  and  also  for  Ithaca ;  3  times  a  week 
for  Albany  ;  for  Utica  ;  and  for  Philadelphia  via  Wilkesbarre,  Easton,  &c* 

PENN  YAN  is  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Crooked  lake,  192  miles  from 
Albany,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  an  academy,  several  manur 
facturing  establishments,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

ELMIRA,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Chemung  river,  195  mites  from 
Albany,  contains  a  court-honse,  4  churches,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants. 
Stages  pass  through  it  daily  on  the  line  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  railroad, 
and  also  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Williamsport,  Pa.  It  has  a  com- 
munication with  the  Blobsburg  coal-mines  by  canal  and  railroad. 


RAILROAD,  STAGE,  AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTES, 

THROUGH   THE 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


(1)  FROM  BOST< 
EASTPORT,  IV 
Via,      Newbur 
Portsmouth,  For 
Brunswick,  Kits 
and  Machias. 
Eastern  Railn. 
To  Lynn.... 
Salem*  .  . 

)N 

IE 
vp 

a, 

CO 

ma 

5 

2 
4 
5 
4 

5 
2 
4 
L' 

S 

E 

5 
,  ( 

XII 

IS 

I, 

E 
6 
10 
8 
5 

5 
. 
( 
9 

\ 

b 
£ 

9 
7 
5 

1 

TO 

tri, 
lid 

nli, 

. 

l' 

K 

20 
2. 
2^ 
34 
3( 
4< 
42 
44 
4^ 
54 
nd 

6t 

72 
77 
82 
92 
l(H 
10.3 

110 
113 

!!;') 
12l 
130 
137 

140 
14H 

isa 

ir,s 

n  HI 
m 

173 
179 
183 
192 
lii:i 
JIM 
208 
211 

West  Prospect  .  .  . 
Prospect  
Bucksport 

6!217 
6223 

5228 
3231 
14245 
6251 

6257 
23280 
4284 

4  JSH 

4292 

7  2!  (It 

8307 
6313 
17330 
6336 
12348 

id  ex- 
Mar- 
of   4 

N  TO 
N  TO 

zver- 
H., 

Rail- 

1     2 

3     5 

3   10 

2    12 

:;  r, 

3  21 

2   23 
i  2.; 
5  31 
1  32 

'  Atkinson  
Plaistow  

4  36 
1  37 
3  40 
4  44 
5  49 
4  53 
3  56 
5  61 
2  63 
3  66 
3  69 
I  71 

39110 

rth,  a 
ds    3 

ictur- 
alls. 

NDtO 

.flu- 
ror. 

25 

1  26 
8  34 
6  40 
9  49 
4  53 
2  55 
6  61 
5  66 
4   70 
6   76 
5  81 
8  89 
5  94 
4  98 
B  106 

Orland  
ELLSWORTH  
N.  Hancock  
Franklin  
Narraguagus  
Harrington   

East  Kingston  
EXETER  
8.  Newmarket  ... 
Newmarket  
Durham   
Madbury  

Beverly  
Wenham  
Ipswich  
Rowley  
NEWBURYPORT  . 
Salisbury,  N.  H.. 
Seabrook  

Columbia 
Jonesboro*  
MACHIAS.... 

Somersworth* 
South  Berwick... 
To  PORTLAND,  (as 
in  No.  1,  by  the 
Portsmouth,  Sa- 
co, and  Portland 
Railroad)  

*  From  Somerswo 
Branch    Road     exte 
miles,  to    the   manuf 
ing  villag-e  of  Great  P 

(4)  FROM  PORTLA 

HOULTON, 

Via    Brunswick, 
gusta,  and  Bang 
To  BRUNSWICK, 
(see  No.  1)  

E.  Machias  
Dennysville  
Pembroke  

Hampton  Falls  .  . 
Hampton  
Greenland  
PORTSMOUTH  ... 
Portsmouth,  Saco 
Portland  Railrc 
S.  Berwick,  Me.  . 
North  Berwick... 
Wells  

*  A  Branch  Railro, 
tends  I'rom  Salem  to 
blehead,    a    distance 
miles. 

(2)    FROM  BOSTO 
CALAIS,  ME. 
To  Pembroke— 
(see  No.  1)  
Elobbinstown  
Calais  

Kennebunk  
Saco  

Scarboro'  

Stage. 
Jr  almouth  .  .  . 

(3)    FROM  BOSTO 
PORTLAND, 
Via   dndover,    H 
hill,  Exeter,  JV. 
and  Dover. 

Boston  #•  Maine  j 
road. 
To  Charlestown.. 
Somerville  
Vlalden  
North  Maiden.... 
South  Reading  .  .  . 

Topsham  
Bowdoinlmm  
Richnrnd  Corners 
(iardiner  . 

Cumberland  
North  Yarmouth. 
Freeport  

Hallowell  

BRUNSWICK  .. 
Bath  

Brown's  Corners  . 
Vassal  boro'  
East  VassaJboro'. 
China  

Woolwich  

WlSCASSET  ....! 

Sheepscot  Bridge. 
DamariscottttMills 
Noblesboro'  
Waldoboro'  
Warren  

Albion  .... 

Unity  

Troy  .I 
Dixmont  
Newbury 

E.  Thomaston  .  .  . 
Camden  
Lincolnville  
Northport  
E.  Northport  
BELFAST 

leading..  . 
Vilmington.... 
Ballardsville....; 
ANDOVER. 

Hampden  1 
BANOOR  

1117 

6123 
3  26 
4130 

2.  32 

3135 
2U37 

Vorth  Bangor  
Orono  
W.  Great  Works. 
Old  Town  

Vorth  Andover... 
Bradford  
IAVERHILL  '. 

Miltbrd  

62 


ROUTES  IN  MAINE. 


Sunkhaze  

3 

6 
7 
2 
4 

7 

(; 

2 
3 

10 

1!) 
20 
6 

>T 

12 

2 
7 
6 

R 

2 

3 
4 
5 
3 
11 
3 

140 
14H 

159 

it;,; 
172 

174 
177 

is:, 
I'.t:, 
Jll 
234 

24!  i 
TO 

7 
19 
21 

2* 
34 

TO 
1 

10 
14 
li 

22 
33 

36 

Guilford  
Abbot 

2 

7 

47 
51 

5S 

Stron0'  .....' 

11 
3 

6 

48 
51 
57 

TA 

cr- 

10 
15 

25 

63 
72 

ND 

op. 

A 

22 

1 

54 
60 
64 

L.ND 

5-5 

37 
43 
48 

NI> 
11. 

43 

70 

78 
!)0 
97 
1(13 
110 

LND 

10 
14 
17 

22 

:-;o 

38 
48 

ofi^oni      

PHILLIPS  

Passadilmkeag  ... 
WestEnfield  
South  Lincoln  — 

Shirley 

7 

R 
E. 

6 

8 

7 
6 
2 

us 

N. 

4 

4 
4 
9 

7 
6 

u& 

5 
5 
4 
5 
3 
H 

8 

us 

65 

72 

TO 

20 

2:! 

34 

4! 

49 

TA 

10 
14 

18 
•2'2 
31 

;> 

44 

TA 

9 
14 
IS 

2S 

2S 
31 

40 
46 

TA 

q 

15)    FROM   Auous 

TO  FRYEBURtf, 

Via  Paris  and  Wat 
ford. 

To  Winthrop  
Wayne  5 

Greenville,  at  the 
LAKE  

(10)    FROM  BANGC 
BROWNSVILL 

East  Corinth  

Lincoln  Centre... 
North  Lincoln  ... 
Mattawamkeag  .. 
Mo'  uncas  

Haynesville  
Linneus  

Atkinson  
Sebec 

Sorth  Turner  .... 
Bucksfield  

10 
7 
7 
5 

9 
6 
4 
9 

I.A 

hr 

13 

6 
7 
3 
6 
9 
7 
6 
4 

I,; 

7 
6 

8 
6 
5 

I-.A 
\. 

10 

B 

s 

s 
I-J 

/ 

L, 
ID 

4 

3 
5 
8 
8 
10 

HOULTON  

(5)    FROM  BELFA 
BANGOR. 
To  Swanville— 
(see  No.  1)  
Frankfort  Mills... 
Frankfort  

Williamsburg  — 
BROWNSVILLE... 

(11)    FROM  AUG 
TO  THOMASTO 
Windsor  

PARIS  
Vorway  
Waterford  
Sweden 

Lovel  

FRYEBURG  

(16)    FROM  PORT 
TO  AUGUSTA 
Via.  Gray  &r  Wint 
To  Stevens'Plains 

South  Windsor... 
W.  Jefferson  
Jefferson  

Hampden  

BANGOR  

(6)    FROM  BANGC 
CASTINE. 
To  Brewer  
Brewer  Village... 
Orrington  
South  Orrington  . 
North  Bucksport. 
Bucksport  
Orlanu  

Waldoboro'  
W^arreu  

THOMASTON  

(12)    FROM  AUG 
TO  BELFAST 
ToS.Vassalboro'. 
South  China  
Palermo 

New  Gloucester.. 
Auburn  
Lewiston  
Greene  

Momnouth  
VVinthrop  

North  Palermo  ... 
Montville  
North  Searsmont. 

Hallowell  x  Roads 
AUGUSTA  

(17)    FROM  PORT 
TO  PARIS. 

Yo  Gray  • 

North  Castine.... 
CASTINE  

(7)    FROM  BANGOR  TO 
ELLSWORTH. 
To  Brewer  1 

BELFAST  

(13)    FROM  Auc 
TO  QUEBEC 

W.  Gloucester  ... 

East  Brewer  
North  Ellsworth  . 
Ellsworth  

b 
!• 
11 

03 

)R 

. 

5 
4 

16 
27 

130 

TO 
1« 

Waterville  

9 

4 
10 
2 
B 
S 
4 
5 
3 
3 
14 
( 
9 
<) 
10 

a 

94 
}U 

5 
11 

4 

18 

2- 
32 
34 
31 
47 
51 
56 

a 

62 
7t 
HL 
91 
111 

ta 

141 
234 

3TA 

li? 

1 

37 

Norway  

From  Ellsworth  to 
Eastp't,  see  No. 

(8)    FROM  BANG< 
SKOWHEGAI* 
To  Hermon  
Carmel 

Bloomfield  
Skowhegan  

NoRRIDGEWOCK. 

Madison  

(18)    FROM  PORT 
TO  LANCASTER,  J 

To  Norway  

Anson  

Embden  
Solon  

Bethel  
Gilead  

Shelburn.N.H... 
Randolph  
Kilkenny  

Newport  
Palmyra  
Pittsfield  

7 
5 
j 

i 

OR 
VK 

ll 

2o 
30 
3b 
4: 
52 

TO 
E, 

13 

2- 

ll 

Currituck  
The  Forks  

Jackman's  
Moose  River  

Jefferson  
LANCASTER  

(19)    FROM  PORT 
TO  WATERFOI 

South  Windham  . 
Windham  
North  Windham. 

SKOWHEGAN  

(9)    FROM  BANG 
MOOSE  HEAD  L 
Via  Dover. 
To  Levant  

1  QUEBEC  

(14)     FROM   Auc 
TO  PHILLIPS 
To  Readfield  
Mt.  Vernon  

East  Corinth  
VV.  Charleston  .  .  . 
Dover  
Suiigerville  

Farmington  Falls. 
Farmington  

WATERFORD  .... 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


63 


(20)    FROM  PORI 
TO  CONWAY,  N 
To  Sacarappa— 
(see  No.  1)  
Gorham  

•JT 

4   1( 
7   17 

8  25 
9   34 
6   40 

8  48 
81  56 

LAND 

JVew- 
'ern. 

and 
ad. 

8  13 

(23)  F'.M  PORTSM 

N.  H.,  TO  CONC 

1  To  Durham  
NottinghamTurn- 
pike 

OUTH 
ORD. 

17 

9  26 
34  2','. 
:>..>.  33 
6  39 
4  43 
8  51 

IRTO 

. 

4 
4     8 
5  13 

:RTO 
r. 

3     ' 
«     9 

,  '(28)     FROM    Coi 
TO  CONWAY 
To  Shaker  Village 
Upper  Gilmanton 
Guilford  

tCORD 

14 

8  22 
6  28 
9  37 
4   41 
5   46 
3  49 
7   56 
2  58 
7   65 
6  71 

CORD 

7  15 
2  17 
4  121 

8  29 
9  38 
5   43 
7   50 
\   54 
14584 
1463 
4744 

NTO 

76 

9  85 
7  92 
6  98 
5103 
8111 
7118 
8126 
4130 
1131 
2143 
1154 
9163 
8171 
7178 
6184 
6190 
7197 
8205 
5210 
8,218 

ORD 
Lit 

(43 

2  55 
1  59 

In 

Staiulish  . 

i  East  Northwood  . 
YVest  North  wood. 

Meredith  Village. 
CENTRE  HARBOR 
Moultonboro'  
Sandwich  

Hiram  

Brownrield  
Fryeburg  

1  Chichester 

S.  Tamworth  
Tamworth 

CONWAY 

(24)  FROM  EXETI 
PORTSMOUTH 

To  Strntham  
Greenland  
PORTSMOUTH  

(25)  FROM  EXETI 
NEWBURYPOR 

To  Kensington... 
Amesbury  
Salisbury  

(21)    FROM  PORT 
TO  BOSTON, 
Via  Portsmouth,,  . 
buryport,  and  !Sa 

Portsmouth,  Saco, 
Portland  Railro 
To  Scarboro'  
Saco  

Kennebunk            J 

Eaton  

!  CONWAY  

(29)    FROM    CON 
TO  HAVERHIL 
Canterbury.  .  . 

Northfield  
Sanbornt'n  Bridge 
Sanbornton  
New  Hampton  ... 
iHolderness  
Plymouth 

Wells  
North  Berwick... 
South  Berwick... 
PORTSMOUTH  —  ll 
Eastern  Railroa 
Greenland 

5|  28 
5  33 
6l  39 
21  51 
d. 
5  56 
5  61 
2  63 
2  65 
4  69 
2   71 
5   76 
4   80 
5  85 
4  89; 

3   96 
9105 

VTO 

H. 

oay, 
oun- 

66 
3  76, 
)  861 
3  92 
3  97 
J107 
3112 

3118 

H27 

3136 
H39 

'  ii;i; 
J17!) 
3.184il 

Bellevilleport  .... 
NEWBURYPORT.. 

(26)  FROM  EXETE 
CONCORD. 

To  Epping  

2  11 

2|  13 

RTO 

8  15 
6  21 
4  25 

4   29 
5  34 
51  39 

NTO 
I. 

hua. 
Rail- 

5 

474 
410 

19 
4214 

d. 

21  28 

a  so 

4  34 
3  37 
4  41 
d. 
5  46 
5  51 
55 
59 
63 
67 
71 
5  76 

Rumney.  . 

West  Rumney  ... 
Went  worth  
Warren  
HAVERHILL  ] 

(30)    FROM  BOSTC 
BURLINGTON, 
Via  Concord,  Han 
and  Montpeliei 
To  CONCORD— 
(see  No.  27).... 
Boscawen 

Hampton  

North  Raymond.. 
South  Deerfield... 
WestDeerfield... 
Allenstown  
Pembroke  .      .... 

Hampton  Falls... 
Sea  brook 

Salisbury  

NEWBURYPORT.. 

CONCORD 

Ipswich  .  . 

(27)    FROM  BOSTO 
CONCORD,  N.  I 
Via  Lowell  $•  Nas 

Boston  $•  Lowell  j 
road. 
ToMedford  
South  Woburn...  2 
Woburn..  $ 

VVenham 

Salisbury 

Beverly  

Andover  .  .  . 

Salem 

Wilmot  .. 

Springfield 

BOSTON  

Enfield....     

(22)     FROMBOSTO 

LITTLETON,  N. 

Via   Dover,    Com 
and  the  White  M 
tains. 

To  DOVER— 
(see  No.  3)  
gochester  1 
Lilton  1 
Union  

Lebanon  . 

HANOVER  

Norwich  .... 

Stafford  1 

Wilmington  i 
Billerica  4 

Washington  

Billerica  Mills....! 
LOWELL  4 

MONTPELIER  .... 
vi  :  i  j|tt  ._ 

Nashua  Railroa 
To  Middlesex.... 
Chelmsford...  — 

Waterbury  
Bolton  
Richmond  
Willston 

Waketield  
Ossipee  1 

Centre  Ossipee... 
West  Ossipee.... 
Eaton  

Little's  
NASHUA  
Concord  Railroa 
Thornton's  Ferry. 
Reed's  Ferry  
GotFs  Falls  
Manchester  
Martin's  Ferry  ... 
Hooksett  
Robertson's  Ferry 
CONCORD  

BURLINGTON  — 

(31)     FROM   CONC: 
TO  GUILDHALL 
Via  Plymouth  and 
tleton. 

To  PLYMOUTH— 
(see  No.  29).... 
West  Thornton  .  .  1 
Woodstock  
franconia  1 

CONWAY  . 

North  Con  way... 
Lower  Bartlett  .  .  . 
Bartlett  . 

The  Notch  2 
Bethlehem  1 

LlTTLKTON  

64 


ROUTES  IN  VERMONT. 


LITTLETON  
Pingreeville  
Dalton  
Lancaster  
GUILDHALL  

(32)     FROM  CON 
TO  KEENE. 
To  Hopkinton  ... 
Henniker  
Hillsboro'  Bridge. 
Hillsboro' 

CO 

8 
6 
:i 
\-l 

H 
10 

JA 

^t 

R 

3 

9 

7 
3 
9 
7 
5 
8 
4 

85 
1)1 
98 
105 
111 

RB 

7 
15 
21 
24 
36 
41 
54 

TO 

oy- 
12 

24 
31 
34 
43 
50 
5," 
63 
67 

Chesterfield  Fac.  . 
Jhesterh'eld  
BRATTLEBORO'  .. 

(36)     FROM    Lovi 
Mass.,  TO  BRAI 
BORO',  Vt. 
North  Chelmsford 

8 

i 

8| 

'E 
TJ 

3 
3 

6 
4 

2 
6 
11 

7 
7 
6 
6 

7 

)N 

"cc 

Hi 
J 

at 
oa 
4 

2i 
4 
5 

4 
4 
5 
5 
5 

9 

9 
12 
4 
5 
5 
5 
9 

5 

8 

57 

60 
68 

LL, 

,E- 

4 
7 
10 
16 
20 
11 
2* 
89 
46 
53 
53 

eg 

72 

TO 

ne, 
tst 

id- 
tie- 

d. 
6 
10 
18* 

16 
20 
2., 
27 
31 
35 

40 
45 
50 

57 

64 
73 

77 

86 

98 
102 
107 
112 
117 
126 

7 
f 
8 

25 

11 
11 

Li 

LSI 

9 
,T 
i 

a 

9 
5 
14 
4 

7 
7 

G1 

•c 

6 
3 

8 
4 
6 
6 
6 
<l 
7 
10 
9 
8 
6 
6 
24 
4 
6 

Gl 

N. 

i 

206 
216 

230 

255 
280 

J.I4 
305 

uo- 
rn 

329 

>E- 
^L- 

nd 

2 

9 
18 
23 
37 
41 
48 
55 
67 
71 
77 

^ON 

as- 

8 
14 
21 
24 

31 
39 
43 
49 
55 
61 
70 
77 
87 
96 
104 
110 
116 
140 
144 
150 

ON 

Y. 

24 
30 

Ferrisburg  

Charlotte  
Shelburn  
BURLINGTON  
Steamboat. 
PLATTSBURG, 

Pyngsboro'  
Dunstable  
Fepperell  

Rouse's  Point  — 
Isle  aux  Noix  
St.  Johns,  Canada 
C/iamvlain  <&•  St. 
rence  Railroac 
La  Prairie 

Townsend  Harbor 
Townsend.  .  .  . 

South  Stoddard  .  . 
Nelson  

Ashley  

KEENE  

(33)    FROMNASHI 
MONTPELIER,  " 
Via  Windsor  and 
alton. 
To  Amherst  
Mt.  Vernon  
Francestown  
West  Deering.... 
Hillsboro'  

Rindge,  N.  H.  ... 
Fitzwilliara  
Richmond.  .  .  . 

Steamboat. 
MONTREAL  I 

(38)    FROM   BRAI 
BORO',  Vt.,   TO 

BANY,    N.    Y., 

Via    Bennington 
Troy. 
To  West  Brattle- 

Winchester  
Hinsdale  

BRATTLEBORO'.. 

(37)    FROM  BOST 
MONTREAL, 
Via  Fitchbtirg,  R 
N.H.,  Bellows'  j 
Vt.,    Rutland, 
dlebury,  and  Br 
boro'. 

Fitckburg  Railr 
ToW.  Cambridge 

Washington  
Lempster  

Wilmington  

Unity  

Wood  lord 

Claremont  

BENNINGTON  
Hoosick  

West  Claremont.  . 

WINDSOR,  Vt  — 
Woodstock  
Barnard  

ROYALTON    

Randolph  

1 
14 

9 
6 
5 
6 
6 

3 

LTA 
N. 

8 

7 

r 

10 
B 

8 
1 

87 
96 

10L 

107 
113 
119 
126 
12 

TO 

11 

]! 

a 

3! 

4" 

f>: 

61 

68 

TO 

t. 

1 

It 

18 
2-. 
3 
3t 

44 
49 

Weston  

Lansingburg  
TROY  

Lincoln  .  . 

Concord  
South  Acton  
West  Acton  

ALBANY  

(39)  FR'MBURLIN 
TO  ALBANY, 
Via  Middlebury  £, 
tleton. 
To  Shelburn  
Charlotte  
Ferrisburg  

Brookrield  

Williamstown  
Berlin 

Groton  .  .  . 

Shirley  Village... 
Leominster  

MONTPELIER  .... 

(34)  FROM  NASH 
CHARLESTOW 
ToMilford  
.South  Lyndboro'. 
Greenfield  

FlTCHBURO  

Stage. 
Ashburnharn  
Winchenden  
Fitzwilliam.N.H. 

Vergennes  
New  Haven  
MIDDLEBURY  — 

Hancock  
Stoddard  
•South  Marlboro'.. 
Alstead  
Langdon  

KEENE  .. 

Whiting  

Walpole  
BELLOWS'  FALLS 
Rockingham  

Sudbury  

Hubbardton  
CASTLETON  
Poultney 

CHARLESTOWN..    7 

(35)  FROM  NASHUA 
BRATTLEBORO',  V 
Via  Keene. 
To  Milf'ord  .  .  . 

Chester  

Granville,  N.Y... 
Hebron  

r  ii 

Salem 

Mt  Holly 

Jackson  

Finlayville  
East  Clarendon... 
RUTLAND  
Pittstord  

7 
6 
4 
8 
8 
5 
4 
10 
5 

8 

Mi! 
152 
K>6 

172 
177 
181 
191 

199 

Cambridge  
Lansingburg  
TROY  
ALBANY 

East  Wilton  
Wilton  

5 
2 
4 
b 
( 
& 

e 

(40)  FR'M  BURLIN 
TOWHITEHALL, 

To  Vergennes  —  • 
(see  No.  39).... 

TTemple 

Leicester  

Salisbury 

Dublin  ... 

MlDDLEBURY  

Wey  bridge  
New  Haven  

Marlboro* 

ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


65 


Shoreham  
Orwell  

6 
6 
6 
6 

8 

GT 
LI 

1 

6 

8 
9 

Gl 

4 

4 
Hi 
3 
9 

1!! 

9 
6 

3 
8 
6 

% 

•  1 

5 

8 
7 
6 

t; 

9 
6 

1 

12 

t; 

5 
13 

12 
:LI 

12 

6 

1 

44 
50 
56 

70 

ON 
IG, 

6 

12 

18 
24 
32 
41 

ON 

8 
12 
16 

38 

4* 
57 
68 

6i  ; 

74 

80 

S'O- 
TE 

At- 

8 
13 
21 

2* 
34 
40 

56 

t;u 

70 
77 
81* 
95 

113 
134 

146 

ER 

8 
20 
26 
31 

43 

Fairfield  
ST.  ALBANS  

(45)   F'MMONTPI 
TO  DERBY. 
To  Calais  

! 

:L 

6 
6 
5 
12 

9 

ft 

7 
5 
4 
9 
4 

BL 

. 

12 

4 

7 
8 
5 

y'D 
H. 

8 

H 
6 
5 
2 

™ 
4 

Gl 

7 
6 

3 
2 
5 

9 
3 
6 

56 
63 

ER 

10 
16 

2-2 
27 
39 
42 
49 
58 

ER 
i. 

6 
13 
18 
•2-2 
31 
35 

RY 

8 
20 
24 

31 

44 
TO 

12 

20 
27 
33 
39 
44 
46 

TO 

12 
17 

20 
24 

ON 

i 

22 
24 

2!! 
37 

4i) 
55 

RO'  TO  DERBY  LIN 
Via     Bellows3     Fa 
Windsor,     Hanoz 
and  Haverhill. 

To  Chesterfield, 
N  H 

K, 

Us, 
er, 

8 
14 

22 

26 

52 
59 
67 
71 
81 
88 
93 
98 
101 
107 
115 
118 
125 
129 
136 
145 
156 
1H3 
172 
175 

TO 

nd 
Icr 

5 
7 
9 
13 
17 
21 
24 
28 
32 
38 
44 

i 

62 
64 
67 
b-9 
73 
83 
89 
92 
98 

Benson  

WTest  Haven  
WHITEHALL  

(41)  FR'M  BURLIN 
TO      PHILLIPSI 
Canada. 
To  Colchester  .... 
West  Milton  

LaMoilleville.... 

Westmoreland  .  .  . 
Walpole  

6 

8 

4 

8 
9 
9 
7 
8 
4 
10 

5 

5 
3 

i! 

8 
3 

7 
4 

7 
9 

'! 

!i 
3 

)N 
C 

CCS 

2 
2 
4 

4 

3 
4 
4 

6 
6 
in! 
9 
4 
5 
2 
3 
2 
4 
HI 
6 
3 
6 

Glover  

BELLOWS'  FALLS 
Vt  

Georgja  
ST.  ALBANS  
High  Gate  

Brownington  
Derby 

Chartestown,  NH. 
Wethersfield  
WINDSOR  

(46)   F'MMONTPI 
TO  HAVERHILL,. 

To  Barre  

Phillipsburg  

(42)  FR'M  BURLIN 
TO  DERBY. 
To  Essex 

Plainfield  

West  Lebanon... 
HANOVER  
Lyme  
Orford  

Jericho  

Underbill 

West'Topsham  .. 
East  Corinth  
Bradford  

HAVERHILL  
Newbury,  Vt  
Wells'  River  
Mclndoes'  Falls.  . 
Barnet  

Cambridge  

Jerfersonville  
Johnson  
Eden  

HAVERHILL  

(47)  F'M  MIDDLE 
TO  ROYALTO1< 

ToRipton  
Hancock  

Lowell  
Westfield  
Troy  

Passumsic  
St.  Johnsbury  
Lyndon  
Sutton  

Derby  

(43)     FROM  BUR 

TON   TO    THE  W 

MOUNTAINS, 
Via  Montpelier  <§ 
tleton. 

ToWilliston  
Richmond  
Bolton  

Rochester  
Stockbridge  
Bethel    .      ... 

Barton  
Brownington  
Derby...  
Derby  Line.  .  .  . 

Royalton  

(48}FR'MRUTLAT 

HANOVER,  N. 
To  Sherburn  
Bridgewater  
Woodstock  

(52)  FROM  BOST 
ALBANY, 
Via      Worcester 
Springfield. 

Boston  and  Wor 
Railroad. 
To  Brighton  
Angier's  Corner.. 
Newton  
Needham  ... 

Q,ueechee  Villa  ge  . 
Hartford 

Waterbury  

Middlesex  

MoNTPELIER  

Plainfield  
Marshfield  

HANOVER  . 

(49)  FR'M  RUTLAI 
WHITEHALL,  J\T 

To  Castleton  
Fair  Haven  
Low  Hampton  .  .  . 
WHITEHALL  — 

(50)  F'M  BENNIN 
TO  RUTLAND 

ToShaftsbury.... 
Arlington 

Danville  
St.  Johnsbury  
Waterford  
Littleton,  N.  H... 
Bethlehem  

Natick  
Framingham  
Hopkinton  

Southboro'  .. 

Westboro'  

Notch,  House  
Bartlett  

Grafton  
WORCESTER  
Western  Railro 
Clappville.  .  . 

CON  WAY  . 

(44)   F'MMONTP 
TO  ST.  ALB  AN 
Via  Johnson 
To  Worcester  .  .  . 
Elmore  
Morrisville  
Hyde  Park  
Johnson  .  . 

Charlton  . 

Spencer  

Sunderland  
Manchester  

East  Brookfield  .  . 
South  Brookfield. 
West  Brookfield  . 
Warren  
Palmer  
North  Wilbraham 
Wilbrnharn  
SPRINGFIELD  ... 

Factory  Point  
Bast  Dorset  
Dunby  

Wallmgford...... 

Waterville  

RUTLAND  

ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


W.  Springfield... 
Westlield        .       . 

2 
8 
8 
3 
ti 
10 
3 
5 
3 
5 

3 
<*< 
d. 

5 
5 

5 
7 
8 

1 

m 
w 

4 
5 
2 
4 
5 
2 
15 
4 
5 
8 
12 
5 
5 

si 

6 
5 
5 
2 
6 
5 
3 
5 
4 

S'l 

W 

6 

6 

5 
6 

12 

100 
108 
116 

119 
\'2:, 
135 
138 

!•!:] 
L46 
151 

i;,ii 
158 
Lffl 

ck- 

167 
178 

177 

184 
192 

!!»:» 
2ui> 

TIG 
N. 

8 
12 

1!) 
23 
2S 
30 
45 
4!) 
T>4 
62 
74 
79 
84 

ER 

13 

IS 
2:; 
2., 
31 
36 
89 
44 
48 

ER 

. 

13 

20 
21  i 
31 
37 
41 
53 

(56)FR'MWORCES1 

TO  KEENE,  N.  H 
To  Holden  .  .  . 

^ER 

17 
23 
36 
38 

43 
51 

56 

KR 

Vt. 

17 
21 
* 

53 
58 
65 

ER 
21 

28 
31 
40 

•it; 

53 

3K- 

rn- 

6 
13 
25 
30 
33 

)E- 

H 

20 

LD 

6 
9 
15 

25 
29 
31 
34 
36 
41 
45 
54 

Boston  and  Worcester 
Railroad. 
Graflon                      fi  fift 

Russell  
Chester  Village^.. 
Chester  Factory.. 
North  Becket  .... 
Washington  
Hinsdale  

Hubbardton  
Templeton  
Baldwinsville  
Royalton  
Richmond,  N.  H. 
Swansea  
KEENE  

(57)  FR'M  WORCE 
TO  BRATTLEBOR< 

To  Paxton  .  .  . 

9 
6 
3 
7 
10 
8 
5 

)', 

10 
4 

7 
8 
6 
11 
5 
7 

si 

D. 

7 
3 
9 
6 

10 
>R 

7 
12 
5 
3 

Rl 
ST 

10 

FII 

ad 

3 
6 
10 
4 

3 

5 
4 
9 

Westboro'  

6  66 
4  70 
4  74 
3  77 
4  81 
4  85 
4  89 
2  91 
2  93 
5  98 

-»TO 
R.R. 

3!3I 

5     13 
4     17 

i   2H 
4     2§ 
3  28i 
4     35 
2    36 

7143 
lOl  53 
3  5« 
is  to 

lies. 

IELD 
D, 

4      8 

2   10 
4  14 
3  17 
3  20 

5  33 
5  38 
7  45 

PT'N 

1     6 
5   11 
5  16 

ill  97 

NTO 

•inff- 
and 

93 

Sonthboro'.  .. 

Hopkinton 

Framingham  
Natick  

PlTTSFIELD  

Shaker  Village... 
Richmond  

Needham  
Newton  
Angier's  Corner.. 
Brighton  

Albany  and  W.  * 
bridge  Railroa 
Canaan,  N.  Y.  .. 
East  Chatham  
Chatham  
Kinderhook  
Schodack  
Greenbush  
ALBANY.  

BOSTON  

(62)    F'MSPRINOF 

BRATTLEBORO', 
Connecticut  River 
ToCabotville*.. 
Willimansell.... 
Smith's  Ferry... 
NORTHAMPTON. 
Hatfield 

Cold  brook  
Barre  

Petersham 

N.  New  Salem... 
[rvingsville  
North  field  
Vernon,  Vt  
BRATTLEBORO'.. 

(58)  FR'M  WORCE 
TO  GREENFIEI 

To  Barre. 

<53)  FROM  FITCH 

TO   WlLLIAMSTC 

To  Westminster— 
(see  No.  37)  .... 
South  Gardiner  .. 

Whately.. 

South  Deerfield. 
Deerfield  
GREENFIELD  ... 
Stage. 
Bernardston  
Guilford.Vt  
BRATTLEBORO'. 
*  A  branch    extent 
Chicopee  Falls,  2  m 

(63)  F'M  SPRINGF 
TO  GREENFIEL 
Via  Amherst. 
To  Cabotville  .... 
Willimansett  
S.  Had  ley  Falls.. 
South  Had  ley  .... 
Holyoke  Place... 
Hadley 

Dana  

Templeton  
Phillipstown  
Athol  

Millington  
Lock's  Village... 

South  Orange  .... 
Irvingsville.  .  .   . 

GREENFIELD  
(59)  FROM  W.  Bi 

FIELD       TO       N( 
AMPTON. 

To    Ware,    (see 
No.  52)  
Enfield.  .     . 

GREENFIELD  
Shelburn  
Shel  burn  Falls  ... 
Charlemont  
Florida  

North  Adams  

WlLLIAMSTOWN. 

(54)  FR'M  WORCE 
TO  LOWELL 
To  West  Boylston 
Sterling  
Lancaster  
Shirley  Village  .  .  . 
Shirley 

Amherst  
Hadley  

NORTHAMPTON.. 

(60)  FR'M  PALME 
POT  TO  AMHER 
To  Belchertown— 

(see  No.  52)  .... 

AMHERST  
North  Amherst... 
Sunderland  

Montague  

GREENFIELD  

(64)  F'M  NORTHAM 
TO  ALBANY,  N. 
ToWT.  Hampton.! 
Norwich  
Chester  Village.. 
ALBANY,  (see 
No  52)                K 

Forge  Village  — 
Westfbrd 

(61)  F'M  SPRING 
TO  BOSTON. 

Western  Railro 
To  Wilbraham... 
North  Wilbraham 
Palmer  

Chelmsford  

LOWELL  . 

(55)  FR'M  WORCE 
TO  NASHUA,  N 
Via  Fitchburt 

To  West  Boylston 
Sterling 

(65)  FROM  BOSTO 
NEW  YORK, 
Via  Worcester,  Spi 
field,   Hartford* 
New  Haven. 
To  SPRINGFIELD, 
(see  No.  52)  .... 

Warren  
W.  Brookfield.... 
N.  Brookfield  .... 
E.  Brookfield  
Spencer  
Charlton  
Clappville 

Leominster  
FITCHBURG  
Lunenburg  
Groton  

NASHUA  .  .  , 

WORCESTER  .... 

ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


67 


Hartford  SrSprii 
Railroad. 
Thompsonville... 
Windsor  Locks  .. 

gfiela 

8106 
5111 
611 
7124 
fave 

81132 
313 
714 
614 
615 
7160 

80  tl 
NTO 

JVor- 
rrt. 

44 

ester 

11  55 

5  60 
4  64 
6  70 

5  75 
3  78 
6  84 
3  87 
6  93 
0103 
7110 

10140 

16236 

8118 
0238 

N  TO 

and 
ence 

Providence  fr  Sto 
ton  Railroad 

nine 

8  a 

(70)  FROM  BOSTC 
NEW  YORK 
Old  Colony  Raili 
Dorchester  

)N   TO 

oad. 

1*    4* 
3i     8 
3   11 

oad- 

8|  19 

733A 
74  41 
12  53 

181  71 
wl236 

HTO 
17 

4  21 
3  24 
4  28 
4  32 
4  36 
41  40 

H  TO 
>. 

H5 
21 

27 
32 
33 

a  TO 

8  17 
5  22 
9  30 

ORD 

'•>    6 
3   11 
3  17 
I  20 
J  30 

ORD 

le. 

39 

>  65 

3RD 

11 

Greenwich  

HARTFORD  

Wickford  

6  59 
7  66 
6  72 

7  1\ 

54;  8i 

25(21 

NT 
), 

Fall 

24 
•oad. 
5  29 
7  36 

6  42 
4  56 
Vail- 
^ree- 

1  53 

tTO 

fina- 
le. 
ad. 

B 

8 
10 
HI 

18* 

1 
I* 

40 
54 
56 
62 
66 
72 
75 
76 
79 
87 
92 

Neponset  
(luincy 

Hartford&Newl 
Railroad. 
New  Britain  
Berlin       

Richmond  

South  Braintree. 
Fall  River  Railr 
N.  Bridgewater. 
Bndgewater  
Middleboro'  
Myricks.... 

Charleston  

Westerly  
STONINGTON  
Steamboat. 
To  NEW  YORK..! 

(68)    FROM  BOSTO 
NEW  BEDFORI 

Via  Taunton  and 
River  Branch 
To  Mansfield— 
(see  No.  67)  .... 
Taunton  Br.  Rath 

Meriden    

Wallingford  
North  Haven  
NEW  HAVEN  
Steamboat. 
To  NEW  YORK.. 

(66)   FROMBOSTC 
NEW  YORK, 
Via    Worcester, 
wick,  <Sr  Greenp 
To  WORCESTER,! 
(see  No.  52)  ...J 
Norwich   $•  Wore 
Railroad. 
Oxford  

FALL  RIVER.... 
Steamboat. 
Newport  1 
VEW  YORK....  |1 
(72.)  F'M  PLYMOUI 
FALMOUTH. 

To  W.  Sandwich. 
Monument  

'ocasset  

TAUNTON 

N.  Falmouth  
iY.  Falmouth.... 
Falmouth  

JVcto  Bedford  Railt 
Freetown*  .  .  . 

Wood's  Hole  

(73)  F'M  PLYMOUT 
NEW  BEDFORI 

NEW  BEDFORD..  1 
*  The  Fall  River  , 
road  extends  I'm  3 
town 
To  Fall  River—  .. 
(see  No.  83)....  1 

(69)  FROM  BOSTO 
ORLEANS, 
Via   Plymouth,    8 
wich,  <V  Bamstai 
Old  Colony  Railro 
To  Savin  Hill.... 
)orchester  
Neponselt               1 

Webster 

Fishersville  

Pom  fret  

Daysville  

V.  Wareham....  6 
Rochester               6 

Danielsville  
Central  Village.. 
Plainfield. 

Hattipoisett  fc 
''air  Haven  j 
>JEW  BEDFORD  ..  ] 

74)  F'M  PLYMOUT 
TAUNTON. 
'o  Plympton  
liddleboro'  
V.  Middleboro'  .. 
'AUNTON  

75)  F'M  NEWBEDF 
TO  SANDWICH. 
'o  Fair  Haven... 
lattipoisett  

Jewett  City  
NORWICH.  •  •        1 

Allyn's  Point*.... 
Steamboat. 
To  Green  port,NY  c 
L.  Island  R.  R. 
To  NEW  YORK..  £ 

*  Steamboat. 
To  New  London  . 
NEW  YORK  12 

(67)   FROM  BOSTO 
NEW  YORK, 
Via  Providence 
Stoningion. 
Boston  and  Provid 
Railroad. 
To  Roxbury  

CJ,u  i  ncy  3 

\.  Braintree  2 
W.  Braintree....  1 
^.  Weymouth  —  3 
Abington  4 

5.  Abington  1 

Wareham  

Halifax  3 

E.  Wareham  — 
andwich  1 

76)  F'M  NEWBEDF 
TO  NANTUCKET 
Via  Holmes'  s  Ho 

Steamboat. 
olmes's  Hole  .  .  . 
antucket     .         2f 

Jamaica  Plains...  1 
Toll  Gate  1 

i  3 

$1 

H4 
i  17i 

'LYMOUTH  4 

Stage. 
Cel  River.     .            ; 

Dedham  Low  Pl'n  4 
Ca  nton  5 

W   Sandwich        14 

Sharon  3 

ANDWICH  $ 

i21 
24 

^261 
,31 
i  :L>i 
^35 
J39 
II4U 

{j.  Sandwich  1 

Mansfield  3 
Toby's  Corner....  2 
Attleborough  4 
Dodgeville  1 
Perrin's  Crossing.  2 
Seekonk.  .               4 

W.  Barnstable  ...   4 

ARNSTABLE  £ 

Tarmouthport  I 
Yarmouth         .       1 

7)  F'M  NEWBEDF 
TO  PROVIDENCE 
\>  N.  Dartmouth 
Westport  |4i 
all  River  8 

Dennis                      3 

rewster  8 
rleans  o 

PROVIDENCE  2 

68 


ROUTES  IN  RHODE  ISLAND. 


Swansea 

S.  Seekonk 

PROVIDENCE 

(78)  FR'M  TAUNTON  TO 


SANDWICH. 
To  Middleboro'  .. 
S.  Middleboro' . . . 

Wurelmm 

Sandwich 


(79)  FROM  BOSTON  TO 
WOONSOCKET  FALLS, 
R.  L 

ToUedham 

W.  Dedham 

Med  field 

Rockville 

Franklin  City  .. 

Franklin 

WOONSOCKET 
FALLS 


10 


(80)  FROM  LOWELL  TO 
NEWBURYPORT, 

Via,  Haver  hill. 

To  Dracut , 

Methuen 

Huverhill 

E.  Haverhill 

W.  Amesbury... 

Arnesbury 

Salisbury 

Bellevilleport.... 
NEWBURYPORT. 

(81)  FROM  SALEM  T( 

ROCKPORT. 
To  Manchester...!     J    ! 

Gloucester I  7|  It 

Rockport I  51  2. 

(82)  FROM  FALL  RIVER 
TO  NEWPORT,  R.  i. 

ToTiverton I     I    i 

Portsmouth I  31    ! 

NEWPORT i  91  1 

(83)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 
TO   NEW   BEDFORD, 


)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 
TO  BOSTON. 

Boston  and  Providence 


Railroad. 

To  Seekonk 2J 

3errin's  Crossing. 

Dodgeville 

Attleboro'. 

Poby's  Corner 

Mansfield 

Foxboro' 


Canton 

Dedham  Low  PI'.. 

Toll  Gate 

Jamaica  Plain  ... 
Roxbury 


BOSTON 


-. 
:; 
3*24 


16)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 

TO  WORCESTER, 
Via  Woonsocket  Falls. 
To  Pawtucket. . . . 

Lime  Rock 

WOONSOCKET 

FALLS 


......... 

Waterfbrd  ....... 

Blackstone  ....... 

Millville 


Mass. 
To  S.  Seekonk  . . . 

N.  Swansea 

Swansea 

Fuji  River 

Westpnrt 

N.  Dartmouth.... 
NEW  BEDFORD  .. 


ve  .......... 

Uxbridge  ......... 

Whitingville 
Northbridge  ...... 

Farmersville 
Wilkinsonville... 
Milbury  .......... 

WORCESTER  ... 

(87)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 
TO  THOMPSON,  Ct. 

To  Fruit  Hill  .....  I    I 

Greenville  ........    5     . 

Chepacket  .......    7  16 

Thompson  .......  |1 

(88)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 

TO  KlLLINGLY,  Ct. 

To  N.  Scituate...  I    !  10 
Foster  ............  I  9l  19 

IE.  Killinsly  ......    61  25 


(84)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 

TO  NEWPORT. 
To  Barrington 


Bristol 


6   14 

4   18 


Killi.igly... I  21  27 

89)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 
TO  PLAINFIELD,  Ct. 
ToS.  Scituate  ... 

Mt.  Vernon 

Rice  City  . 


it  ice  ouy £i  if> 

Sterling,  Ct 5  24 

Plainfield I  4|  28 

(90)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 
TO  N.  LONDON,  Ct. 

irisioi 4i  .10  jToNatick... I    I    9 

'ortsmouth 6  24  ICentrevitle 2  11 

hcwPORT'.. .:...'  9|  33  (Coventry ...I  2l  13 


N.  Greenwich... 

Pine  Hill 

kand's  IronW'ks 

lopkinton 

V.  Stpnington,Ct. 

Vlystick 

iroton  Centre 

Jrroton 

NEW  LONDON — 


,91)  FR'M  PROVIDENCE 

TO  STONINGTON.Ct. 

Providence  &  Stoning- 

ton  Railroad. 
To  Apponag 


Greenwich 

^Vickford 

Kingston 

Richmond 

Charleston 

Westerly 

STONINGTON  — 


TJ 
.  18 
7  25 

31 

7  38 

4*42J 
5H8 


FR'M  PROVIDENCE 

TO  WlCKFORD. 

To  Pawtucket....  I        5 

Warwick |  6  11 

E.Greenwich 13  14 

Wickford I  8122 

(93)  FROM  HARTFORD 
TO  SPRINGFIELD. 

Hartford  $•  Springfield 
Railroad. 

To  Windsor 

Windsor  Locks  .. 
Thompsonville. . . 
SPRINGFIELD  — 

(94)  FROM  HARTFORD 
TO  NEW  HAVEN. 

Hartford  $•  New  Haven 
Railroad. 


\    7 
6  13 

5  18 


1    8 
11 

18 
24 


To  New  Britain.. 

Berlin 

Meriden 

Wallingford...... 

North  Haven 

NEW  HAVEN 


(95)    FROM  HARTFORD 
TO  NEW  HAVEN, 


Via  Middletown. 


To  Wethersfield. . 

Rocky  Hill 

Up'r  Middletown. 

.Middletown 

Durham 

Northford 

Fair  Haven 

NEW  HAVEN 


ROUTES  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


€9 


(96)  FROM  HARTFORD 
TO  SAYBROOK. 


To  Mkldletown.. 

Higgamum 

Ha.idam  . 


E.  Haddam 

Chester. . 


Deep  River 

Essex 

SAYBROOK 


(97)    FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  NEW  LONDON. 
To  E.Hartford...         1 

Glastonbury 

Marlboro' 

Colchester 

Salem  . 


Chesterfield 


NEW  LONDON... 

(98)  FROM  HARTFORD 
TO  NORWICH, 
Via  Colchester. 

To  Colchester ....  I 

Bozrah 1 

Norwich I  ( 

(99)  FROM  HARTFORD 
TO  NORWICH. 

ToE.  Hartford... 

Manchester 

Bolton 

Andover. .  - 

Columbia 


Liberty  Hill 


Lebanon 

Franklin 

Norwichtown 

NORWICH 

(100)  FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  W.    KlLLINGLY. 

To  Manchester— 

(see  No.  99).... 

Coventry   ........ 

S.  Coventry 

1*7:11: 


TiHimantic 

Windham 

Howard  Valley... 

Brooklin 

W.Killingly 

(101)  FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  KlLLINGLY. 


To  Coventry  . . . 

Mansfield 

Ashford 

Abington 

Pomfret  Landing. 


Singly 
(102)  FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  WlLBRAHAM,  Ms. 

ToE.  Windsor...!  7 
Scantic  Village  ..  6,  13 
Broad  Brook |  3i  16 


Somers . . . 

N.  Somers. .  _. 

Wilbraham |  7| 

(103)  FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  WESTFIELD,  Ms. 
ToBloomfield.... 
TaritfVille, 


Granby 

Srmthwick,  Mass. 
Westfield, 

(104)  FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  CANAAN. 
To  W.  Hartford. 


Avon. 

Canton 

Collinsville 

New  Hartford. . . 

Winchester 

Millbrook 

Norfolk 

CANAAN 


37 
43 

(105)  FROM  HARTFORD 

TO  LlTCHFIELD. 

To  W.Hartford.. 

Farmington 

Bristol 


Terrysville 

Plymouth 

Northfield 

LlTCHFIELD 


(106)  F'M  NORWICH 
WORCESTER,  Ma: 


CH  TO 
".ass. 

Norwich   <$r  Worcester 
Railroad. 


To  Jewett's  City. 

Plainfield 

Central  Village... 

Uanielsville 

Daysville 

Pomfret 


Fishersville 

Webster,  Mass.  . . 
Oxford 

ORCESTER  

(107)  F'M  NORWICH  TO 
NEW  YORK. 

Railroad.       I    I 
To  Allyn's  Point.         7 

Steamboat. 
NEW  YORK 1421149 

(108)  F'M  NORWICH  TO 
SPRINGFIELD,  Mass. 

To  Norwichtown. 

Franklin 

Windham 

Mansfield 

Tolland 

Ellington 

Somers 


E.  Long  Meadow. 
SPRINGFIELD  .... 


5 

10|  24 

6|  30 


6  42 

7  49 
5,  54 


(109)  FR'M  N.  LONDON 
TO  STONIN&TON. 


ToGroton... 

Pequot 

Mystick.. 

Porte  rsville 

Mystick  Bridge... 
STONINGTON 


(110)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 
TO  NEW  LONDON. 


ToE.  Haven 

Branford 

Guilford 

Madison 

Clinton 

Westbrook 

SAYBROOK 

Lyme 

E.  Lyme 

Riverhead 

Waterford 

NEW  LONDON 


(111)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 
TO  SPRINGFIELD. 

Hartford  <&•  New  Have*. 

Railroad. 
To  North  Haven  . 


Wallingford 


Meriden 

Berlin 

New  Britain 

HARTFORD 

Hartford  &r  Springjield 

Railroad. 
Windsoi 


54 


soi 

Windsor  Locks  .. 
Thompsonville ... 
SPRINGFIELD 


(112)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 
TO  BOSTON, 

Via  Springjield, 
(See  No.  125)....!    1100 

FROM  NEW  HAVEN  TO 
ALBANY,  N.Y., 

Via  Springjield. 

To  Springfield— 

(see  No.  111).... 
ALBANY II 

(113)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 

TO  LlTCHFIELD. 

ToWestville.. 

Straitsville __ 

"Vaugatuck 3 

rVaterbury 5 

Watertown 

LlTCHFIELD 


70 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


(114)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 

TO  LlTCHIflELD, 

Via  Derby. 

To  Derby 

Humphreysville .. 
Oxford 


Southbury :. 

Wood  bury 

Bethlehem 

South  Farms 

LITCHFIELD 


34 

_   37 
8  45 


(115)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 
TO  FARMINGTON. 

To  liamden 

Cheshire, 


8  14 
7  21 


Southington..... . 

Plamville 

FARMINGTON  — 

(116)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 
TO  NEW  YORK, 

Via  Bridgeport  and 

Norwalk. 
(See  No.  126)  ....I    I  78 

(117)  F'M  NEW  HAVEN 
TO  NEW  YORK. 

Steamboat. 
To  Bridgeport.... I    120 
NEW  YORK 160|  80 

(118)  F'M  BRIDGEPORT 
TO  ALBA.NY,  N.  Y., 

Via  West  Stockbridge. 
Hoitsatonic  R.  R. 


To  Stepney....... 

Bottstord 

Newtown 

Huwleyville 

Brookrield 

NEW  MILFORD  .. 

Gaylord's  Bridge. 
Kent. 


Cornwall  Bridge  . 

Cornwall 

Canaan 

Mass.  State  Line. 


Berkshire  and   West 
Stockbridge  R-  R. 

Sheffield 

Great  Barrington. 
Van  Deusetiville  . 
W.  STOCKBRIDGE 
N.  Y.  State  Line.  I 
Albany  and  W.  Stock- 

bridge  Railroad. 
Canaan  . 
Chatham  4  Corn's 

Kinderhook  

Schodack _ 

ALBANY 1  8136 


(119)  F'M  LITCHFIELD 
TO  W.  CORNWALL. 

To  Goshen— 
(see No.  118)  ... 

Cornwall 

W.  CORNWALL.. 

(120)  F'M  LITCHFIELD 
TO  NEW  MILFORD. 

To  Woodville....         7 

New  Preston 4   11 

North  vi  lie 4   15 

NEW  MILFORD...   4  19 

(121)  FR'M  NEW  YORK 
TO  BOSTON, 

Via    Oreenport,    Nor- 
wich, <Sr  Worcester. 


To  BROOKLYN  . . . 
L.  Island  R.  R. 


East  New  York . . 
Union  Course 


Brushville 

Hempstead  Br.... 

Carl  Place 

Hicksyille 

Farmingdale 

Deerpark 

Suffolk  Station  .. 
Medfbrd 


St.  George's  Man. 

Riverhead 

Mattetuck 

Southold 

Greenport 

Steamboat. 
To  New  London  . 

Allyn's  Point 

Norwich   d*  Worcester 

Railroad. 
NORWICH 


Mansfield 
Foxboro 
Sharon 
Canton 


24120 


Jewett's  City 

Plainrield 


rituuueiu  ......... 

Central  Village  .. 
Danielsville  ...... 

Daysville  ......... 

Pomfret 


.......... 

Fishersville  ....... 

Webster,  Mass.  .  . 
Oxford  ........... 

WORCESTER  ..... 


3154 


3163 
5168 


4178 
5183 
11194 
Boston  and  Worcester 

Railroad. 
Grafton  .......... 

Westboro'  ....... 

Southboro'  ....... 

lopkinton  ....... 

ramingham  ..... 

Natick  ........... 

Needham  ........ 

Newton  .......... 

Angier's  Corner.. 
Brighton  ......... 

BOSTON  ......... 


(122)  F'M  NEW  YORK 

TO  BOSTON, 
Via  Stonington   and 

Providence. 
Steamboat.     \    I 
To  STONINGTON.  I    |125 
Providence  d;  Stoning- 
ton Railroad. 


Westerly  . . . 
Charleston  . 
Richmond.. 
Kingston  ... 
Wickford  . . 
Greenwich . 

Apponag 

PROVIDENCE. 


5i  130J 
4^135 
142 
148 
155 
161 


Boston  and  Providence 
Railroad. 


Seekonk. 


Perrin's  Crossing  4 

Dodgeville 

Attleborouffh — 


2^175 


---- 

Toby's  Corner... 


2k  190 
3  193 
3il96i 
3^00 


Dedham  Low  PI. 
Jamaica  Plains.. 

Roxbury 

BOSTON 

(123)   F'M  NEW  YORK 

TO  BOSTON, 
Via  New  Haven,  Hart- 
ford, Springfield,   (§- 
Worcester. 

Steamboat. 
Blackwell's  Isl.  .. 
Hell  Gate. . . 


Brothers'  Island.. 
Throg's  Neck  — 

New  Rochelle 

Captain's  Island  . 
Greenwich  Point . 

Shippan  Point 

Norwalk  Islands  . 

Black  Rock 

Bridgeport 

Stratford 

Neck  Point 

NEW  HAVEN 

Hartford  d-  New  Haven 

Railroad. 
To  North  Haven 

Wallingford 

Meriden   

Berlin 

New  Britain 

HARTFORD .     _ 

Hartford  fr  Springjield 
Railroad. 

Windsor 171121 

Windsor  Locks..  I  elliff 


7185 

5  90 

6  96 
7103 
3106 
8114 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


71 


18 
an 
( 
! 

u 

4 

5 

9 

CCi 

44 

IK 
JY 

*t. 

10 

5 
4 
4 
6 
6 
ti 
(i 
8 
4 
7 

ito 
d. 

I 
1 

Utt 
d. 

5 
Hi 

8 

8 

140 

U6 

r., 

165 

169 
174 
176 
181 
185 
194 

ter 

238 

TO 

60 

70 
75 
79 
83 
* 

i  in 

107 
115 
119 

126 

0*. 

140 
146 
148 

156 
158 
ck- 

163 

173 

180 
I«S8 

Darien  
Norwalk  

2 
( 
4 
4 
2 
4 
| 

4'-' 
48 

56 

68 

62 

(  J  5 

Tarry  town  
Sing  Sing  

£ 

b 

4 
8 
2 

4 
6 

4 

6 
4 

6 

3 
1 
0 

5 

N 

3 

4 

2 
4 
5 
3 
fo 

.'/> 

6 
3 

10 
9 
11 
10 

fi 

24 
id 
i) 
11 
U. 
14 

2i 

14 
11 

7,6 

I. 

15 

9j 
fti 

1 

27 
33 

40 
44 
52 

54 
57 
61 

67 
70 

74 
80 
84 

97 
100 
101 
111 
11« 
124 
127 
131 
133 
137 
142 
14  1 

Western  Railrt 
Wilbraham  
Palmer  
Warren  

Westport  

Verplanck's  Poinl 
Cnldwell's  Land'g 
WEST  POINT  .... 
Cold  Spring  
Cornwall  

Fairfield  
BRIDGEPORT  
Stratford  

West  Brookfield  . 
East  Brookfield  .. 
Spencer  

Milford  
NEW  HAVEN  

(126)  F'M  NEW 
TO  ALBANY. 
Harlem  Railro 
To  Harlem  
Fordham  
Williams'  Bridge. 
Hunt's  Bridge  
Tucknhoe  

1 

Yc 

ad 

? 

I 

6 

2 
6 
5 
2 
5 

ctei 

4 
5 
6 
6 
4 
7 

68 

78 

RK 

& 

18 

an 

24 

"& 
34 

40 

t? 

52 
ted 

RK 

13 
17 

2-2 

28; 

34 
38 

45 

Newburgh  
New  Hamburgh  . 
Milton 

Clappville      .  ... 

PorGHKEEPSIE.. 

Hyde  Park  .  .  . 

WORCESTER  — 
Boston  and   Wor 
Railroad. 
To  BOSTON— 
(see  No.  121)  ... 

(124)  F'M  N.  Yoi 
ALBANY  &  TR 

Via  Bridgepo 
Steamboat. 
To  Bridgeport,  Ct 
Housatonic  R.  R. 
Stepney  

Pelham  

Rhinebeck  .  .. 

Red  Hook,  Lower 
Red  Hook,  Upper 
Sangerties  
^ATTSKILL  
HUDSON  
Coxsiickie 

Hart's  Corners  
WHITE  PLAINS  .  . 
Unionville  
Pleasantville  
New  Castle  
Mechanicsville.. 
Golden  's  Bridge. 
Croton  Falls.... 

This  road  is  to  be  e 
to  Albany. 

(127)   F'M  NEW" 
TO  ALBANY. 
To  King's  Bridge. 
Yonkers  

Kinderhook  L'd'g 
\.  Baltimore  
Joey  mans  
Jastleton  
Overslaugh  
ALBANY  

Bottsford  
Newtown  
Hawleysville  
Srookfield  
ew  Milford  
Gaylord's  Bridge. 
Kent        

(129)  F'M  NEW' 

TO   MONTREAI 

Via  JUImnti,    Trc 
Whitehall. 
Steamboat. 
To  ALBANY  

RK 

145 
151 

154 

180 
191 
J01. 
208 
217 

241 
251 

260 
271 

>:5 
_W 

J49 
i63 
374 
w- 

389 
398 

RK 

24 

Cornwall  Bridge  . 
Cornwall  

Dobb's  Ferry  

Stage. 
[jansiojrburgh  
Schagticoke  
Kaston  

Mass.  State  Line. 
Berkshire  &  W.  » 
bridge  Railroa 
Sheffield,  Mass.  .. 
Great  Barrington. 
Van  Deusenville  . 
W.  Stockbridge.. 
N.  Y.  State  Line. 
Albany  fr  West  -4 
bridge  Railroa 
Canaan  

SING  SING  

Cortlandtown  
Peekskill  

Philipsburg  
Fishkil!  

Wappinger'sCr'k 

POUGHKEEPSIE.. 

Hyde  Park 

9 
10 
7 
7 
6 
4 

54 

64 
71 

78 
84 

Argyle  

Hartford  
iranville  
WHITEHALL  

Steamboat. 

Staatsburg  

Rhinebeck  
Red  Hook  
Upper  Red  Hook. 

6 
6 

3 
5 
4 

8 
6 

3 
!) 

7 
1 

f  o 

2 
7 

94 
100 

iua 

HIS 
112 
120 

12.; 

130 
133 
142 
149 
150 
RK 

8 
10 

17  i 
20 
22 

Jrown  Point  
Port  Henry  
Westport  

Chatham  4  Cor's  . 
Kinderhook  
Schodack  .. 

Burlington,  Vt.  .. 
Plattsburgh  
House's  Point  
Isle  aux  Noix,  Ca. 
St.  John's  
Champlain  #•  St. 
rence  Railroa 

HUDSON  
Stockport  
Stuyvesant  Fulls  . 
Kinderhook  
Schodack  Centre. 

ALBANY  

Troy  and  Greenbush 
Railroad. 
TROY  1  6!202 

(125)   F'M  NEwYo 
TO  NEW  HAVEN. 
To  Harlem 

RK 

7 
13 
20 
24 
27 
31 
34 

ALBANY  

(128)   F'M  NEW  ' 
TO  ALBANY. 
Steamboat. 
Manhnttanville.  .  . 
Fort  Lee,  N.J... 

Steamboat. 
MONTREAL  | 

(130)   F'M  NEW  1 
TO  ALBANY. 
West  side  of  the 
son  River. 
Steamboat. 

ToPlERMONT,..! 

West  Chester  
NewRochelle.... 
Mamaroneck  
Rye 

6 

3 
4 

a 

Port  Chester  
Greenwich,  Conn 

Hastings  

Dubb's  Furry  

72 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Erie  Railroad. 

Ramapo 

Monroe  Works... 

Turner's  Depot... 

Stage. 

NEWBURGH 

Marlboro' 
Milton 
New  Paltz. 
Esopus  .... 

Rondout 

KINGSTON  

Glasco  .... 

Saugerties 

Maiden 

CATTSKILL 

Athens 

Coxsackie 

New  Baltimore  .. 

Coeymans 

ALBANY 


20 


8107 
2109 
9118 
3121 
3124 
!i  i;j:J 
ti  i:-;n 
8147 
i;  153 
2155 
121167 

(131)  F'M  NEW  YORK 
TO  DUNKIRK. 

Steamboat. 

ToPlERMONT 

JV.  Y.  &  Erie  RR. 


Blauveltville 

Sarkstown 
orsey's 
Saffern's 
Rarnapo. 


Monroe  Works... 

Turner's 

Monroe  Village  .. 
Chester 

GOSHEN 

JNe,whampton 

Middle  to  wo 

Stage. 
Bloomingburg..*. 

Wurtsboro' 

Bridge  ville 

Monticello 

White  Lake 

Bethel 

Fosterdale 

Coshocton . , 


Damascus,  Pa 

Rileyville 

Pleasant  Mount . . 

Dimocksville 

Gibson 

NewMilford 

Great  Bend 

Concklin,N.  Y... 

BlNOHAMTON 

Union 

Campville 

OWEGO— 

(see  No.  136) 
Tioga  Centre. . 
Smithsboro'... 

Barton 

Factory  vi  He... 
Athens,  Pa.  ... 


8  52 
57 

60 
65 

70 
74 

77 


Chemung  ........ 

Baldwin  .......... 

ELMIRA  .......... 

Big  Flats  ......... 

E.  Painted  Post  .  . 
CORNING  ......... 

Painted  Post  ..... 

Campbelltown  .  .. 
Mud  Creek  ....... 


............ 

vennedysville  ____ 

Goff's  Mills  ....... 

Howard  .......... 

Hornellsville  ..... 

Almond  .......... 

Centre  Almond... 
W.  Almond  ...... 

ANGELICA  ....... 

Belfast  ........... 

Caneiidea  ........ 

Rushford  ......... 

Parmejsville  ...... 

Franklinville  ..... 

Ellicottsville  ..... 

Little  Valley  ..... 

Napoli  ........... 

Randolph  ........ 

Waterboro'  ...... 

Levant  ........... 

Jamestown  ....... 

Vermont  ........ 

Gerry  ............. 

Holdenville  ....... 


5403 
5  408 

7415 
5420 


5103 
8111 
3114 
5119 
5124 
1  123 
9134 
12146 
6152 
7159 
8167 
6173 
9182 
8190 
8198 
6,204 

vtaj 

62l7i 
4221 

4225 

4229; 


Fredonia . 
DUNKIRK 

(132)  F'M  NEW  YORK 
TO  BARCELONA. 

To  Jamestown — 
(see  No.  131)  . . , 

Harmony 

Magnolia 

Maysville 

Westrield 

BARCELONA 

(133)  F'M  NEW  YORK 
TO  ROCHESTER, 

Via  Owego,  Geneseo, 

frc. 

To  BATH— 
(see  No.  131)  . . . 


8416 

7  42:  J 
6:421) 


Kennedysville 

Avoca 

Conhocton 

Patchin's  Mills... 

DANSVILLE 

Sparta 

Groveland 

I  Groveland  Centre. 

GKNESEO  

South  Avon 

Avon 

Rush 

Henrietta 

ROCHESTER  


4290 


8310 


(134)   F'M  NEW  YORK 
TO  ITHACA, 

Via  Pater  son,  JV.  J., 
Milford,  Penn.t  and 
Honesdnlc. 

To  Jersey  City  ...  I     I    1 

Paterson  and  Hudson 
Railroad. 

Bergen  

Aquackanonck. . . 


PATERSON 

Stage. 
tampion  . 


Newfoundland... 

Stockholm 

Hamburg. 


Deckertuwn 

Libertyville 

MILFORD,  Pa.  ... 

Darlingsville 

Tatlon 

Cherry  Ridge 

HONESDALE 

Way  mart 

Carbondale 

DundafF 

Lenox 

Brooklyn 

Montrose 

Forest  Lake 


92 


8100 
5105 
91114 
6120 
8128 
81136 
9:145 
7|152 
6158 


164 
172 
181 


Friendsville 

Warrenham 

Owego,  N.Y.  ... 
Ithaca  <$r  Owego   Rail- 

road. 
ITHACA 1291210 

(134i)  F'M  N.YORK  TO 
HONESDALE,  Pa. 

Via  Piermont  and  Go- 
s/ien. 

Steamboat  fr  Erie  Rail- 
road. 

ToE.Middletown 
(see  No.  131)... 

Mt.  Hope 

Cuddybackville  .. 

Forestburg 

Beaver  Brook 

Narrowsburg 

HONESDALE 


14102 
10112 
8120 
12132 


(1-35)  F'M  N.  YORK  TO 
WASHINGTON,  D.C. 

Via  Trenton,  Philadel- 
phia, Wilmington,  <Sr 
Baltimore. 

Steamboat. 
To  Jersey  City  . . . 
JV.  Jersey  R.  R. 

NEWARK _    - 

Eli/abethtown  ...    if  14 

Rahway 51  19 

Metuchin 8|  27 

NKWBRUNSWICK  41  31 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


73 


Trenton  $r  JV.  B- 
wick  Railroad 
Kingston  1 
Princeton  

nins- 

14!  45 
4   49 
10  59 
11  60 
mton 

9  69 

19  88 
ling- 
RR. 
91 
98 
102 
105 
107 
115 
119 
121 
127 
133 
139 
142 
147 
148 
153 
1561 
U65 

;ICTJ 

U69 

\\m 

U82 

185 
R.R. 

81193 
RR. 

2)195 
OpOa 
8213 
6219 

6J225 

rORK 

wgo, 

U, 

Ran- 

10221 
5236 

L4240 

7247 
5252 
0262 
8  270 
2-21-2 
4  276 
61282 

Auburn  and  Roc 
Railroad. 
Seneca  Falls  
Waterloo  
GENEVA  

he. 

5 

4 
7 

8 
3 
3 
4 
5 
5 
6 
3 
4 
9 

SK 

a 

7 
5 
2 
6 
5 

so 
0 

ter 

2*7 

2!)l 

m 

240 

248 
! 
254 
25S 
263 
268 
274 
277 
281 
290 

ILL 

13 
18 

31 

TO 

7 

16 

(141)  FR'M  HUDS 
GR'T  BARRINGI 
To  Claverack  — 
Smoky  Hollow... 
Hillsdale 

">N 
^O 

! 
1 

•D 

AJ 

csl 

5 
4 

6 

1 

S-Y 

is 

h 

8 

4 

1 
9 

SY 
St6 

d. 

1 
? 

ad 
3 
3 
5 
5 
3 

i 

to 

6 
3 
8 
8 
2 
ti 

TO 

"i 

Hi 

28 

>ON 

ON 

Are 

8 
13 
17 

23 
21 

TO 

. 

6 
12 
16 

i 

24 
33 

TO 

1 

cfe- 

!8 
16 

1 

1 

41 
44 

49 
54 

% 

65 
75 
81 
84 
92 
100 
102 
108 
111 
117 
127 
131 

TRENTON  

Morrisville,  Pa.  .'.] 
Philadelphia  #7V 
Railroad. 
Bristol  

*   To  Ithaca   (as 
above) 

S.  Egremont,  Ms. 
GR.  BARRINGTON 

(142)     FROM    Ht 
TO    NEW    LED 
SPRINGS. 

Hudson    #    Ber) 
Railroad. 
ToMellenville... 
Ghent 

i     i    Stasfi" 
Jacksonville  

Trumansburg  — 
Covert  

Steamboat. 
PHILADELPHIA... 
Philadelphia,  Wilv 
to?i,  <$•  Baltimore 
Gray's  Ferry  3 

Farmer.  .  . 

Lodi 

Ovid  

Romulus  

Chester  4 

Varick  
West  Fayette 
GENEVA  

Chatham  4Cor's.. 
Stage. 
New  Lebanon...  . 
NEW  LEBANON 
SPRINGS  

Marcus'  Hook...  3 
Naaman's  Creek  2 
WILMINGTON...  8 
Newport                4 

(137)  FR'M  PEEK 
TO  DANBURY, 

To  Yorktown  
Somers  .... 

Stanton  2 

(143)  FR'M  ALBA 
PITTS  FIELD,  M 
To  Schodack  Cen- 
tre  

Newark                6 

Elkton  6 

Northeast  6 
Charlestown  3 

Salern  .  .  . 

N.  Salem  

Havre  de  Grace  .  1 
Hall's  X  Roads..  5 
Ferryman's  3 
Gunpowder  8 
Harewood  2 

DANBURY  

Nassau  
Brainard's  Bridge 
Motfit's  Store  .... 
New  Lebanon  — 
NEW  LEBANON 

(138)  F'M  SINO  Si 
PAWLINO'S. 

To  Pine's  Bridge. 

Chase's  1 

Stemmer's  Run  .  5 
Canton..               7 

PlTTSFIELD  

Owensville  

2 

8 

3 

EP 

c 

6 
4 
2 
7 
3 
3 
6 

CE 

lo 

g 

2 
3 

18 
26 
3S 
86 

3IE 
k 

5 
11 
15 
17 

j 

30 
36 

EP- 

^N- 

7 

12 
15 
17 

f->0 

(144)  FR'M  ALBA 
BOSTON. 
ToGreenbush.... 

Albany  <Sr  West  » 
bridge  RailroG 
Schodack  

BALTIMORE  3 
Baltimore  £  Ohio 
Relay  House  1 
Washington  Br. 
Elkridge  Land'g  . 
Annapolis  June... 
Beltsville  
Bladensburg  
WASHINGTON  ... 

(136)  F'M  NEW! 
TO  GENEVA, 
Via  Picrmont,  On 
and  Ithaca. 
To  Owego— 
(see  No.  131)... 
Ithaca  <$•  Oioego 
road. 
Candor  

Southeast  
Patterson  

Pawling's 

(139)  F'M  PO'KE 

TO  N.  MlLFORD, 

To  Manchester 
Bridge.. 

Kinderhook  
Chatham  
E.  Chatham  
Canaan  

Arthursburg  
Beekmantown  
Poughquag  

Pawling's  
Quaker  Hill  
Sherman  

NEWMlLFORD  .. 
(140)  F'M  POUOH 

SIE  TO  WEST  ( 

WALL,  Ct. 

To  Pleasant  Val- 
ley 

Western  Railro 
Richmond  ....  .... 

Shaker  Village... 

PlTTSFIELD  

Dalton  

Hinsdale  . 

Washington  
North  Becket  
Chester  Factory.. 
Chester  Village... 
Russell  

Wilseyville  
ITHACA*  
Steamboat. 
Ludlowville  
Frog  Point  

Washington  Hol- 
low   
Hartsville  

Westfield  
W.  Springfield... 
SPRINGFIELD 

Mabbetsville  
Lithgow  .  . 

Sheldrake  Point..  ] 
Aurora  
Levanna  
Springport  
Cay  uga  Bridge  ..> 

Amenia  .  . 

5 
3 
2 

5 

2:, 
28 
30 
34 
39 

Wilbraham  ... 
N.  Wilbraham... 
Palmer  

Leeds  ville  
Amenia  Union... 
Sharon,  Ct  
W.  CORNWALL.. 

Warren  
W.Brookfield.... 

74 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


S.  Brookfield  ..... 

E.  Brookfield  ..... 

Spencer  .......... 

Cnarlton  ......... 

Chippville  ........ 

WORCESTER  — 
Boston  and  Worcester 

Railroad. 
Grafton  .......... 

Westboro*  ........ 

Southboro'  ....... 

Hopkinton  ....... 

Framingham  ..... 

Natick  ........... 

Needham  ......... 

ewton 


.......... 

Angler's  Corner.  . 
Brighton  ......... 

BOSTON  ......... 


2  L38 

51 143 
4147 
9il56 


6|- 
6'  168 
4172 

4  176 
:>>  17<» 
4  !*:i 
4187 
-1  !!»! 


2193 
L'  193 

5200 


(145)  FR'M  ALBANY  TO 
BENNINGTON,  Vt. 

To  Troy 

Lansingburg .... 

Raymertown 

Pittstown 

Hoosick 

BENNINOTON.... 


(146)  FR'M  ALBANY  TO 

LAKE  GEORGE, 

Via  Saratoga  Springt 

and  Glenn's  Falls. 

Mohawk   and   Hudson 
Railroad. 

ToSCHENECTADYl     I  16 

Saratoga  &  Schenecta- 
dy  Railroad. 


Burnt  Hills 


Ballston  Centre... 
BaJkton 

SARATOGA  SP'GS. 
Stage. 

Wilton 

Fortsville. 


GLENN'S  FALLS  . 
Caldwell    (at   the 
foot     of    Lake 

George) 


(147)  FR'M  ALBANY  TO 
SARATOGA    SPRINGS 
AND  WHITEHALL, 
Via  Troy. 

ToTROY I     I 

Rcnsselaer  <Sr  Saratoga 
Railroad. 

Waterford }4 

Meohanicsville...    8 
Ballston  Spa  .... 
SARATOGA  Sp'es. I  7 


Stage. 

Fortsville 

Sandy  Hill 

Kingsbury 

Fort  Ann 

WHITEHALL 


(148)  FR'M  N.  YORK  TO 
WHITEHALL, 

Via  Albany  $r  Troy. 

Steamboat.      \ 

To  ALBANY— 
(see  No.  128)  ... 
Stage. 

Watervliet 

TROY 

Lansingburg 

Waterford 

MeehanicsviHe ... 

Stillwater 

Bemus'  Heights . . 

Schuylersville  — 

Northumberland  . 

Fort  Miller 

Fort  Edward 

SANDY  HILL 

Kingslmry 

Fort  Ann 

Comstock's  Land- 
ing   

WHITEHALL 

(149)  FR'M  ALBANY  TO 
MONTREAL, 

(Winter  Route,) 
Via   Glenn's   Falls 
Pittsburgh. 

To  Glenn's  Falls 
C^eeNo.146)  .. 

Caldwell 

Warrensburg 

Chestertown 


145 

5150 

1  151 
4155 

2  157 
9  166 

3  H;:J 

4P3 
9182 

4  If 
311. 
8  197 
4201 
5206 
4210 


Schroon  Lake... 
Schroon  River  .. 
Elizabethtown  . . 


12  110 
19  129 


5134 

it;  i;,( 
6fl56 
10 10 

j.;  192 

91201 

7  -_-(i;> 

42i 

6218 


Lewis 

Keeseville 

Peru.. 

PLATTSBURGH.  . . 
Rouse's  Point.... 
LaColle,  Can  — 

Napierville  

Douglassville 

St.  Philip 

La  Prairie 

Across   St.  Law- 
rence  to 

MONTREAL  . 

(150)    F'M  ALBANY  TO 

BUFFALO. 
Mohawk   and   Hudson 

Railroad. 
To  Schenectady . .  I    I  lb 


9233 


Utica  and  Schenectady 
Railroad. 

Hoffman's 

Cranes  vi  lie.. 

Amsterdam 

Tribe's  Hill 

Fonda 

Spraker's 

Palatine  Bridge  .. 

Fort  Plain 

Palatine  Church.. 
St.  Johnsville  .... 

Little  Falls 

Herkimer 

Schuyler 

UTICA 

Syracuse  &r  Utica  Rail- 

rond. 

Whitesboro'  .. 
Onsskany 


94 


.'erona  Centre 
Oneida  Depot . 
Wampsville. . . 

Canastota 

Chittenango... 

Manlius 

SYRACUSE  .... 
Auburn  and  Syracuse 
Railroad. 


3  97 
4101 
7108 
9117 
4121 
3124 
3127 
6133 
4137 
10147 


Geddes 

Camillus 

EJbridge 

Skaneatelas  June. 

Sennet 

AUBURN 

Auburn  and  Roch< 
Railroad. 


2149 
155 


4168 
5173 


Cayuga  Bridge... 

Seneca  Falls 

Waterloo 

GENEVA 

Oak's  Corners 

E,  Vienna 

VV.  Vienna 

Clifton  Springs... 

Short's  Mills 

Chnpinsville 

Canaiulaigua 


10183 


199 
,204 
3207 
1208 
3  211 

3  219 
3222 


231 
12  243 
4247 


Victor 

Pittsford 

Brigliton 

ROCHESTER 

Tonaicanda  Railri 

Churehville " 

Bergen 

Byron 

Batavia 

Alexander 

ATTICA.... 

Attica  fr  Buffalo  Rail- 
road. 


412,1 

\&, 
4.269 

7:-T», 

7288 
8291 


Dnrieti 

Alden 

I  .;.ii.-;,.>ler 

BUFFALO 


61300 
5305 
101315 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


75 


SCHKNECTADI 

Schenectady  and 
Railroad. 

ToSdlENECTADY 

(152)     FROM  TRO 
WHITEHALL. 
To  Lansingburgh. 
Junction  

r. 
Troy 

1  20 
Y  TO 

6   1( 
4   14 

7   21 
8  29 
5   34 
6  40 
1   51 
9  60 
8  68 

ir  TO 

>. 

7  11 
3  14 

8J  22 

a  25 

TO 
t. 

6 
4  10 

6  16 
4  20 
4  24 

5  29 
6  35 
t>  41 
B  47 
B  55 
9  64 
$   72 
7   7& 

[Jl49 

r  TO 

and 

9 
3  15 

1  19 

*  25 
1   29 
5   35 

Bridgewater  
S  angerfield  

5   7 
7   80 
9  89 
7  % 
7103 
410 
6113 
211o 
21F 
3120 
5J125 

Y  TO 
( 

6  15 
6  21 
6  27 
5  32 
5  37 
5  42 
5  47 
6  53 
5  58 
4  62 
7   69 
6   75 
9  84 

Yonkers  
Fort  Lee,  N.  J.  .. 
Manhnttanville.  .. 
NEW  YORK  

(158)  FR'M  CATTS 
TO  CANAJOHAR 

To  Leeds. 

3128 
7135 
21137 
81143 

KILL 
IE. 

4 

6  10 
7   17 
6  23 
2  25 
4   29 
4   33 
9  42 
5   47 
8  55 
10  65 
4   69 
7  76 

KILL 
6    10 

3  13 

3  16 
6  22 
5   27 
2  29 
6  35 
4  39 
8  47 
4   51 
4  55 
5   60 
7  67 
7   74 
7  81 
9  90 
1   91 
5  96 
7103 
7  HO 
3113 
6119 
8122 
4  126 
4  1,90 
3  '33 
1144 
6150 
3153 
&L3 

RGH 
t     2 

7     9 
2  11 
5   16 
4  20 

Madison  

MORRISVILLE  — 
Nelson  

Cazenovia  

Oran  . 

Manlius  
Fayetteville  
De  Witt 

Cairo  

Schagticoke  

SYRACUSE  

Winansville  

Greenwich  
N.  Greenwich  
tgyle 

(156)  FR'M  ALBATS 

BlNGHAMTON 

To  Guilderland  .. 
Knowersville  

Oakhill  
Preston  Hollow.  .  . 
Livingstonville... 
Middlebury  

rtford  1 

Granville  

HITEHALL  

(153)     FROM  TRO1 
HANCOCK,  Mas 
To  Wynant's  Kill! 
Sand  Lake 

Schoharie  

Gallupsville  
SCHOHARIK  
fanchkiil  
Cobleskill  

Root  

Spraker's  Basin  .  . 
CANAJOHARIE  ... 

(159)  FR'M  CATTS 
TO  ITHACA, 

Via  Delhi. 
To  Leeds  

itichmondville  ... 
Sast  Worcester  .  . 

Alps  

Stephentown  

Maryland  

(154)    FROM  TROTI 
BURLINGTON,  V 
Via  Castleton. 
To  Troy..  

Colliersville  
)neonto  

Unadilla 

0   94 
2106 
6112 

Acra  

Jtdnbridge  '.  
S.  Bainbridge  

S.  Durham  
Jnion  Society  
Windham  
Scienceville  

Lansingburgh  
Junction  
Tomhannock.  
Prospect  Hi  11  
Buskirk's  Bridge. 

iarpersville 

2120 

Colesville 

3123 
0.133 

t  TO 

3 

5    8 
4  12 
2  14 
4   18 
3  21 
8  29 
5  34 
0  44 
1    4;> 

3  48 
7  55 
6  61 
4   65 
6  71 
4   75 
3  78 
B  84 
4  88 
3  91 
2  93 
B101 
4  105 

7  Hi' 

;  IIH 

UL'l 

21123 

Jrattsville  

BlNGHAMTON  

157)  FR'M  ALBAN 
NEW  YORK. 
Overslaugh  

Mooresville  
Stamford  

lobart  

Jackson  .  . 

S.  Kortwright  
?loomville  

Salem  

Hebron  

Cranville.... 

Coeymans  

W.  Meredith  

W.  Poultney.Vt.. 
Castleton  
BURLINGTON  — 
(see  No.  39)....  17 

(155)  F'M  ALBANY 
SYRACUSE, 
Via.  Cherry  Valley 
Morrisville. 
So  Guilderland  .. 
unnsville  
Duanesburg  

STew  Baltimore... 
underhook  

Unadilla  

HUDSON    

Sidney  Plains  — 
Bainbridge  

Jattskill 

Saugerties  1 

Coventry  vilte  

Upper  Red  Hook, 
jower  Red  Hook. 
Rhinebeck  

ireene  .  .  . 

Geneganslet  
^riangle  
Vhitney's  Point. 

Pelham.  .  . 

Hyde  Park  

POUGHKEEPSIE.. 

Milton  

Richford  

Slounsville  
Carlisle 

New  Hamburgh.. 
^Jewburgh  

Slatersville  

THACA  

Sharon   .. 

j  ;ji» 

J  42 
J   45 
>   51 
1    55 
3  57 
J   60 
L  64 

"old  Spring  
West  Point 

160)   F'M  NEWBU 
TO  GOSHEN. 

""o  New  Windsor. 
Salisbury  Mills... 
Blooming  Grove.  . 
Hamptonburg  
GOSHEN  ... 

Sharon  Springs  .. 
Leesville  « 

?aldwell's  L'd'g. 
rerpla  nek's  Pt.  .. 
iiNG  SING  
^arrytown  
'iermont  
Dobb's  Ferry  

CHERRY  VALLEY  ( 
E.  Springfield  ....   * 
Springfield  \ 
Warren  { 
-Bichfield  Springs.  < 

76 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


TO  BARCELON 
(Lake  Erie.) 
To  Coldenham  .  .  . 
Montgomery  
Bullville  
Bloomingburg  ... 
Barcelona  — 
(see  No.  131)...  3 

(162)  F'M  AMSTE 
TO  NORTHVILI 
To  Perth  

6 

8 
3 

49 

ID 
E. 

4 

4 

5 
6 
3 

TT 

ro 

4 

3 

3 
3 

5 
3 

A 

BO 

4 
4 
14 

6 
5 

6 
12 

20 
23 

372 

AM 

11 
16 

25 
4 

LE 

N. 

8 
11 
15 

18 
21 

29 

TO 
R. 

9 
13 
17 
31 
37 
42 

OGDENSBURG  — 

(166)    FROM  Row 
TURIN. 

To  W.  Branch  .  .  . 
W.  Leyden  
Constablesville... 
Turin— 
(see  No.  164)... 

(167)    FROM  Row 
OSWEGO. 

To    McConnells- 
ville  

7 

E 

9 

6 

5 

E 

7 
5 
6 
13 
4 
5 
6 
,1 

126 

TO 

10 
lit 
25 

30 

TO 

14 

21 

a  ; 

32 
45 
41) 
54 
60 
64 

TO 

2 

10 
14 

18 
24 
27 
30 
38 
44 
49 

63 
70 
79 
86 
92 
99 

m 

133 
RG 

8 
18 
27 
35 
46 
52 
60 
68 
73 
80 
92 
105 
132 

TO  CAPE  VINCE 
To  Brownsville  .  . 
Limerick  
Chaumont  
Three-mile  Bay  .. 
Cape  Vincent  

(171)    F'M   SACK 
HARBOR    TO 
FONT'S  MANOR. 
ToSmithville... 
Belleville  
Ellisburg 

N'l 

i 

4 

8 

••r 
i'l 

I 

SE 

3 
6 
6 
9 
11 

30 

7 
6 
6 
5 

4 
5 
5 

Q 

4 

8 
14 

18 
26 

r's 

JR- 

6 

16 
19 

TO 

2 

11 
17 

TO 

6 
13 
19 
25 

30 
33 

44 

49 
58 
70 

TO 

da. 

45 

85 
105 
117 
137 
139 
149 

TO 

18 
30 
60 
100 
120 
138 
139 
145 

Broadalbin  
Union  Mills  
Northampton  
Osborne's  Bridge. 
Northville  

Pierpont's  Manor. 

(172)  F'M  SYRACU 
OSWEGO. 
To  Salina  

Camden.  . 

W.  Camden  
Williamstown  ... 
Union  Square  
Mexico  

FROM  FONDA  TO 
JOHNSTOWN  ... 

(163)     FROM     Li 
FALLS  TOTREN' 
To  Eatonville  
Fairrield..     .. 

Liverpool  
Clay 

New  Haven  
Scriba 

Phoenix  

Fulton  

(168)  F'M  SYRACUSE 
OGDENSBURG, 
Via  Watertown. 
ToSalina  

(173)  FR'M  OSWE 
ROCHESTER 
To  N.  Sterling... 
Little  Sodus  

Middleville  
Newport  . 

pohmS..  ::::::::: 

Trenton  Falls  .... 

Cicero  
Brewerton  

» 
4 
4 
6 
3 
3 
8 
6 
5 
7 
7 

9 

6 
7 
7 
6 
10 
11 

BL 
IG 

10 
9 
8 
11 
6 
8 
8 
5 
7 
12 
13 
27 

Red  Creek  
Wolcott  

(164)  FROM  Unc 
SACKETT'S  HAR 
To  S.  Trenton  .  .  . 
Trenton  

Central  Square.  .  . 
Hastings  .     ... 

Huron  

Port  Glasgow  .... 
Alton 

Colosse 

Union  Square  
Richland  
Sandy  Creek  

Sodus  

Williamson  

Remsen  

Webster 

Booneville  

Adlims'1  &  

ROCHESTER  12 

(174)    F'M  OSWEGO 
OGDENSBURG, 
Via  Kingston,  Cana 
Steamboat. 
To  Sackett's  Har- 
bor . 

Leyden  

A        liner 

Turin  

Houseville  

4 

3 
3 

6 
7 
6 
6 
4 

8 

A 

, 

6 
5 

5 
6 
8 

46 
50 
53 
56 

62 

(ill 
75 
81 
85 

93 

TO 

62 
73 

92 
97 
103 
111 

Evans's  Mills  
Philadelphia  
Antwerp  
Oxbow  

Marti  nsburg  
Lowville  
Stow's  Square  .  .  . 
DENMARK  

Rossie 

Champion  
Rutland  
Watertown  
Brownville 

Hammond  
Morristown  
OGDENSBURG  

(169)  F'M  OGDENS 
TO  PLATTSBUI 

To  Lisbon  .     ... 

Kingston,  Canada 
French  Creek  

10 

20 

20 
2 
10 

GtO 

£ 

20 

1 

6 

SACKETT'S  HAR- 
BOR 

Brockville,  Can.  . 
Morristown....;.. 
OGDENSBURG  

(175)  FR'M  OSWE 
LEWISTON. 
Steamboat. 

To  Sodus  Bay.... 
Pultneyville  
Genesee  River  
Oak  Orchard  C'k. 
Olcott        

(165)  FROM  UTIC 
OGDENSBURG 
Via  JDenmarf 

To  Denmark— 
(see  No.  164)  ... 

Waddington  
Madrid  .. 

Norfolk    . 

Massena  

Racket  River  
Hogansburg  
Fort  Covington  .. 
W.  Constable  .... 
E.  Constable  
Chateaugay  
Ellenburg  
PLATTSBURGH.  .  . 

Wilna.g  
Antwerp  . 

Somerville  
Gouverneur  
Richville. 

Fort  Niagara  
Youngstown  
LEWISTON  

DeKalb.... 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


77 


(176)  FROM  PALATINE 
BRIDGE  TO  BINGHAM- 
TON, 
Via  Cooperstown. 

To  Canajoharie  . . 

Buel 

Cherry  Valley 


.... 

Cooperstown 

HartwickSemin'y 


10 


Miltord 

Colliersville 

iilNGHAMTON— 

(see  No,  156)...  64 113 


(177)  FROM  UTICA  TO 

BlNGHAMTON. 


To  W.  Hartford..1 

Paris 

Waterville 

Madison 

Bouckville 

Hamilton 

Earleville 

Sherburne 

N.  Norwich 

Norwich 

Qxf.rl 

S.Oxford 

Greene 

Chenango  Forks.. 

BlNGHAMTON 


(178)   FROM  UTICA  TO 
ITHACA, 

Via  Cortland  Village. 


To  New  Hartford. 

Clinton 

Peansville 

Oriskany  Falls... 

Madison 

Bouckville 

Eaton 

Erieville 

New  Woodstock. 

De  Ruyter 

Cuyler 

Truxton 

Homer 

CORTLAND  VIL- 
LAGE  

McLean 

Dryden   

ITHACA 


(179)  FROM  ITHACA  TO 
BAINBRIDGE. 

To  Sauquoit , 

Paris  Furnace.... 

Bridgewater 

W.  Edmeston... 


New  Berlin 

Mt.  Upton 16 

BAINBRIDGE 13 


(180)  FROM  UTICA  TO 

COOPERSTOWN. 
To  Frankfort  Hill 

Litchfield 

Columbia 

Richfield  Springs. 
Oakville. 


COOPERSTOWN  .. 

(181)   FROM  COOPERS- 
TOWN  TO  ITHACA. 
To  Burlington — 
Edmeston 


Sherburne 

Otselic 

De  Ruyter 

ITHACA— 

(see No.  178)  ... 

(182)  FROM  RAILROAD 
DEPOT  TO  N.  WOOD- 
STOCK. 

To  Chittenango ., 

Cazenovia 

New  Woodstock 
(see  No.  178)  ... 

(183)  F'M  SYRACUSE  TO 

ITHACA, 

Via  Cortland  Village. 
To  Onondaga  Hol- 
low  

Cardiff 

Tally 

Homer 

Cortland 

ITHACA 


(see  No.  178)... 


(184)  F'M  SYRACUSE  TO 
SKANEATELES. 

ToGeddes 

Camillus 


Elbridge 

Skaneateles  June. 
SKANEATELES  ... 


(185)  FR'M  AUBURN  TO 
ITHACA. 

To  Fleming 

The  Square 

Scipioville 

Poplar  Ridge.... 

Ledyard 

King's  Ferry  .... 

Lansingville 

Ludlowville 

ITHACA 


(186)  FR'M  AUBURN  TO 


OSWEGO. 

To  Sennet 

Weedsport 

Cato 

Ira 


Hannibal f 

Kinney's  Corners. 


(187)  FROM  GENEVA  TO 

ITHACA. 
To  W.  Fayette... 


Ovid 

Farmersville 

Trumansburg 

ITHACA  


(188)  FROM  GENEVA  TO 
ELMIRA  &  CORNING. 

Steamboats  on  Seneca 

Lake. 

To  Salubria*....! 
Stage. 


Havanna. 
Millport... 
Fairport. . . 
ELMIRA... 

*  To  Salubria.... 1 

W.  Catlin |  . 

Hornby j  5 

CORNING 


(189)  FROM  GENEVA  TO 
BATH. 

To  Benton 

Penn  Yan 

Barrington 

Wayne 

Urbanna  

Cold  Spring  Mills 
BATH 


(190)  FROM  GENEVA  TO 
CONHOCTON. 


ToGorham 

Rushville 

[Middlesex 


I  10 
15 
20 


Naples  ... 

N.  Conhocton 

CONHOCTON 51  40 

(191)  FROM  GENEVA  TO 

OSWEGO. 
To  Junius 
Marengo  . 

Clyde 

Rose 

Wolcott... 

DSWEGO 


(see  No.  173)... 


.8 

19 
24 
31 


25  56 


192)  F'M  CANANDAIGUA 

TO  ERIE,  Pa. 
Via  Geneseo,Franklin- 


ville,  <£•  Jamestown. 

I    D  To  Bristol I    I    8 

16  Allen's  Hill 5  13 

1  22 1  W.Richmond....!  3l  16 


78 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Livonia  .. 

Lakeville 

GENESEO 

Moscow 

Perry   

Castile 

E.  Pike 

Pike 

Centreville 

Fairview   

Farmersville 

Franklinville 

ELLICOTTSVILLE 

Little  Valley 

Napoli 

Randolph 

Waterboro' 

Levant 

JAMESTOWN 

Harmony 

Panama 

Clymer 

Wattsburg,  Pa... 
ERIE 

(193)  F'M  ROCHE; 
TO  OLEAN. 

To  Henrietta 

Rush 

Avon 

S.  Avon 

Geneseo 

Mt.  Morris 

Brook's  Grove  ... 
Nunda  Valley.... 

Grove 

Allen 

Angelica 

Hobbieville 

Friendship 

Cuba 

Hinsdale 

OLEAN 


7100 
8108 
5113 
6119 
5124 
129 
,137 
6143 
10153 

n!63 
181 


ISTER 


5    12 

20 


6  _ 

6  65 
5  70 

5  75 
8  83 

7  90 

6  96 


(194)  F'M  ROCHESTER 

TO  Moscow. 
ToO'Connellsville 


Scolsville 

Wheatland 

Caledonia 


Fork. 


Greigsville 

Moscow  


(195)  F'M  ROCHESTER 
TO  NIAGARA  FALLS, 

Via  Lockport. 
To  Adam's  Basin. 

Krockport 

Holley 

Halburton 

Albion 

Knowlesville .... 


Medina 

Shelby  Basin 


Middleport |  31  46 

Reynold's  Basin.. 

LOCKPORT I  9|  58 

Lockport  and  Niagara 
Falls  RR. 

Pekin 

Junction   Lewis- 
ton  RR.* 6|  76 

NIAGARA  FALLS.   6|  82 

*  3  miles  from  Junction 
to  Lewiston. 

Rochester  to  Lew- 1 
iston I    |  79 

FROM  ROCHESTER  TO 

LOCKPORT, 
On  the  north  road.  I    I  64 

(196)  F'M  ROCHESTER 

TO  CHARLOTTE. 
To  Hanford's 

Landing 

Charlotte  ... 


3 

(197)  F'M  BATAVIA  TO 
LOCKPORT. 

ToOakfield 

Alabama 
Royaltont 
LOCKPORT  '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 


(198)  F'M  BATAVIA  TO 

BUFFALO. 
To  E.  Pembroke , 

Pembroke , 

Newstead , 

Clarence , 

VVilliamsville 

Elysville 

BUFFALO  


(199)  F'M  BUFFALO  TO 

YOUNGSTOWN, 

Via  Niagara  Falls. 

Buffalo    and  Niagara 

Falls  RR. 


Sheldon 

Johnsonburg  — 

Orangeville 

Warsaw 

Perry 

Moscow 

GENESEO 


(201)  F'M  BUFFALO  TO 

OLEAN. 
To  Hamburg . . 
Boston  . 


Springfield 

Ashford 


EHicottsville 

Great  Valley 

Chapelsburg 

Burton 

OLEAN 

(202)  F'M  BUFFALI 

ERIE,  Pa. 
To  Hamburg  (on 

the  Lake) 

E.  Evans 

Evans 

Irving 

Silver  Creek 

Sheriden 

FREDONIA 

Salem  X  Roads  . . 

Portland 

Westfield 

Ripley 

Northvilie,  Pa.  .. 
Vortheast 


l£: 


rbor  Creek  .... 
estleyville  ..... 


12 

7  19 
4  23 

8  31 

3  34 

4  38 

8 

7 


To  Black  Rock  .., 

Tonawanda 8 

NIAGARA  FALLS  .  11 
Lockport  and  Niagara 

Falls  RR. 
To  Junction  Lew- 
iston RR 

Lewiston 

Stage. 

YOUNGSTOWN  . . . 


3  31 
37 


)  F'M  BUFFALO  TO 

GENESEO. 
To  E.  Hamburg-.f    112 

WilJink 6  18 

Wales I  6124 


3  74 
78 
83 
87 

!RIE 4  91 

F'M  BUFFALO  TO 

CHICAGO, 

Via  Cleveland,  Detroit, 

and  Mackinac. 

Steamboat. 
To  Dunkirk.... 

'ortland 

"RIE,  Pa .. 


Conneaut,  Ohio 

Ashtabnla 

Grand  River... 
CLEVELAND... 
Black  River... 

Huron 

Sandusky 

DETROIT,  Mich 

Fort  Gratiot 

Point  auBarques 
Thunder  Baylsl. 

Presque  Isle 

MACKINAC 

Manitou  Island. 

MlLWAUKIE, 

Wis 

Racine 

Southport 

CHICAGO,  111.  . . 


121 
135 
165 

195 

222 
242 
252 
327 
399 
474 


103 


571042 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


79 


(204)  F'M  PLAT- 
TO  OGDENSB 
ToEllenburg... 
Chateaugay..  .. 
Malone  

rsBUR 

URG. 
2 

.  13  < 
.  12  5 

Auburn  and  Rot 
Railroad. 
Brighton  
Pittsford  
Victor  

hestei 

4  1\ 
4   & 
12  94 
910S 
3  lOfc 
310JJ 
5114 
3117 
1118 
3121 

•N 

Chittenango  
Canastota... 

41192 

ctady 

8239 
7246 
6  252 
10262 
3265 

3271 

3274 
8282 
6288 
5293 
4297 
3300 
9309 

dson 

LSI325 

MON. 

EC. 

W  45 

J8  83 
7    90 
55115 
JO  135 
5  150 
J2172 
8180 

EBBO 

o. 

99 

5   55 
5  80 
5105 
15140 
ol75 
5220 
0290 
0360 
5425 
0435 
0465 
5490 
5545 
8573 
4607 
3650 
0710 

01750 

ulsio 

Wampsville  
Oneida  Depot  
Verona  Centre  .  .  . 
Rome  
Oriskany  

Bangor  
Dickinson  

.    5   5 
.    7   6 

Canandaigua  
Chapinsvflle 

Nicholville  
Hopkinville  — 
Parishville  

.    9  7 
.    2  7 
.    7  8 

|  Short's  Mills  
CJiflnn  Springs... 
W.  Vienna  
E.  Vienna  
Oak's  Corners  
i  GENEVA 

Whitesboro'  
UTICA  

Utica  and  Schene 
Railroad. 
Schuyler  .  .  . 

Potsdam  

.    9  9 

Canton  .  .  . 

11  1n 

OGDENSBURG  18  12( 
(205)    FROM    BUFFALO 
TO  ALBANY. 
Attica  $•  Buffalo  Rail- 
road. 
To  Lancaster....!    1  1( 
Alden  |lO|  2( 

Waterloo.... 

Uerkimer.  .  .  . 

Seneca  Falls  
Cayuga  Bridge... 
AUBURN  

Auburn  and  Syr 
Railroad. 
Sennet  
Skaneateles  June. 
Elbridge  
Camillus  
Geddes  

4137 
5142 
10152 

acuse 

5157 
4161 

1162 
8170 
6176 

21178 

Rail. 
101188 

^.N. 
11  ao 

4   49 
J--j    74 
35   99 

H  12 
JO'  147 
0157 
1  H1 
9220 

1I251 
6I397 

TO 

v 

8(100 

rge. 
fi!96 

Little  Falls  
St.  Johnsville  
Palatine  Church.  . 
Fort  Plain  

Palatine  Bridge  .. 
Spraker's  

Darien  
ATTICA  

5  2c 
.  I  6|  31 

Ponda  
Tribe's  Hill 

Tonawanda  Rai 
Alexander  

Iroad. 
3  34 

Amsterdam  
Jranesville  
Hoffman's. 

Byron  

•as 

7  56 
4  60 
141  74 

ou 

TALO 
N. 

.  1  20 
*nston 

31  23 
1    24 

61  30 

ARA 
EAL. 

1     9 

7!  16 
36   52 
55  117 
7124 
10  234 
33297 
12309 
50359 
11400 
14414 
24438 

91447 

VfON 
ORK. 

1      9 

15!  24 

SYRACUSE  

Syracuse  <§-  Utica 
road. 
Manlius  1 

Schenectady  

Mohawk   and   Hi 
Railroad. 
ALBANY                |] 

Bergen  ...    . 

Churchville  
ROCHESTER  .... 

R 

(205  i.)  FROM  Bu 

TO  QUEKNSTO 

Steamboat. 
ToChippewa... 
Ckippewi  ($-  Qwe< 
Railroad. 
Niagara  Fails.. 
Drummondnlle. 
Uueenston  
(205     ii.)     NIAG 
JbALLa  TO  MONTH 
,_           Railroad. 
lo  Lewiston  
Steamboat 
Fort  George,  Ca. 
TORONTO  
Port  Hope  

TES    IN   C^ 

Steamboat. 
Isle  au  Noix  
Rouses  Pt.  N.  Y. 
Pittsburgh  5 

BuRLINGT'N.Vt-     5 

West  Port,  N.Y.JS 
Crown  Point  '  ; 
Ticonderoga*.  .. 
Whitehall;.....:    i 
SARATOGA  Sp's.    c 

Railroad. 
Trov                       1  ' 

4.DA. 

(205  iv.)    FROM 

TREAL  TO   QUEB 

Varennes  I 
William  Henry.. 
St.  Francis...;..    , 
Three  Rivers  
St.  Anne.               -j 

Richelieu  Rapids    5 
Cape  Smite  
Cope  Rouge  
QUEBEC  

Steamboat. 
NEW  YORK  114 

FROM   MONTREAL 
SARATOGA 
via  Lake  Georg 

*ToTiconderoga 
(HS  above).... 
Alexandria  

Steamboat  LakeGe( 
Caldwell  3 

(205  v.)  FROM  Qu 
TO  HALIFAX,  N. 
Steamer. 
Cape  Tourment. 
The  Pillars  i 
Mai  Bay  S 

KINGSTON  1 
Brockville  

Cornwall,  Can.. 
Coteau  du  Lac.. 

Pilgrim  Islands..    5 
TABOUSAC  g 
Bid...                    £ 

Mitis  Harbor....    4 
Cape  Chat  1 
JapeMagdelaine    7 
Jape  Rosiere  f 
Jape  Gaspe  ] 
Jape  D'Espoir       3 
say  of  Cluileurs    2 
MirirnichiBay..    5 
Richibucto  Har.    2 
bhediac  Hurbor.    3 
iay  Verte  4 

'iCTOU...                   (J 

Luchine  

SARATOGA  Sp's.    27  223 
FROM    MONTREAL  TO 
NEW  YORK, 
To    Saratoga,    Springs, 
(as  above.)....!      1220 
Railroad. 
Schenectady  ....I  22i242 
Albany  J  16|258 

Steamboat. 
Navv  YORK  ....11451403 

Stage. 
MONTREAL  
(205  in.)    FROM 

TREAL  TO  NEW  Y 

Steamboat 
To  La  Prairie...! 
Champlain  <$•  St. 
r,     rence  Railroad 
fct.  Johns  |  j 

Stage. 
Truro  4 

HALIFAX  t> 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  CENTRAL  STATES, 


THE  PRINCIPAL   CITIES,   TOWNS,   WATERING-. 
PLACES,  &c. 


NEW  JERSEY  lies  between  39°  and  41°  24'  N 
lat.,  and  between  74°  and  75°  29'  W.  Ion.     It  is  163 
miles  long  and  52brond,  containing  8,320  square  miles. 
^  Population  in  1840,373,306. 

v      The  northern  part  of  the  state  is  mountainous,  being 
*  crossed  by  a  branch  of  the  Alleghany  ridge ;  the  mid- 
dle portion  is  agreeably  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys, 
^z??         while    the   southern  part  is  level,  sandy,   and  mostly 
covered  with  pines  and  a  scanty  growth  of  shrub  oaks.  The  northern  and  mid- 


passes  through  a  bay  01  the  same  name,  ana  enters  into  the  Atlantic. 
The  principal  bays  are  Newark  and  Raritan  ;  Delaware  bay  is  on  its 
southeastern  border.  It  has  two  important  capes,  viz.,  Cape  May,  on 


wic  , 

establ 


ssau    nail,   lounaea  in  i/oo,  unu    rvuiger  B  v^onege,  in    i\ew  isruns- 
;k,  founded  in  1770,  with  which  is  connected  a  Theological  Seminary, 
__.ablished  in  1784,  by  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church.    There  are  in  the 
state  about  70  academies  and  1,250  common  schools. 
The  government  is  vested  in  a  governor,  senate,  and  general  assembly, 
'he  senators  are  elected  for  three  years,  and  the  assembly  are  elected 


by  the  senate  and  assembly  for  five  years. 


STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY.  81 

The  first  settlement  of  New  Jersey,  was  by  the  Dutch  about  1614.  On 
the  19th  of  Dec.,  1787,  in  convention,  it  adopted  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  by  a  unanimous  vote. 

TRENTON,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Delaware,  and  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  and  is  59  miles  from 
New  York.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  has  many  handsome  public 
and  private  buildings.  It  contains  a  state-house,  2  banks,  the  State  library, 
state  prison,  a  city-hall,  a  lyceum,  11  churches,  4  academies,  and  6,000  in- 
habitants. The  town  was  first  settled  in  1720,  and  is  memorable  for  the 
"  Battle  of  Trenton,"  fought  Dec.  25,  1776,  when  the  enemy  were  routed 
by  the  forces  under  Washington.  Cars  leave  twice  daily  for  N.  York,  (fare 
$2,)  for  Philadelphia,  (fare  $1.50.)  St  ages  leave  3 1  im.es  a  wcekfor  Mansfield. 

PRINCETON,  distant  50  miles  from  New  York,  is  pleasantly  situated  and 
neatly  built.  Population  2,100.  It  contains  4  churches,  a  bank,  and  the 
buildings  of  the 
College  of  New 
Jersey.  This  in- 
stitution was  first 
incorporated  in 
1746.  Nassau 
Hall,  the  princi- 
pal edifice,  is  176 
feet  long,  50  feet 

wide,  and  4  stories      _        ^:^__.^_,,._  _ 

high.  It  has  a  president  and  12  professors  or  other  instructors,  2,183 
alumni,  263  students,  and  12,000  volumes  in  its  libraries ;  it  has  also  a 
valuable  philosophical,  astronomical,  and  chemical  apparatus,  a  min- 
eralogical  cabinet,  and  a  museum  of  natural  history.  The  commence- 
ment is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  September.  The  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  located  here,  has  5  professors,  120 
students,  and  7,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Its  buildings  are  commodious. 
Cars  leave  the  Princeton  depot  twice  daily  for  Philadelphia  and  for  New 
York.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Long  Branch,  via  Freehold. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Raritan  river, 
31  miles  from  New  York.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  eight  churches, 
two  banks,  and  8,693  inhabitants.  It  is  the  seat  of  Rutger's  College, 
founded  in  1770,  which  has  a  president,  9  professors  or  other  instructors, 
483  alumni,  85  students,  and  1,200  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  fourth  Wednesday  in  July.  Connected  with  the 
college  is  a  Theological  Department,  under  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church. 
Cars  leave  twice  daily  for  New  York,  (fare  50  cts.  ,*)  and  for  Philadelphia — 
steamboats  daily  for  New  York — stages  3  times  a  week  for  Easton,  Pa. 

RAHWAY,  situated  on  both  sides  of  Rahway  river,  5  miles  from  its 
mouth,  contains  5  churches,  the  Rahway  Female  Institute,  an  academy, 
a  bank,  several  manufacturing  establishments,  and  4,500  inhabitants. 
Cars  leave  three  times  daily  for  New  York,  and  twice  for  Philadelphia. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  5  miles  from  Newark,  has  a  court-house,  a  bank,  5 
churches,  4  academies,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  several  times 
daily  for  New  York,  and  for  Somerville. 

SOMERVILLE,  on  the  north  side  of  Raritan  river,  is  mostly  built  on  one 
street,  and  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  about 
1,500  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  daily  for  New  York  via  Elizabcthport. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Easton,  Pa. 

4* 


82 


STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


NEWARK  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Passaic  river,  3  miles  from 

its  entrance  into 
Newark  bay,  and 
9  miles  from  New 
York.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  3 
banks,  25  church- 
es, two  libraries, 
two  literary  and 
scientific  associa- 
tions, 6  academies, 

and  17,290  inhabitants.  Two  large  public  grounds,  bordered  with  trees, 
add  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  place.  The  city  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  pure  water  from  a  spring  two  miles  distant.  Cars  leave  9  times  daily 
for  New  York,  (fare  25  cts. )  and  twice  for  Philadelphia,  and  also  for 
Morristown.  Jl  steamboat  plies  to  New  York. 

JERSEY  CITY,  opposite  to  the  city  of  New  York,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  and  contains  5  churches,  several  manu- 
factories, and  about  4,000  inhabitants.  The  New  Jersey  railroad  com- 
mences here,  and  in  connection  with  other  railroads  extends  to  Camden, 
opposite  Philadelphia.  The  Paterson  and  Hudson  railroad  extends  to 
Paterson.  The  Morris  canal  also  terminates  here.  In  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  Powles  Hook  (as  the  place  was  then  called)  was  occupied  as 
an  outpost  of  the  British  army.  It  was  surprised  by  Major  Lee,  on  the 
night  of  the  18th  of  August,  1779,  and  159  prisoners  taken.  Steamboats 
ply  to  New  York  every  few  minutes  daily. 

HOBOKEN  is  one  mile  north  from  Jersey  City.  The  village  has  a  church 
and  about  500  inhabitants.  The  grounds  along  the  bank  of  the  Hudson 
have  been  laid  out  in  gravelled  walks,  and  embowered  with  shrubbery  for 
the  distance  of  two  miles,  terminating  at  a  beautiful  lawn  called  the 
Elysian  Fields.  Hoboken  is  much  frequented  in  summer.  Steamboats 
ply  every  few  minutes  daily  between  it  and  the  city  of  New  York,  at  three 
different  ferries. 

PATERSON  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Passaic  river,  at  the  falls. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  14  churches,  two  banks,  a  philosophical  society 
with  a  library,  an  academy,  several  extensive  cotton  and  other  manu- 
factories, and  about  9,000  inhabitants.  The  river  has  here  a  perpen- 
dicular descent  of  70  feet,  which  was  formerly  a  very  picturesque  and  in- 
teresting cascade  ;  the  effect  however  has  been  much  diminished,  by  the 
waters  having  been  drawn  off  from  the  river  above  in  race-ways,  to 
propel  machinery.  Cars  arrive  and  depart  twice  daily  for  New  York. 
Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Mil  ford,  Pa. 

HACKENSACK,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Hackensack  river,  14  miles 
from  New  York,  contains  a  court-house,  four  churches,  2  academies,  2 
seminaries,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  New  York. 

ACQUACKANONCK,  12  miles  from  N.  Y.,  has  3  churches,  an  academy,  and 
500  inhabitants.  Blachley's  Mineral  Spring  is  H  miles  from  the  village. 
MORRISTOWN,  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  22  miles  from  Newark,  ia 
laid  out  in  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  with  a  square  in 
the  centre  of  the  village.  It  contains  a  court-house,  two  banks,  five 
churches,  an  academy,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Morristown  was  at 
two  different  periods  the  head-quarters  of  the  American  army  during  the 
Revolution.  Cars  leave  daily  for  New  York.  Stages  leave  3  times  a 
week  for  Milford,  and  also  for  Easton,  Pa.t  via  Schooley's  Mountain. 


STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


83 


Schooley's  Mountain  is  eighteen  miles  from 
Morristown.     The  Mineral  Spring,  which  is  on 
the  western  declivity  of  the  eminence,  in  a  deep 
^  defile,  contains  muriate  of  soda,  muriate  of  lime, 
|  muriate  of  magnesia,    sulphate   of   lime,   car- 
I  bonate  of  magnesia,  silex,  and  carbonated  oxyde 
?  of  iron.    The  pure  air  and  the  picturesque  sce- 
p^  nery  of  this  region   render  it  a  healthful   and 
'-•*     pleasant  place  of  summer  resort. 

SOUTH  AMBOY  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Uaritan  river,  at  its 
entrance  into  Raritan  bay.  The  village  has  an  academy  and  about  twenty- 
five  dwellings.  Here  commences  the  Camden  aixl  Amboy  railroad. 
(See  route  207.)  AMBOY,  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  contains  four 
churches,  two  academies,  several  manufacturing  establishments,  and  about 
one  thousand  five  hundred  inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  daily  to  New  York. 

FREEHOLD,  built  upon  a  plain  a  little  elevated  above  the  surrounding 
country,  has  a  court-house,  5  churches,  two  academies,  and  about  600 
inhabitants.  This  village  will  ever  be  memorable  in  American  history 
as  the  scene  of  one  of  the  most  sanguinary  battles  of  the  Revolution, 
fought  June  28,  1778.  Long  Branch  on  the  sea-shore,  18  miles  east  from 
Freehold,  is  a  popular  watering-place,  much  frequented.  Steamboats  ply 
daily  to  New  York,  and  a  line  of  stages  run  to  Philadelphia. 

BORDKNTOWN  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation.  This  village  is  situated  on  the  brow  of  a  hill,  and 
affords  a  magnificent  view  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country.  It 
contains  4  churches,  a  female  seminary,  and  about  1,800  inhabitants. 
Cars  pass  through  daily  for  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

BURLINGTON,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware,  19 
miles  from  Philadelphia,  contains  a  city-hall,  an  arsenal,  a  Jyceum,  an 
hospital,  a  bank,  7  churches,  a  public  library,  two  seminaries,  and 
3,200  inhabitants.  Cars  pass  daily  from  New  York  and  from  Philadelphia. 

MOUNT  HOLLY  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  an  eminence  of  the  same  name 
on  the  Rancocus  creek,  7  miles  from  Burlington.  It  contain  a  court-house, 
7  churches,  a  bank,  a  seminary,  several  extensive  manufactories,  and  2,000 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Burlington  and  for  Bordentown. 

Cape  Island,  near  Cape  May,  85  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  is  a  favorite  watering-place. 
There  are  here  several  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses.  In  the  summer  months  this  island  isi 
thronged  with  visitors,  for  the  purpose  of  en-| 
joying  the  luxury  of  sea-bathing.  A  steam-l 
boat  (in  summer)  plies  daily  to  Philadelphia. 

CAMDEN,  on  the  Delaware,  opposite  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  is  the 
starting  point  of  the  cars  for  New  York  on  the  Camden  and  Amboy  rail- 
road, and  is  connected  with  Philadelphia  by  several  ferries.  It  contains  a 
bank,  5  churches,  several  extensive  manufacturing  establishments,  and 
about  4,000  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  daily  for  New  York,  (fare  $3.) 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Cape  Island  via  Woodbury,  Salem,  Bridgeton,  #c. 

WOODBURY,  9  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Wood- 
bury  creek,  and  has  a  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  two  public 
libraries,  and  about  1 ,000  inhabitants. 

SALEM,  situated  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  is  34  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia. It  has  a  court-house,  8  churches,  a  bank,  two  public  libraries,  a 
lyceum,  an  academy,  and  about  2,200  inhabitants 


84 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


PENNSYLVANIA,  lies  between  39o  43'  and  42*» 

I  N.  lat,  and  between  74°  and  80°  40'  W.  Ion.  It  is  307 
miles  long  and  160  broad,  containing  46,000  square 
miles.  The  population  in  1840,  was  1,724,033. 

The  Alleghany  Mountains  cross  the  state  from  SW. 
'  to  NE.,  and  there  are  many  smaller  ranges  on  each 
side  of  the  principal  ridge  and  parallel  to  it.  The 
southeastern  and  northwestern  parts  of  the  state  are 
either  level  or  moderately  hilly.  The  soil  is  generally 
good,  and  much  of  it  is  of  a  superior  quality  ;  the  best 
land  in  the  southeast  is  on  both  sides  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. Between  the  head  waters  of  the  Alleghany 
and  Lake  Erie,  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  anthracite 
coal  region  ia  immerwe.  The  Mauch  Chunk,  Schuylkill,  and  Lyken's 
Valley  coal-field  extends  from  the  Lehigh  river,  across  the  head  waters  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  65  miles  in  length,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
about  5  miles.  The  Lackawanna  coal-field  extends  from  Carbondale, 
on  the  Lackawannack,  to  ten  miles  below  Wilkesbarre,  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna. The  Shamokin  field  has  been  less  explored. 

The  Delaware  river  washes  the  entire  eastern  border  of  the  state,  and 
is  navigable  for  ships  to  Philadelphia.  The  Lehigh,  after  a  course  of  75 
miles,  enters  it  at  Easton.  The  Schuylkill,  130  miles  long,  unites  with  it 
6  miles  below  Philadelphia.  The  Susquehanna  is  a  large  river,  which 
rises  in  New  York,  flows  south  through  this  state,  and  enters  the  Chesa- 
peake bay,  in  Maryland.  It  is  much  obstructed  by  falls  and  rapids.  The 
Juniata  rises  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  after  a  course  of  180 
miles,  enters  the  Susquehanna  11  miles  above  Harrisburg.  The  Alle- 
ghany river,  400  miles  long  from  the  north,  and  the  Monongahela,  300 
miles  long,  unite  at  Pittsburg,  and  form  the  Ohio.  The  Youghiogeny  is 
a  small  river  which  flows  into  the  Monongahela. 

The  governor  is  chosen  by  the  people  for  three  years,  but  cannot 
hold  the  office  more  than  6  years  in  9.  He  must  be  30  years  of  age,  and 
have  resided  in  the  state  for  seven  years.  The  senate  consists  of  33 
members,  elected  by  the  people  for  three  years,  one  third  being  chosen 
annually.  A  member  must  be  25  years  of  age,  and  have  resided  four 
years  in  the  state,  and  the  last  year  in  the  district  in  which  he  is  chosen. 
The  house  of  representatives  consists  of  100  members,  elected  annually 
by  the  people.  A  member  must  be  21  years  of  age,  have  resided  in  the 
state  three  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  the  last  year  in  the  dis- 
trict for  which  he  is  chosen.  All  judicial  officers  are  appointed  by  the 
governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate.  The  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  hold  their  offices  for  15  years ;  those  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  hold  theirs  for  10  years ;  and  the  associate  judges  of  the 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  85 

Court  of  Common  Pleas  hold  theirs  for  five  years.  The  secretary  of  state 
is  appointed  by  the  governor,  and  holds  office  during  his  pleasure.  The 
treasurer  is  elected  annually  by  the  joint-ballot  of  both  houses  of  the 
legislature.  Every  white  male  citizen  of  the  age  of  21  years,  who  has  re- 
sided in  the  state  for  one  year  next  preceding  an  election,  and  ten  days  in 
the  district  where  he  offers  his  vote,  and  has  paid  a  state  or  county  tax, 
enjoys  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  legislature  meets  annually  at  Harrisburg 
on  the  first  Tuesday  in  January. 

The  principal  literary  institutions  are — the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
at  Philadelphia ;  Girard  College,  do. ;  Dickenson  College,  Carlisle  ;  Jeffer- 
son College,  Cannonsburg  ;  Washington  College,  Washington  ;  Alleghany 
College,  Meadville  ;  Pennsylvania  College,  Gettysburg  ;  Lafayette  College, 
Easton  ;  Marshall  College,  Mercersburg.  Besides  these,  there  are  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  at  Philadelphia  j 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  do. ;  Medical  Department  of  Pennsylvania 
College,  do. ;  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  Gettysburg  ; 
German  Reformed,  York ;  and  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  at 
Pittsburg.  There  are  about  300  academies  and  5,000  common  schools. 

This  state  was  first  settled  by  the  Swedes  and  Finns.  William  Penn  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  it  in  1681.  The  constitution  of  the  United  States  wa» 
adopted  in  convention,  Dec.  13th,  1787,  yeas  46,  nays  23, 


HILADELPHIA,  the  metropolis  of  the 
state,  and  the  second  city  in  the  Union 
in  population  and  in  manufactures,  is  in  lat.  39°  57'  9"  N.,  and  Ion.  75° 
10'  37"  W.,  137  miles  from  Washington,  and  88  from  New  York.  Popu- 
lation in  1840,  228.691.  It  is  situated  between  the  Delaware  and  Schuyl- 
kill  rivers,  5  miles  above  their  junction,  and  extends  from  one  to  the 
other.  The  rivers  bounding  it  lie  about  two  miles  apart,  in  the  narrowest 
place.  The  city  is  120  miles  distant  from  the  ocean  by  the  course  of  the 
Delaware.  Its  principal  harbor  is  on  the  east,  or  Delaware  river  side, 
where  ships  come  up,  and  its  foreign  commerce  centres.  Philadelphia 
has  an  extensive  foreign,  and  a  still  greater  domestic  trade  ;  by  means  of 
failroads  and  canals,  it  possesses  facilities  for  communication  wrth  a  great 
extent  of  country,  and  shares  with  New  York  and  Baltimore  in  the  trade 
of  the  great  West.  There  is  an  air  of  great  neatness,  and  of  almost 
peculiar  cleanliness  about  this  city  ;  but  the  extreme  regularity  of  the 
streets  is  tiresome.  It  was  laid  out  in  1682,  by  Thomas  Holme,  the 
first  surveyor-general  of  the  province.  The  ground  selected  was  claimed 
by  three  Swedes  by  the  name  of  Swenson,  who  held  a  title  for  it,  obtained 
of  the  Dutch  governor  of  N.  Y.,  in  1664.  This  claim  was  purchased  by  Penn. 
The  public  buildings,  which  are  generally  constructed  of  white  marble, 
are  among  the  most  elegant  in  the  United  States.  The  Custom-house,  of 
white  marble,  built  on  the  model  of  the  Parthenon — the  Pennsylvania 
Bank— the  Mint  of  the  United  States — the  Exchange,  with  Corinthian 
columns,  and  comprising  a  spacious  hall  and  news-room,  the  post  office, 
&c.— the  Gitard  Bank— Girard  College — Masonic  Hall,  &c.,  are  the  public 


86 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


buildings  most  remarkable  tor  beauty;  but  the  most  interesting,  from  ita 
venerable  appearance  and  biatorical  associations,  is  the  Old  State-house, 

or  Independence  Hall,  It 
fronts  on  Chesnut-street,  hav- 
ing Independence  square  in 
its  rear.  It  was  finished  in 
1735.  The  wings,  extending 
from  it  to  Fifth  and  Sixth 
streets,  are  modern.  In  1774 
most  of  the  wood-  work  of  the 
old  steeple  was  taken  down, 
being  much  decayed,  leav- 
ing only  a  small  belfry  to 
cover  the  town  clock.  The  bell  for  the  first  steeple  was  imported 
from  England  in  1752,  but  was  broken  by  accident  when  first  put 
up.  A  new  one  was  cast  in  Philadelphia,  under  the  direction  of  Isaac 
Norris,  then  speaker  of  the  Colonial  Assembly,  who  caused  to  be  in- 
scribed on  it  this  passage  from  Leviticus  xxv.  10,  as  if  prophetic  of  ita 
future  use,  "  Proclaim  LIBERTY  throughout  this  land,  unto  all  the  in- 
habitants thereof."  Accordingly  its  joyous  tones  first  proclaimed  to 
anxious  thousands  the  declaration  of  American  independence.  The 
chamber  in  which  the  Declaration  was  signed  is  on  the  first  floor,  at  the 
eastern  end  of  the  old  building,  and  presents  the  same  appearance  that  it 
did  at  the  time  that  instrument  was  signed. 

There  are  in  the  city  150  churches,  many  of  them  fine  specimens  of 
architecture.  The  benevolent  and  charitable  institutions  are  very  numer- 
ous. One  of  the  oldest  and  most  respectable  is  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
founded  in  1751.  Its  buildings  are  on  the  space  bounded  by  Eight,  Ninth, 
Spruce,  and  Pine  streets.  Between  the  street  and  the  building  is  a  colossal 
statue,  in  bronze,  of  William  Penn.  The  Hospital  contains  a  fine  an- 
atomical museum  and  a  medical  library.  The  Insane  Jlsylum,  a  branch 
of  the  Hospital,  is  about  two  miles  west  of  the  Schuylkill.  The  United 
States  Marine  Hospital  or  Naval  Jlsylum  is  an  elegant  building  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  below  Cedar-street.  It  is  intended  for  invalid 
seamen.  The  Almshouse  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  Schuylkill  river.  The 
Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  at  the  corner  of 
Broad  and  Pine  streets.  The  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Instruction 
of  the  Blind  is  in  Race-street,  near  Schuylkill  Third-street.  Besides 
these  there  may  be  mentioned,  the  Orphan's  Asylum,  the  Asylum  for 
Indigent  Widows  and  Single  Women,  Wills'  Hospital  for  the  Lame  and 
Blind,  Preston  Retreat,  the  Magdalene  Asylum,  Colored  Orphan  Asylum, 
St.  John's  Orphan  Asylum,  Christ's  Church  Hospital,  Friends'  Alms- 
house,  Friends'  Lunatic  Asylum,  two  dispensaries,  &c. 

Among  the  literary  institutions,  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  is  one 
of  the  oldest  and  most  considerable  ;  having  been  founded  as  a  charity 
school  in  1751,  it  was  made  a  college  in  1755,  and  a  university  in  1779. 
It  has  three  departments,  the  Academical,  Collegiate,  and  Medical.  Here 
instruction  is  given  in  the  usual  branches  taught  in  other  colleges  and  uni- 
versities, and  the  usual  degrees  are  conferred.  It  has  a  president  and  1*3 
professors,  1,053  alumni,  120  students,  and  5,000  volumes  in  its  libraries, 
and  possesses  the  most  extensive  anatomical  museum  in  the  Union,  a 
cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  an  excellent  chemical  and  philosophical 
apparatus.  Its  buildings  are  in  Ninth-street,  between  Chesnut  and  Market 
streets.  The  Medical  Department  of  the  University  has  8  professors, 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  87 

446  students,  and  4,443  graduates.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first 
Monday  in  November.  The  Girard  College  for  Orphans,  endowed  by 
the  late  Stephen  Girard  with  $2,0(10,000,  was  commenced  on  the  4th  July. 
1833,  and  the  great  central  temple,  and  the  two  buildings  on  the  left  side, 
are  completed.  No  pupils  have  yet  been  admitted.  Jefferson  Medical 
College  was  founded  in  1825,  and  has  7  professors,  409  students,  and  880 
graduates.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Monday  in  November. 
Its  hall  is  in  Tenth,  between  Walnut  and  Chesnut  streets.  The  Medical 
Department  of  Pennsylvania  College  was  founded  in  1839,  and  has  6 
professors,  and  60  students.  Lectures  commence  on  the  first  Monday  in 
November.  The  buildings  are  in  Filbert-street  above  Twelfth. 

The  public  schools  of  Philadelphia  are  numerous.  At  the  head  of 
these  stands  the  High  School.  There  is  also  a  model  school,  which  has 
a  principal  and  ten  professors. 

Among  the  scientific  and  literary  institutions  is  the  American  Philosophi- 
cal Society,  founded  in  1743,  principally  through  the  exertions  of  Doctor 
Franklin.  Its  hall  is  in  south  Fifth-street  below  Chesnut-street.  It  has 
a  library  of  15,000  volumes  of  rare  books,  and  a  collection  of  minerals, 
fossils,  and  ancient  relics.  The  Franklin  Institute  was  incorporated  in 
1824,  for  the  promotion  of  Manufactures  and  the  Arts.  It  holds  an  an- 
nual fair,  and  possesses  an  extensive  library.  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  has  a  spacious  building  in  Broad-street,  a  library  of  9,000 
volumes,  and  a  cabinet  of  natural  science.  The  Pennsylvania  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  was  founded  in  1805.  There  is  also  the  Artists'  Fund  So- 
ciety. The  Philadelphia  Library,  founded  in  1731  by  the  influence  of 
Doctor  Franklin,  has  50,000  volumes.  To  this  has  been  added  the  Le- 
gonian  Library  of  11,000  volumes.  The  Mercantile  Library,  established  in 
1822,  has  a  collection  of  8,000  volumes.  The  Atheneum,  incorporated  in 
1815,  contains  the  papers  and  periodicals  of  the  day,  and  several  thousand 
volumes.  The  Apprentices'  Library,  established  in  1819,  has  14,000 
volumes. — The  United  States  Mint  was  founded  in  1790,  and  commenced 
operations  in  1793,  in  the  building  now  occupied  by  the  Apprentices' 
Library.  Coining  commenced  in  the  present  building  in  Chesnut-street  in 
1830.  This  edifice  is  of  white  marble  ;  the  south  front  is  123  feet  long,  with 
a  portico  60  feet  long,  of  six  Ionic  columns. 

There  are  in  the  city  14  banks,  20  insurance  companies,  and  several 
theatres.  The  Philadelphia  Museum,  founded  by  Mr.  Peule  in  1784,  is 
one  of  the  best  in  the  country.  There  are  several  very  extensive  markets. 
1'he  United  States  Navy  Yard,  at  the  southern  end  of  Swanson-street, 
has  an  enclosed  area  of  about  12  acres.  The  public  squares  of  the  city 
are  numerous,  elegant,  and  capacious. 

The  Fairmont  Water-works  are  situated  on  the  left  bank;  of  the  Schuyl- 
till,   two   miles  from 
the  centre  of  the  city. 
The  process  by  which 
the   city    is    supplied 
with  Witter  is  by  means 
of  a  dam  thrown  across  | 
the     Schuylkill;  ^_ 

water-power  thus  crea-  —fHEl- 
ted  acts  on  six  large  wheels,  which  keep  in  operation  six  forcing-punins. 
to  raise  the  water  from  the  pool  of  the  dam,  92  feet  to  the  six  reservoirs 
on  the  summit  of  the  hill.  These  reservoirs,  which  are  100  feet  above 
the  tide-level,  are  capable  of  containing  22  millions  of  gallons.  From  tho 


88  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

reservoirs  the  water  is  distributed  throughout  the  city  by  iron  pipes,  the 
aggregate  length  of  which  is  about  110  miles.  On  the  summit  and  slopes 
of  the  hill,  neat  gravel  walks  and  staircases  are  arranged ;  and  at  the 
base  of  the  precipice,  in  spaces  not  occupied  by  machinery,  a  garden  has 
been  laid  out,  tastefully  decorated  with  flowers,  shrubbery,  statues,  and 
fountains.  From  the  summit  a  magnificent  prospect  is  enjoyed  of  the 
city,  the  Schuylkill,  and  the  romantic  scenery  of  its  valley.  The  Laurel 
Hill  Cemetery,  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  is  4  miles  north  of  the  city. 
Nature  seems  to  have  lavished  every  variety  of  beauty  and  grandeur  on 
this  secluded  spot ;  the  grounds  are  laid  out  with  serpentine  gravelled 
walks,  and  the  whole  is  shaded  by  ancient  forest  and  ornamental  trees. 
At  the  entrance  is  a  splendid  colonnade,  and  just  within  the  gate,  in  a 
small  structure  erected  expressly  for  it,  is  an  admirable  group  of  statuary 
by  Thorn,  representing  Sir  Walter  Scott  conversing  with  Old  Mortality. 
Cars  leave  3  times  daily  for  New  York,  (fare  $3  to  4 ;)  and  a':?o  for 
Harrisburg,  (fare  $4  ;)  for  Baltimore  twice  daily,  (fare  $3 ;)  for  Potts- 
ville  daily,  (fare  $3.50  ;)  for  Washington,  $4.00  ;  for  Wheeling,  $14  ;  for 
Pittsbitrff,  $13 ;  for  Pittsburg  via  Harrisburg,  $11.  Steamboats  leave 
daily  for  Burlington  and  Bristol ;  and  also  for  Wilmington,  Del.,  New 
Castle  ;  and  for  Red  Bank,  Cape  Island,  frr,.,  N.  J.  Stages  leave  daily 
for  Easton,  Wilkesbarre,  <$-c.  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Port  Deposit, 
Jtfrf.,  and  also  for  Flemingtan,  N.  J.  (See  page  83.) 

LANCASTER  is  situated  near  the  right  bank  of  Conestoga  creek,  71  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  The  city  contains  a  court-house,  12  churches,  an 
academy,  a  female  seminary,  a  Lancasterian  school,  2  public  libraries, 
a  theatre,  a  Mechanics'  Institute,  a  reading-room,  and  8,500  inhabitants. 
Franklin  College,  once  located  here,  has  been  discontinued,  being  at  present 
a.  mere  grammar-school.  The  style  of  many  of  the  houses  is  antiquated, 
retaining  the  character  of  the  olden  time.  The  city  is  well  supplied  with 
pure  water. '  Cars  pass  daily  for  Philadelphia  and  for  Harrisburg. 

HARRISBURQ,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susque- 
hanna,  106  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Its  situation  is  commanding,  and 

-=e=  from  it  is  obtained  a  view  of 
"^  the  river  and  the  picturesque 
igi  barrier  of  the  Kittatinny 
S  Mountains,  broken  through 
u  by  the  river  at  the  north. 
J  The  State  House  occupies 
Lan  elevated  situation ;  the 
Imain  building  is  180  feet  front 
|by  80  feet  deep,  and  con 
rtains  the  hall  of  representa 
tives,  the  senate  chamber,  state  library  ot  over  4,000  volumes,  &c.  The 
other  public  edifices  are— the  court-house,  the  prison,  the  arsenal,  a 
market,  a  Masonic-hall,  an  academy,  two  banks,  and  10  churches.  There 
are  two  elegant  bridges  thrown  across  the  river,  and  the  Mount  Airy 
Water- works  supply  the  city  with  water.  Population  in  1840,  6,002  • 
1845,  8,000.  Cars  leave  3  times  daily  for  Philadelphia,  (fare  $4.)  and 
daily  for  Chambersburg.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Pittsburg,  (fare  $7  ;) 
for  Northumberland,  and  also  for  Baltimore,  via  York. 

CARLISLE,  situated  in  the  Cumberland  valley,  18  miles  from  Harrisburg, 
is  an  ancient  and  flourishing  place.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  town- 
hall,  the  buildings  of  Dickinson  College,  11  churches,  a  bank,  and  4,500 
inhabitants.  Dickinson  College,  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists, 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  89 

was  founded  in  1783.  It  has  a  president  and  7  professors,  561  alumni,  178 
students,  and  12,000  volumes  in  its  libraries,  and  a  very  complete  chemi- 
cal and  philosophical  apparatus  and  mineralogical  cabinet.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  second  Thursday  in  July.  The  United  States  Bar- 
racks, half  a  mile  from  the  village,  were  built  in  1777,  chiefly  by  the 
labor  of  the  Hessians  captured  at  Trenton.  A  school  of  cavalry  practice 
has  recently  been  established  there.  The  barracks  will  garrison  2,000 
men.  Cars  pass  through  daily  for  Harrisburg,  and  for  Chambersburg. 
Stages  leave  daily  in  summer  for  Carlisle  Springs. 

Carlisle  Sulphur  Springs  are  situated  four  miles  north  of  the  village, 
in  a  secluded  valley,  surrounded  with  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  Blue 
Mountains.  The  grounds  are  tastefully  laid  out,  and  there  are  ample 
accommodations  for  visitors. 

CHAMBERSBURG  is  at  the  confluence  of  Falling  Spring  and  Coneco- 
cheague  creeks,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  a  Masonic-hall,  8 
churches,  an  academy,  and  3,300  inhabitants.  In  the  village  and  its 
vicinity  are  several  extensive  mills  and  manufactories.  Cars  leave  daily 
for  Harrisburg.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Pittsburg,  and  3  times  a  week  for 
Baltimore. 

BEDFORD,  on  the  Pittsburg  turnpike,  is  206  miles  from  Philadelphia.  It 
is  on  a  branch  of  Juniata  river,  and  contains 
five  churches,  an  academy,  a  seminary,  an 
elegant  court-house,  and  1,100  inhabitants.— 
The  Bedford  Springs  are  situated  about  14  | 
miles  south  of  the  village,  in  a  narrow,  pic-  j 
turesque  valley.  There  are  6  springs,  viz. :  ; 
Anderson's, Fletcher's, Limestone, Sweet,  Sul-  J 
phur,  and  the  Chalybeate  springs.  These  * 
waters  possess  laxative  and  sudorific  powers, 
and  have  been  found  efficacious  in  removing 
chronic  obstructions,  dyspepsia,  diseases  of  the  liver,  cutaneous  eruptions, 
&c.  Houses  for  cold,  shower,  and  warm  baths,  have  been  erected. — 
There  is  an  artificial  lake  on  which  boats  sail  ;  and  the  other  attractions  of 
this  beautiful  and  romantic  spot  and  vicinity,  cannot  fail  to  gratify  the 
most  fastidious.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Philadelphia.  (See  route  225.) 


PITTSBURG,  317  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Allflghany  and  Monongahela  rivers,  which  by  their  union  form  the  Ohio 
river.  It  is  mostly  built  on  a  plain,  with  streets  running  parallel  to 
the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers.  There  are  several  fine  bridges 
across  the  Alleghany,  and  one  across  the  Monongahela.  The  hiUs  with 
which  Pittsburg  is  surrounded  are  filled  with  bituminous  coal,  which 
affords  great  aid  to  its  manufactories.  The  city  contains  a  new  and 
beautiful  court-house,  the  buildings  of  the  Western  University,  4  banks, 
a  museum,  a  theatre,  several  literary  societies  with  libraries,  35  churches. 


90  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

many  exten-sive  hotels,  and,  with  its  suburbs,  40,000  inhabitants.  The  city 
is  supplied  with  water  from  the  Alleghany  river.  The  water  is  raised  by 
steam-power  to  a  reservoir  of  a  capacity  to  contain  a  million  of  gallons. 
The  reservoir  is  116  feet  above  the  river,  from  which  the  water  is  dis- 
tributed over  the  city  in  iron  pipes,  having  an  aggregate  length  of  10 
miles.  The  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in  1819,  has  a 
president  and  4  professors,  and  64  students.  The  Western  Theological 
Seminary,  founded  in  1828,  and  located  at  Alleghany,  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Alleghany  river,  has  3  professors,  54  students,  and  6,000  volumes  in 
its  libraries.  The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Associate  Reformed 
Church,  founded  in  1826,  has  about  30  students,  and  possesses  a  valuable 
library.  The  Alleghany  Theological  Institute,  founded  in  1840,  has  a 
valuable  library.  The  United  States  Arsenal  is  2i  miles  east,  on  the  bunks 
of  the  Alleghany.  Most  of  the  extensive  manufactories  are  not  in  the 
city  proper,  but  scattered  around  within  a  circle  of  5  miles  radius : — the 
population  within  this  range  is  over  50,000.  Steamboats  leave  daily  for 
JVeio  Orleans  and  the  intermediate  places.  Fare  to  Wheeling,  $1.50; 
Marietta,  $2.50;  Guyandotte,  $3;  Maysville,  Ky.,  $3.50;  Cincinnati, 
$5;  Louisville,  Ky.,  $6;  Smithland,  $8;  Cairo,  mouth  of  Ohio  river, 
$9;  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  $10;  Memphis,  Tenn.,  $15:  Vicksburg,  Miss., 
$25 ;  New  Orleans,  $26.  Steamboats,  in  connection  with  stages,  leave  for 
Cumberland  ;  thence  by  railroad  to  Baltimore,  fyc.  Canal  boats  leave  for 
Harrisburg  daily.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Erie  ;  for  Cleveland,  Ohio  ; 
for  Steubenville,  Ohio  ;  for  Wheeling ;  and  for  Harrisburg, 

CANNONSBURG,  18  miles  southwest  from  Pittsburg,  has  4  churches,  and 

about  900  inhabitants.  Jef- 
ferson College,  founded  in 
*  1802,  and  located  here,  has 
|  a  president  and  6  professors, 
I  693  alumni,  164  students,  and 
f  4,500  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  is  on  the 
|  last  Thursday  in  September. 
=  It  has  a  medical  department 
I  in  Philadelphia.  There  i* 
also  at  this  place  a  Theological  Seminary  under  the  direction  of  the  As- 
sociate Church.  Stages  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Pittsburg. 

WASHINGTON,  25  miles  southwest  from  Pittsburg,  on  the  National 
road,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  high  ground,  and  contains  9  churches,  a 
court-house,  an  academy,  a  seminary,  and  2,200  inhabitants.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Washington  College,  founded  in  1806,  which  has  a  president,  5 
professors,  224  alumni,  190  students,  3,300  volumes  in  its  libraries,  a  cabinet  of 
minerals,  &c.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  Septem- 
ber. Stages  leave  daily  for  Pittsburg.  for  Wheeling,  and  for  Baltimore, 
BEAVER,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  35  miles  below  Pittsburg, 
at  the  entrance  of  Beaver  river,  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  an 
academy,  and  about  600  inhabitants.  Steamboats  pass  daily  from 
Pittsburg  to  Cincinnati,  &c-  Stages  leave  daily  for  Cleveland. 

MEADVILOE  is  prettily  situated  on  French  creek,  and  has  a  court-house, 
7  churches,  an  academy,  a  state  arsenal,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Alleghany  College,  founded  in  1815,  and  has  a  president,  4 
professors,  160  students,  and  8,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Stages  leave 
daily  for  Pittsburg  and  for  Erie. 
ERIE  is  beautifuWy  skuated  upon  a  bluff,  affording  a  prospect  of 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  91 

Presque-Isle  bay  and  the  lake  beyond.  It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on 
Lake  Erie,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  7  churches,  an  academy, 
a  seminary,  and  about  3,500  inhabitants.  Perry's  fleet  was  built  here,  the 
vessels  being  finished  in  70  days  from  the  time  the  timber  was  felled  ;  and 
here  he  returned  with  his  prizes  after  the  battle.  The  remains  of  his  flag- 
ship, the  Lawrence,  lie  in  the  harbor,  from  which  visiters  are  constantly 
cutting  pieces  as  relics.  On  the  high  banks  a  little  to  the  right  of  the 
village  are  the  ruins  of  the  old  French  fort,  Presque-Isle.  Steamboats 
leave  for  Buffalo,  for  Cleveland,  Detroit,  <$-c.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Buffalo,  JV.  Y.  ;  for  Cleveland*  Ohio ;  and  for  Pittsburg. 

YORK,  11  miles  west  of  the  Susquehanna,  on  Codorus  creek,  contains  a 
court-house,  a  bank,  an  academy,  10  churches,  several  manufactories, 
and  5,000  inhabitants :  it  has  also  a  lyceum,  possessing  a  cabinet  of  min- 
erals, &c.,  and  which  sustains  a  course  of  lectures.  Congress  retired  to  this 
place  from  Philadelphia,  at  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  Sep.,- 
1777 ;  and  held  their  session  for  nine  months  in  the  old  court-house.  Car* 
leave  daily  for  Philadelphia;  and  also  for  Baltimore.  Stages  leave  daily 
for  Harrisburg,  and  3  times  a  week  for  Chambersburg.  See  route. 

York  Sulphur  Springs  are  situated  twenty- 
one  miles  south  from  Harrisburg,  among  sce- 
nery exceedingly  picturesque  and  varied.    TheJ 
medical  properties  of  the  waters  have  been  I 
highly  extolled,  particularly  for  their  efficacy H 
in  cases  of  debilitated  constitutions. 

GETTYSBURG  is  situated  on  elevated  grounds,  1 
35  miles  from  Harrisburg.  The  Theological! 
Seminary  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  established  £ 
here  in  1826,  has  3  professors,  26  students,  " 
and  8,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  This  is  also  the  seat  of  Pennsylvania 
College,  founded  in  1832,  which  has  a  president,  7  professors,  189  students, 
and  3,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  a 
bank,  an  academy,  6  churches,  and  1,700  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times 
a  week  for  York  ;  for  Chambersburg ;  and  for  Hagerstown,  Md. 

HUNTINGDON  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Juniata  river,  and  is 
built  upon  an  elevated  bank,  sloping  gently  down  to  the  river.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  6  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,200  inhabitants.  The 
Juniata  is  here  crossed  by  a  substantial  bridge.  A  short  distance  from 
the  village,  in  Stone  Valley,  are  the  "  Warm  Springs,"  which  are  much 
resorted  to.  The  waters  are  light  on  the  stomach,  diuretic,  and  are  said  to 
contain  magnesia.  Stages  pass  daily  from  Harrisburg  and  from  Pittsburg. 

HOLMDAYSBURG  is  situated  on  the  Juniata  river,  143  miles  by  the 
course  of  the  canal  from  Harrisburg,  near  the  eastern  base  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mountains.  It  contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  a  classical 
.school,  several  extensive  manufactories,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 
Here  is  the  termination  of  the  Juniata  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal, 
•and  the  commencement  of  the  Portage  railroad  through  the  mountain 
pass,  overcoming  in  ascent  and  descent,  by  means  of  ten  inclined  planes, 
an  aggregate  of  2,572  feet.  There  is  on  the  line  a  tunnel  870  feet  long 
and  20  feet  high,  through  the  mountain  ;  and  also  several  viaducts. 
All  the  viaducts  and  culverts  have  been  built  in  the  most  substantial  man- 
ner. Stages  leave  daily  for  Harrisburg,  and  for  Pittsburg,  and  for 
Williamsport  3  times  a  week.  Canal  boats  leave  for  Harrisburg  daily. 

JOHNSTOWN  is  situated  on  a  broad  flat,  completely  encircled  by  moun- 
tains, at  the  confluence  of  Stony  creek  with  the  Little  Connemaugh.  and 


92  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

at  the  commencement  of  the  Western  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal.  It 
contains  4  churches  and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  Canal  boats  leave  for 
Pittsburg  daily. 

SUNBURY  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  58  miles  from 
Harrisburg.  Near  the  town,  above  and  below,  are  ranges  of  high  hills, 
affording  a  magnificent  prospect  of  the  valley.  The  village  has  a  court- 
house, 5  churches,  and  1,200  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Harris- 
burg,  for  Wilkesbarre,  and  for  Williamsport. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  is  a  mile  above  Sunbury,  on  the  Susquehanna,  and 
at  the  junction  of  the  north  and  west  branches.  There  are  three  beautiful 
bridges  crossing  the  rivers  here.  The  village  contains  a  town-house,  a 
bank,  5  churches,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants. 

WILUAMSPORT  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  99  miles  from  Harrieburg.  It  has  a 
court-house,  5  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Cars  leave 
daily  for  Ralston,  thence  in  stages  to  Blossburg,  and  from  thence  in  cars  to 
Corning,  JV*.  Y. ;  and  by  railroad  and  stages  to  Elmira,  JV.  Y.  Stages 
leave  t/iree  times  a  week  for  Hollidaysburg. 

NORRISTOWN  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Schuylkill  river,  16  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  The  dam  across  the  river  creates  an  immense  water- 
power.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  a  bank,  an 
academy,  a  seminary,  a  public  library,  and  3,000  inhabitants.  Manu- 
facturing is  extensively  carried  on  here.  Six  miles  above  Norristown,  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Valley  creek,  is  a  deep  rugged 
hollow.  An  ancient  forge  established  here,  gave  to  the  place  the  name  of 
VALLEY  FORGK.  Upon  the  mountain  flanks  of  this  valley,  which  over- 
look all  the  adjacent  country,  Washington  established  the  winter-quarters 
of  the  army  in  1777  and  '8.  This  was  the  most  gloomy  period  of  the 
Revolution.  The  army  reached  the  valley  about  the  18th  of  December. 
They  might  have  been  tracked  by  the  blood  of  their  feet  in  marching  to 
this  place  barefooted,  over  the  hard  frozen  ground.  The  encampment 
was  surrounded  on  the  land  side  by  intrenchments,  and  several  small  re- 
doubts were  built  at  different  points.  Some  of  the  intrenchments  may 
still  be  seen.  Cars  leave  Norristown  daily  for  Philadelphia,  and  for 
Pottsville. 

READING  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  Schuylkill  river,  56  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia. The  streets  are  regular  and  spacious.  It  has  an  elegant  court- 
house,  3  banks,  an  academy,  3  public  libraries,  (one  in  German,)  a  female 
seminary,  12  churches,  and  about  8,000  inhabitants.  The  town  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  spring  water  conducted  through  pipes.  The  scenery 
in  the  vicinity  is  wild  and  picturesque,  and  the  location  remarkably 
healthy.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Philadelphia,  and  for  Pottsville.  Stage* 
leave  daily  for  Ifarrisburg,  and  for  Easton  3  times  a  week. 

POTTSVILLE,  the  great  mart  of  the  coal  trade,  is  situated  just  above  the 
gorge  by  which  the  Schuylkill  river  passes  the  mountains,  92  miles  from 
Philadelphia.  It  is  famous  for  its  rapid  growth.  In  1824,  it  contained  but 
five  dwellings.  It  now  contains  a  town-hall,  6  churches,  a  bank, , on 
academy,  several  extensive  manufactories,  and  4,335  inhabitants.  Cars 
leave  daily  for  Philadelphia ;  stages  daily  for  Sunbury,  Danville,  and 
Ca,tawissa,  and  3  times  a  week  for  Mauch  Chunk. 

MAUCH  CHUNK  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Lehigh  river,  in  a  deep 
romantic  ravine,  122  miles  from  Philadelphia.  The  mountains  rise  ab- 
ruptly from  the  village  to  the  height  of  800  to  1,000  feet.  The  village  has 
5  churches,  several  manufactories,  and  about  h800  inhabitants.  The  ex- 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


93 


tensive  coal  mines  here,  and  the  operations  of  working  them  are  ex- 
ceedingly curious  and  interesting.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  fur  Easton; 
for  Philadelphia,  fur  Pottsville,  and  for  Berwick. 

WILKKSBARRE  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  110  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  a  bank,  a 
female  seminary,  a  classical  school,  and  1,800  inhabitants.  The  valley  of 
Wyoming  is  rich  in  historical  incident,  and  its  landscapes  combine  beauty, 
variety,  and  grandeur.  The  site  of  Fort  Wyoming  is  covered  by  the 
court-house.  Fort  Duryee  was  half  a  mile  below  the  borough,  near  the 
Shawnee  flats.  There  was  another  fort  on  the  eastern  bank,  nearly  op- 
posite the  hotel,  a  little  below  the  bridge,  the  redoubts  of  which  are  still 
visible  on  the  hill  to  the  north  of  the  village.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Northumberland ;  for  Binghamton,  N.  Y.  ;  3  times  a  week  for  Hones- 
dale  ;  for  Easton  ;  and  for  JMauch  Chunk. 

EASTON  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the   Delaware  and  Lehigh 
rivers,  50  miles 
from     Philadel- 
phia.    It  is  reg- 
ularly laid  out,  t 
the  streets  cross-  ! 
ing  each    other  \ 
at  right  angles.  \ 
There  are  here  2  1 
fine  bridges,  one  ] 

crossing  the  Del-       .^__      .  ...   ,       .. 

aware,  and  the  other  the  Lehigh  river.  La  Fayette  College  is  located 
here,  with  which  manual  labor  is  connected.  It  has  a  president,  8  pro- 
fessors and  tutors,  130  students,  and  5,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Tho 
commencement  is  on  the  2d  Wednesday  in  September.  The  village  has  2 
banks,  a  court-house,  5  churches,  an  academy,  a  classical  school,  a  public 
library  with  3,000  volumes,  and  5,000  inhabitants. 

The  three  prominent  gorges  in  the  Kittatinny  Mountains,  the  Lehigh 
and  Delaware  Water-gaps,  and  the  Wind-gap,  arrest  the  attention  of  the 
traveller.  They  arc  all  within  a  distance  of  25  miles  from  Easton,  and 
are  celebrated  for  their  picturesque  appearance,  and  the  beauty  of  the 
surrounding  landscape.  Stages  leave  daily  for  New  York  ;  for  Trenton. 
N.  J.  ;  for  Philadelphia,  and  for  Reading  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Bing- 
hamton, via  Honesdale  ;  for  Mauch  Chunk,  and  for  Wilkesbarre. 

HONESDALE,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Lackawaxen  and  Dyberry 
creeks,  is  147  miles  from  Philadelphia.  It  has  been  built  up  within  a 
few  years,  and  contains  a  court-house,  five  churches,  two  academies,  and 
1,100  inhabitants.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  terminates  here,  and 
a  railroad  Id'i  miles  long  connects  it  with  the  coal  mines.  Stages  leave 
daily  for  New  York  ;  for  Owego  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Easton ;  and  for 
Wilkesbarre. 

CARBONDALE,  situated  on  Lackawana  creek,  owes  its  existence  to  the 
Lackawnna  coal  mine,  from  which  are  quarried  800  to  900  tons  daily. 
The  village  contains  6  churches  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Stages 
leave  3  times  a  week  for  Wilkesbirre  and  for  Honesdale. 

BRISTOL,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Delaware  river,  20  miles  above 
Philadelphia,  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants. 
A  ehort  distance  below,  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  is  the  Bristol  Military 
Institute.  Steamboats  ply  daily  to  Philadelphia,  and  cars  leave  for  New 
York,  via  Trenton. 


94  STATE  OF  DELAWARE. 

WESTCHESTER,  33  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  surrounded  by  a  beauti- 
ful undulating  country,  and  the  place  and  vicinity  is  remarkable  for  its 
salubrity.  It  is  connected  with  the  Columbia  railroad,  by  a  branch  nine 
miles  long ;  and  the  village  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  6  churches, 
an  academy,  4  seminaries,  a  public  library,  an  atheneum,  a  cabinet  of 
natural  science,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  twice  daily  for 
Philadelphia. 

CHESTER,  14  miles  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dela- 
ware river,  is  the  most  ancient  town  in  the  state.  It  has  a  court-house,  3 
churches,  a  bank,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  Cars  pass  through  it  twice 
daily  from  Philadelphia  and  from  Baltimore. 


DELAWARE  lies  between  38°  2^  and  39°  47'  N. 
lat.,  and  between  74°  56'  and  75°  40*  W.  Ion.  It  is 
92  miles  long,  and  23  broad,  containing  2,120  square 
miles.  Population  in  1840,  78,085. 

The  lower  part  of  the  state  is  very  level.  The 
i  northern  part  is  moderately  hilly  and  rough.  An  ele- 
I  vated  table-land,  towards  its  western  border,  passes 
_  L  through  the  state,  dividing  the  waters  which  fall  into 
the  Chesapeake  from  those  which  fall  into  Delaware  bay ;  it  contains  a 
chain  of  swamps,  from  which  the  principal  streams  take  their  rise.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Delaware  river  the  soil  is  productive,  but  becomes  less  so 
towards  the  swamps  in  the  west.  Its  southern  part  affords  some  fine 
grazing-land.  The  rivers  are  small.  Brandywine  creek,  40  miles  long, 
uniting  with  Christiana  creek,  forms  the  harbor  of  Wilmington.  Duck 
creek,  Mispillion  creek,  and  Indian  river  flow  into  the  Delaware. 

The  present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1831.  The  governor  is  chosen 
for  four  years,  and  is  ever  after  ineligible.  The  senate  consists  of  three 
members  from  each  county,  chosen  for  four  years.  The  representatives 
are  seven  from  each  county,  chosen  once  in  two  years.  The  legislature 
meets  once  in  two  years,  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  January.  Every  male 
citizen  over  twenty-two  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  one  year  in  the 
state,  and  the  last  month  in  the  county  in  which  he  votes  and  paid  a  tax, 
has  the  right  of  suffrage ;  and  if  he  be  between  21  and  22  years,  and 
otherwise  qualified,  he  may  vote  without  payment  of  a  tax.  The'judicial 
power  is  exercised  by  4  common-law  judges  and  a  chancellor.  There 
must  be  one  associate  judge  in  each  county. 

There  is  but  one  college  in  the  state,  viz.,  Delaware  College,  at  Newark 
and  there  are  twenty  academies,  and  152  common  schools. 

Delaware  was  first  settled  by  Swedes  and  Fins,  in  1630.  In  con- 
vention  it  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  Dec.  3d,  1787,  by 
a  unanimous  vote. 


STATE  OF  DELAWARE.  95 

DOVER,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Jones 
creek,  10  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Delaware  bay.  Its  streets  cross  at 
right  angles,  and  at  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  spacious  public  square,  on 
which  the  state-house  is  erected,  and  around  which  other  public  buildings 
are  ranged.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  about  700 
inhabitants.  Here  is  a  splendid  monument,  erected  by  the  state,  to  the 
memory  of  Col.  John  Haslett,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Princeton.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  Wilmington,  and  3  times  a  week  for  Snow  Hill,  Md. 

WILMINGTON  is  situated  between  Brandywine  river  and  Christiana 
creek,  one  mile  from  their  confluence,  and  27  miles  southwest  from  Phila- 
delphia. It  is  the  largest  place  in  the  state,  and  its  streets  are  broad  and 
regularly  laid  out.  It  contains  a  city-hall,  two  market-houses,  3  banks, 
an  almshouse,  an  arsenal,  a  Friends'  boarding  school  for  young  ladies,  a 
public  library,  16  churches,  9  academies,  and  10,000  inhabitants.  In  the 
city  and  vicinity  are  many  extensive  manufactories  and  flouring-mills. 
The  Brandywine  Springs,  about  5  miles  from  Wilmington,  are  much 
resorted  to  in  the  summer  season  for  health  and  pleasure.  Cars  leave 
twice  daily  for  Philadelphia,  (fare  50  cts.,)  and  for  Baltimore.  Steam- 
boats ply  daily  to  Philadelphia.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Milford,  via 
Newcastle  and  Dover. 

NEWARK,  on  Christiana  creek,12  miles  from  Wilmington  and  1  mile  from  the 
depot,  contains  the  buildings 
of  Delaware  College,  three 
churches,  an  academy,  and 
800  inhabitants.  Delaware 
College  was  founded  in  1833, 
and  endowed  by  t  he  state  with 
a  fund  of  $100,000.  It  has 
a  president,  4  professors,  a  < 
tutor,  and  50  students.  The 
commencement  is  on  the  4th 
Wednesday  in  September. 

NEWCASTLE,  5  miles  south  from  Wilmington,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Delaware  river,  was  once  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  was  the  site  of  the 
Dutch  fort,  Casimir,  and  the  village  of  Niew  Amstel.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, a  town-house,  an  arsenal,  5  churches,  an  academy,  a  public 
library  of  4,000  volumes,  and  1,200  inhabitants.  Steamboats  leave  daily 
for  Philadelphia,  and  cars,  in  connection  with  steamboats,  for  Baltimore. 

SMYRNA,  35  miles  from  Wilmington,  is  on  Duck  creek,  and  contains 
&  church,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

DELAWARE  CITY  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware  bay,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal.  It  contains  about  50 
dwellings.  In  front  of  it,  on  Peapatch  Island,  is  Fort  Delaware. 

MILFORD,  situated  on  Mispillion  creek,  68  miles  from  Wilmington,  con- 
tains 3  churches,  2  academies,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

GEORGETOWN,  88  miles  from  Wilmington,  situated  near  the  head  waters 
of  Indian  river,  has  a  court-house,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  about  300 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Wilmington. 


STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 


AC     ft. 

MARYLAND  lies  between  38°  and  39°  44'  N.  lat., 
and  between  75a  10'  and  79°  20'  W.  Ion.  It  is  196 
miles  long,  and  120  broad,  containing  13,959  square 
miles.  Population  in  1840,  469,232.  Eastern  Mary- 
land, or  that  part  of  the  state  east  of  the  Chesapeake 
bay,  is  mostly  level.  The  country  on  the  west  shore  to 
the  head  of  tides,  is  similar  to  the  eastern  shore ;  the 
soil  of  this  portion  is  generally  fertile,  producing  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  tobacco,  &c.  Above  the  flow  of  the 
tides,  the  surface  rises  into  hills,  and  the  western  part  attains  an  elevated 
region,  being  crossed  by  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  western  part 
contains  much  fine  land,  adapted  both  to  grain  and  grazing.  Extensive 
beds  of  coal  and  of  iron  ore  exist. 

The  Potomac  river,  which  divides  this  state  from  Virginia,  is  550  miles 
long,  and  navigable  about  300  miles  to  Washington  city.  It  is  ?i  miles 
wide  at  its  mouth.  The  great  falls  are  59  miles  above  Washington  ;  the 
perpendicular  descent  is  76  feet,  and  the  rapids  extend  for  several  miles  up 
the  river,  and  form  a  very  picturesque  view.  The  Susquehanna  is  a 
large  river,  which  enters  into  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake  bay  in  this 
state.  It  is  li  miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  but  is  navigable  only  five  miles, 
being,  above  that,  much  obstructed  by  falls  and  rapids.  The  Patapsco 
is  a  small  river,  navigable,  however,  14  miles  to  Baltimore  for  ships.  The 
Patuxent  is  110  miles  long,  and  is  navigable  for  50  miles  for  vessels  of  250 
tons.  The  other  rivers  are  Elk,  Sassafras,  Chester,  Choptank,  Nanticoke, 
and  Pocomoke.  The  Chesapeake  bay  is  270  miles  long,  and  from 
seven  to  twenty  wide ;  and,  by  its  numerous  inlets,  furnishes  many  fine 
harbors;  and  in  season,  abounds  with  the  choicest  water- fowl,  fish,  &c. 

The  constitution  of  the  state  was  formed  in  1776,  but  has  been  frequently 
amended  since  that  time.  The  state  is  divided  into  3  districts,  viz  :  the 
eastern,  the  southern,  and  the  northwestern.  The  governor  is  elected  fof 
three  years,  by  the  people  from  the  districts  alternately  :  so  that  each  dis- 
trict is  represented  in  the  gubernatorial  chair,  for  one  term,  in  each  period^ 
of  nine  years.  The  candidate  for  governor  must  have  resided  in  the  district 
which  he  represents,  for  three  years  next  preceding  the  election.  The 
senate  consists  of  21  members,  elected  for  six  years,  one-third  of  the  num- 
ber being  elected  every  two  years  ;  and  the  senators  must  have  resided  in 
the  county  for  which  they  are  chosen,  for  one  year  next  preceding  the  elec- 
tion. The  House  of  Delegates  consists  of  79  members,  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple ;  and  must  have  resided  in  the  county  for  which  they  are  chosen,  for 
one  year  next  preceding  their  election.  The  judges  are  appointed  by  the 
governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  and  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior.  Every  white  male  citizen,  21  years  of  age,  who  has 
resided  in  the  state  one  year  next  preceding  nn  c-I<  rtion,  and  for  six  months 
in  the  county  where  he  offers  his  vote,  enjoys  the  right  of  suffrage. 


STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 


97 


The  colleges,  &c.,  in  this  state  are  as  follows,  viz. :  St.  John's  College,  at 
Annapolis,  founded  in  1784  ;  St.  Mary's  College,  at  Baltimore  ;  Mount  St. 
Mary's  College,  near  Emmettsburg ;  Medical  School  University,  at  Balti- 
more, and  Washington  Medical  College,  do.  Besides  these,  there  are  130 
academies  and  about  575  primary  and  common  schools. 

The  original  charter  of  Maryland  was  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore,  in 
1632.  It  was  first  settled  by  Catholics  in  1634,  at  St.  Mary's.  In 
convention,  April  28th,  1788,  it  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States— yeas  63,  nays  12. 


BALTIMORE  the  thii 
tent,  population,  and  commerce,  in  the 
United  States,  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  Patapsco  river,  14  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  bay, 
and  200  miles  from  the  ocean  by  ship  channel,  in  39°  17'  23"  N.  lat.,  and 
76°  37'  30"  W.  Ion.  It  is  40  miles  from  Washington,  97  from  Philadel- 
phia, 185  from  New  York,  590  from  Pittsburg.  Population  in  1840. 
102,313.  The  harbor,  which  is  a  very  fine  one,  consists  of  three  parts. 
The  entrance  to  it,  between  Fort  McHenry  and  the  Lazaretto,  is  about  600 
yards  wide,  and  has  twenty-two  feet  depth  of  water.  Above  Fell's 
Point  is  the  second  harbor,  with  15  feet  water  ;  the  third  or  inner  harbor, 
has  a  depth  of  ten  to  twelve  feet,  and  penetrates  to  near  the  centre  of  the 
city.  It  is  the  most  extensive  market  for  tobacco  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
greatest  flour  market  in  the  world.  Within  20  miles  of  the  city,  there  are  70 
or  more  flouring-mills.  The  city  affords  many  commanding  sites  for  build- 
ings. The  part  compactly  built  extends  about  2  miles  in  length  from  E.  to 
W.,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  from  north  to  south.  The  streets  generally  cross 
each  other  at  right  angles.  The  north  end  of  the  town  is  the  fashionable 
quarter,  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington  Monument;  and  the  principal 
promenade  is  Baltimore-street,  which  is  two  miles  in  length,  extending 
through  the  centre  of  the  city.  The  public  buildings  are,  the  City-hall, 
on  Hollidays-street,  occupied  by  the  city  council  and  public  officers;  the 
Court-house,  corner  of  Washington  and  Monument  streets ;  the  State 
Penitentiary,  7  markets,  11  banks,  a  savings  institution,  eight  insurance 
companies,  two  theatres,  a  circus,  a  museum,  several  extensive  hotels, 
&c.,  &c.  There  are  upwards  of  100  churches,  many  of  which  are 
elegant  structures. 

The  University  of  Maryland  was  incorporated  in  1812.  It  has  a  faculty 
of  Arts  and  Science,  of  Physic,  of  Theology,  and  of  Law.  The  first  1ms 
7  professors — that  of  physic  has  7,  of  theology  3,  and  that  of  law  4.  It 
is  well  supplied  with  materials  for  anatomical  studies,  and  has  a  good 
chemical  laboratory.  Lectures  commence  on  the  last  Monday  in  October. 
Washington  Medical  University,  which  has  7  professors,  has  an  annual 
session  of  four  months,  beginning  on  the  last  Monday  in  October.  Balti 
more  College,  which  constitutes  the  collegiate  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  is  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  regents  of  the 
University,  and  the  particular  direction  and  management  of  a  president, 
ttistusttd  by  different  professors  and  teachers.  St.  Mary's  College  and 


98 


STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 


Seminary  has  14  professors  or  other  instructors.  The  Maryland  College 
of  Pharmacy,  incorporated  January,  1841,  has  a  president,  two  vice- 
presidents,  a  secretary,  a  treasurer,  and  a  board  of  three  examiners.  The 
Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  has  a  president  and  5  professors. 
The  Mercantile  Library  Association,  founded  in  1839,  has  a  library  of 
5,000  volumes.  The  Maryland  Historical  Society  is  located  in  Baltimore. 
Maryland  Hospital,  on  Hampsted  hill,  in  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  city, 
is  under  the  management  of  a  board  of  visitors  appointed  by  the  state. 
Mount  Hope  Hospital,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  is  under  the 
management  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  ;  it  will  contain  100  patients.  The 
Baltimore  Infirmary,  connected  with  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  faculty  of  physic. 

Washington  Monument  stands  on  elevated  ground,  150  feet  above 

t  tide-water,  at  the  intersection  of  Charles   and  Monu- 

ment streets,  and  is  the  most  imposing  structure  in  the 
city.    It  is  a  Doric  column,  rising  from  a  base  50  feet 
square  and  20  feet  high.    The  shaft  is  160  feet  high  and 
*        twenty  feet  in  diameter.     A  winding  stairway  leads  to 
the  top,  where  is  a  statue  of  WASHINGTON,  by  Causici, 
thirteen  feet  high.    The  whole  is  constructed  of  white 
marble.    From  its  top  is  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  its 
^^  environs.     The    Battle   Monument,   at  the    corner  of 
Fayette  and  Calvert  streets,  was   erected   in   1815,   in 
;  memory  of  those  who  fell,  defending  the  city  when  at-' 
:  tacked  by  the  British  in  1814.     It  is  constructed  of  white 
f  marble,   is  52  feet  high,   and   surmounted  by  a  figure 
4  emblematic  of  the  city  of  Baltimore.    The  city  is  sup- 
*  plied   with  water  for  the  extinguishment  of  fires,  from 
Jones  Jt  mis  ;  me  water  being  raised  by  steam-power  into  two  reservoirs  hold- 
ing about  seven  millions  of  gallons,  and  distributed  in  iron  pipes.    The 
public  springs  or  fountains,  of  which  there  are  four,  are  tastefully  orna- 
mented,  and    furnish   a  copious  supply  of  pure   water.      Green  Mount 
Cemetery  is  situated  near  the  north  bounds  of  the  city.     It  has  mostly  a 
high  undulating  surface,  and  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  adorned  with 
shrubbery,  sculptured  tombs,  &c.       Baltimore  was  laid  out  as  a  town  in 
1729.     In  1765  it  contained  only  50  houses.    It  was  chartered  in  1797. 
Cars  leave  twice  daily  for  Philadelphia,   (fare  $3 ;)  for  Washington  3 
times  daily,  (fare  1.60  ;)  for  Cumberland  daily,  (fare  $7  ;)  for  Columbia^ 
Pa,.,  (fare  $2.63  ;)  and  for  Annapolis  daily.    Stages  leave  daily  in  sum- 
mer for  York  Sulphur  Springs,  3  times  a  week  for   Gettysburg,  Pa.t 
Emmettsburg,  be.     Fare  to  New   York,   $7 ;  to  Richmond,  Fa.,  $6.60 ; 
to  Wilmington,  N.  G,  $16.60;    to  Charleston,  $21;   to  Mobile,   $57.50; 
to  New  Orleans,  $62.50 ,—to  Wheeling,  $10;  to  Pittsburg,  $11.     Steam- 
boats leave  daily  for  Norfolk,  Va.,  via  Old  Point  Comfort,  Jlnnapolist 
&c. ;  and  also  for  Philadelphia  via  French  Town,  New  Castle,  Sec. 

ANNAPOLIS,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  Chesapeake  bay. 
at  the  entrance  of  Severn  river.  The  streets  radiate  from  three  centres, 
which  are  the  sites  of  the  three  principal  buildings,  viz.  :  the  State  House, 
St.  John's  College,  and  St.  Anne's  Church ;  besides  these,  there  are  a 
government-house,  a  Methodist  and  a  Roman  Catholic  Chapel,  a  semi- 
nary, and  a  bank.  The  city  contains  2,800  inhabitants.  The  State  House 
is  remarkable  as  the  building  in  which  the  American  Congress,  during  the 
Revolutionary  war,  held  some  of  its  sessions.  The  Senate  Chamber, 
which  witnessed  the  last  scene  of  the  great  drama  of  the  Revolution. 


.  STATE  OF  MARYLAND.  99 

Washington's  resignation  of   his  commission  to  the  Congress,  has  been 

preserved  unaltered.     St.   John's   College  was  founded  in  1784,  as  the 

Western-shore  branch  of  the 

University  of  Maryland,  now 

extinct.     In  1823  and  1832, 

the  Assembly  restored  a  large  ^== 

portion  of  the  funds  which  j  " 

had     been    withheld     since! 

1806.      It  now  has  a  Presi-jL 

dent,  five  professors,   1,240||L 

nlumni,    75     students,    and  ^^j^t^sSf^iSJ&s&^&L 

4,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  . 

The  commencement  is  on  the  22d  of  February.  The  United  States  Naval 
Academy,  at  Fort  Severn,  has  7  professors,  and  70  midshipmen  as  students. 
Cars  leave  daily  for  Washington  and  for  Baltimore. 

HAVRE  DE  GRACE  is  on  the  west  side  of  Susquehanna  river,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Chesapeake  bay,  60  miles  from  Philadelphia.  The  Susque- 
hanna canal  terminates  here,  connecting  the  Chesapeake  witfLthe  Pennsyl- 
vania cnnals.  A  steam -ferry  crosses  the  river.  The  town  nas  a  church 
and  1 ,500  inhabitants.  In  1813,  the  British  under  Admiral  Cockburn  burned 
the  place.  Cars  leave  twice  daily  for  Philadelphia  and  for  Baltimore. 

ELKTON  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  two  main  branches  of  Elk 
river,  at  the  head  of  tide-water,  45  miles  from  Philadelphia.  The  village 
is  half  a  mile  south  of  the  railroad  depot.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a 
bank,  a  Methodist  church,  and  about  150  dwellings.  Cars  leave  twice 
daily  for  Philadelphia,  and  for  Baltimore.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week 
for  Cambridge  via  Chestertown,  Easton,  &c. 

CHESTKRTOVVN,  situated  on  Chester  river,  30  miles  from  Chesapeake 
bay,  contains  two  churches,  a  branch  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  an 
academy,  and  about  1 ,000  inhabitants. 

EASTON,  on  Tread  Haven  bay,  13  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesa- 
peake bay  and  from  Elkton,  has  a  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy, 
and  1,000  inhabitants. 

CAMBRIDGE,  situated  on  Choptank  river,  twelve  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Chesapeake  bay,  has  a  court-house,  two  churches,  an  academy, 
and  800  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Elkton,  and 
twice  fur  Snow  Hill. 

SNOW  HILL,  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Pocomoke  river,  contains  a 
court-house,  an  academy,  5  churches,  and  about  800  inhabitants.  Stages 
leave  three  times  a  week  for  Wilmington,  Del.,  and  for  J^comac  and  East- 
villc,  Va. — Barren  Creek  Mineral  Spring  is  23  miles  from  Cambridge. 
The  waters  contain  oxide  of  iron,  soda,  and  magnesia  combined  with 
muriatic  acid  ;  they  are  tonic  and  diuretic,  and  have  been  found  serviceable 
in  bilious  complaints. 

WESTMINISTER  is  situated  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Patap.«co  river, 
and  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  500  inhabitants. 

EMMETTSBURG,  situated  on  the  Monacacy  river,  in  a  pretty  rural  country, 
has  four  churches,  an  academy,  and  800  inhabitants.  Two  miles  distant 
is  Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics, 
founded  in  J830;  it  has  a  president  and  11  instructors,  130  students,  and 
4,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  in  the  last  week  in 
June.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Frederick. 

FREDERICK,  the  second  place  of  importance  in  the  state,  is  situated  on 
a  branch  of  Monacacy  creek,  61  miles  from  Baltimore,  and  is  surrounded 


100 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


by  a  picturesque  and  highly  fertile  country.  Its  streets  are  wide,  and 
regularly  laid  out.  The  city  contains  an  elegant  court-house,  county 
othces,  several  banks,  a  market-house,  twelve  churches,  several  scientific 
and  literary  institutions,  and  5,200  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  daily  for 
Baltimore.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Gettysburg.  Pa. 

HAGERSTOWN,  70  miles  from  Baltimore,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Antictam  creek.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  banks,  2  academies,  a  town- 
hall,  9  churches,  and  3,800  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Frederick. 

HANCOCK,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  river,  has  2  churches, 
an  academy,  and  400  inhabitants. 

CUMBERLAND  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Potomac  river,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Wills  creek,  178  miles  from  Baltimore.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, a  market-house,  a  bank,  five  churches,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants. 
It  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Cumberland,  and  the  mountain  scenery  in  the 
vicinity  is  picturesque,  varied,  and  beautiful.  Extensive  beds  of  coal 
exist  in  the  surrounding  hills  and  mountains.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Bnlti- 
nwre,  (fare  $7.)  Stages  leave  far  Wheeling,  Va.,  (fare  $4 ;)  and  stages 
m  connection  with  steamboats  at  Brownsville,  Pa.,forPittsburgt  (fare  $3.} 


THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA  occup.es  a  space 
of  60  square  miles,  and  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
|jthe  Potomac  r.  120  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesa- 
i  peake  bay.  The  territory  was  formerly  10  miles  square, 
^and  was  ceded  by  the  states  of  Maryland  and  Vir- 
1  ginia,  for  the  purpose  of  becoming  the  seat  of  the 
i.  government  of  the  Republic.  The  portion  west  of  the 
]  Potomac  was  retroceded  to  Virginia  in  1846.  The 
District,  which  is  under  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of 
Congress,  contains  the  cities  of  Washington  and  Georgetown.  Pop.  35,000. 
WASHINGTON,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Anacostia,  in  N.  lat. 
38U  52'  45",  and  W.  Ion.  76°  55'  30"  from  Greenwich.  It  is  205  miles 
from  the  ocean  by  the  course  of  the  river,  38  from  Baltimore,  and  225 
from  New  York.  It  contained,  in  1840,  23,364  inhabitants.  The  city  is 
encompassed  by  a  fine  range  of  hills,  and  covered  in  part  with  trees  and 
/hrubbery,  presenting  verdant  and  cultivated  slopes.  The  ground  on 
which  it  is  built  has  a  general  elevation  of  about  forty  feet  above  the 
river.  In  planning  the  city,  the  most  advantageous  ground  was  ap- 
propriated for  the  different  edifices,  and  for  several  squares,  commanding 
extensive  prospects,  and  susceptible  of  such  improvements  as  use  or 
ornament  might  require.  Avenues  of  direct  communication  have  been 
made,  connecting  distant  objects  with  the  principal  ones.  North  and  south 
lines,  crossed  by  others  running  east  and  west,  divide  the  city  into  street* 
mid  squares.  The  avenues  are  named  after  the  respective  states,  and  the 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  101 

Capitol  is  the  point  from  which  the  streets  are  named,— those  north  being 
called  A  North,  &c.,  and  those  south,  A  South,  &c. ;  those  east  and  west, 
1st  East,  &c.,  and  1st  West,  &c.,  respectively.  The  avenues  are  from  120 
to  160  feet  wide ;  Pennsylvania  avenue,  leading  from  the  Capitol  to  the 
President's  house,  has  a  sidewalk  twenty-six  feet  wide,  paved,  and  planted 
with  trees,  the  carriage-way  being  macadamized. 

The  Capitol  is  a  large  and  massy^building  of  the  Corinthian   order  of 
architecture,  and  is   built 
of  freestone.     It  is  situated  ~ 
in  the  centre  of  the  square,  1 
on    an    eminence   78   feet  3 
above  the  tide,  and  is  com- 1 
posed  of  a  central  edifice | 
with    two   wings,   with 
projection  on  the  west  side.  | 
It  covers  H  acres  and  1,8-20 1 
square   feet,   exclusive    off 
the  circular  enclosure  for  | 
fuel,   forming    an    elegant  \ 

area    and   glacier    on   the  I  .^,,.,^^,WI,1I1 

west  front.  The  length  of  the  Iront  is  '&&t  feet,  including  the  wings  ;  the 
depth  of  the  wings  is  121  feet.  The  projection  on  the  east  or  main  front, 
including  the  steps,  is  65  feet  wide,  and  another  on  the  west  front  83  feet 
wide.  On  the  east  front  there  is  a  splendid  portico  of  22  columns  38  feet 
high  ;  and  on  the  west  front  is  a  portico  of  ten  columns.  The  height  of 
the  building  to  the  top  of  the  dome  is  120  feet.  Under  the  dome,  in  the 
middle  of  the  building,  is  the  Rotunda,  95  feet  in  diameter,  and  of  the 
same  height,  and  adorned  with  sculpture,  in  stone  panels  in  bold  relief: 
the  subjects  of  these  are — Smith  delivered  by  the  interposition  of  Pocahon- 
tas — the  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims — the  conflict  of  Boone  with  the  Indians — 
and  Penn  treating  with  the  Indians;  and  the  four  celebrated  paintings  by 
Trumbull,  representing  the  presentation  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence to  Congress— the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  to  Gates — the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown — and  Washington  resigning  his  commission 
to  Congress  at  Annapolis  ;  also  the  baptism  of  Pocahontas,  by  Chapman  ; 
and  the  Embarkation  of  the  Pilgrims,  by  Weir.  The  east  front  has  also, 
in  two  niches,  colossal  figures  in  marble,  of  Peace  and  of  War,  and  a 
fine  marble  statue  of  COLUMBUS,  by  Persico,  has  just  been  added  to  this 
entrance.  The  colossal  statue  of  WASHINGTON,  by  Greenough,  has 
been  placed  in  the  East  Park,  in  a  neat  temple  erected  for  the  purpose. 
To  the  west  of  the  Rotunda  is  the  library  room  of  Congress,  92  by  34 
feet,  and  36  feet  in  height,  containing  30,000  volumes.  In  the  second 
story  of  the  south  wing  is  the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  a 
semicircular  form,  96  feet  long  and  60  feet  high,  with  a  dome  supported 
by  24  columns  of  native  variegated  marble,  and  with  capitals  of  Italian 
marble.  This  room  is  ornamented  by  some  fine  statuary  and  paintings. 
The  Senate  Chamber  is  in  the  second  story  of  the  north  wing,  and  is 
gemicircular,  like  that  of  the  Representatives,  but  smaller,  being  78  feet 
long  and  45  feet  high.  Below  the  Senate  Chamber,  and  nearly  of  the 
same  form  and  dimensions,  though  much  less  elegant,  is  the  room  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States ;  and  there  are  in  the  building  70 
rooms  for  the  accommodation  of  committees  and  officers  of  Congress. 
Around  the  Capitol  are  22  acres  of  park,  highly  ornamented  with  trees  of 
many  varieties,  shrubbery,  fountains,  &c. 


102  .DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

The  President's  House  is  an  elegant  edifice  of  freestone,  two  stories 

high,  at  the  intersection  of 
I  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  New 
|  York,  Connecticut,  and  Ver- 
|mont  avenues,  and  stands 
jnear  the  centre  of  a  park  of 
1 20  acres,  at  an  elevation  of 
^  44  feet  above  the  river.  The 

5  front   entrance    faces    north 

6  upon  La  Fayette  Square,  and 
fe  the  southern  front,  towards 

the  garden,  presents  a  fine  view  of  the  city,  of  the  Potomac  river,  and 
the  shores  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  The  building  is  170  feet  front  and 
86  feet  deep.  The  north  front  is  ornamented  with  a  fine  Ionic  portico  of 
four  lofty  columns,  projecting  with  three  columns.  The  outer  inter 
columniation  is  for  carriages  to  drive  into,  to  place  the  company  under 
shelter.  The  middle  space  is  the  entrance  for  visitors  who  come  on  foot ; 
the  steps  from  both  lead  to  a  broad  platform  in  front  of  the  door  of  en- 
trance. The  interior  is  elegantly  constructed  and  richly  furnished. 

On  the  east  of  the  President's  House  are  two  large  buildings  ;  there  are 
also  two  others  on  the  west,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Departments 
of  State,  of  the  Treasury,  of  War,  and  of  the  Navy.  The  General  Post- 
office,  and  the  Patent-office,  are  also  extensive  buildings.  The  new 
Treasury  building  has  a  splendid  colonnade  457  feet  in  length.  The 
General  Post-office  is  of  the  Corinthian  order.  The  Pn  tent-office,  in  ad- 
dition to  other  spacious  apartments,  has  one  room  in  the  upper  story  275 
feet  long  and  65  feet  wide,  and  when  completed  by  wings,  will  be  up- 
wards  of  400  feet  in  length.  The  portico  of  this  building  is  of  the  same 
extent  as  that  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens. 

The  Navy  Yard  is  on  the  eastern  branch,  about  three- fourths  of  a  mfle 
southeast  of  the  Capitol,  and  contains  27  acres.  It  has  houses  for  officers, 
shops,  and  warehouses,  two  large  ship-houses,  an  armory,  &c.  The  city 
contains  30  places  of  worship,  two  orphan  asylums,  three  banks,  a  city- 
hall,  an  hospital,  a  penitentiary,  a  theatre,  12  academies,  &c. 

Columbian  College  was  incorporated  in  1821.  It  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  elevated  ground  north  of  the  President's  house.  It  has  a  medical 
department  attached.  In  the  several  departments  are  a  president.  10 
professors,  and  104  students.  It  has  4,200  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The 
commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  October. — The  National 
Institution  for  the  Promotion  of  Science,  was  organized  in  1840.  It  meets 
monthly.  Its  collections  are  in  the*  grand  hall  of  the  Patent-office.  The 
United  States  Exploring  Expedition  has  added  largely  to  its  collection. 
The  Union  Literary  Society  holds  a  weekly  discussion  at  the  lecture-room 
of  the  Medical  College.  The  City  Library  contains  6,000  volumes, 

The  Congressional  Cemetery,  a  mile  east  of  the  Capitol,  is  handsomely 
laid  out,  and  contains  many  sculptured  tombs,  monuments,  &c.  It  is 
tastefully  adorned  with  trees  and  shrubbery. 

The  seat  of  the  Federal  government  was  removed  to  Washington  city 
in  1800.  The  north  wing  of  the  Capitol  was  commenced  September 
16th,  1793;  the  President,  George  Washington,  laid  the  corner-stone: 
the  architect  was  Pierre  C.  L'Enfant.  Cars  leave  Washington  daily  for 
Boston,  via  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  JV*.  York.  Steamboat  for  Norfolk. 
-Stages  for  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  &c.  Steamboat,  railroad,  and  staff t 
line  forN.  O.  via  Richmond,  WUmington,  Charleston,  Mobile,  See  routes 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  103 

'  No  traveller  should  leave  Washington  without  making  a  pilgrimage  to 
Mount  Vernon.  It  is  on  the  bank  of  the  Potomac,  fifteen  miles  from  the 
city.  A  recent  traveller  thus  describes  the  spot  and  his  visit.  "  After  a 
few  miles  of  riding  through  the  forest,  with  occasional  openings  and  culti- 
vated spots,  my  friend  pointed  out  a  stone  sunk  in  the  ground  by  the  road- 
side, which,  he  suid,  marked  the  beginning  of  the  Mount  Vernon  estate. 
Still  we  rode  on  for  a  couple  of  miles,  before  the  gate  and  porter's  lodge 
came  in  sight.  After  passing  the  gate,  we  had  still  a  distance  of  half  a 
mile  before  us,  and  the  simple  carriage-path  led  us  over  a  surface  much 
diversified,  while  the  trees  were  most  grand  and  forest-like.  We  crossed 
a  brook,  passed  through  a  ravine,  and  felt  ourselves  so  completely  in  the 
midst  of  aboriginal,  untouched  nature,  that  the  sight  of  the  house  and  the 
cluster  of  surrounding  buildings,_came  like  a  surprise  upon  me.  The 
approach  to  the  , 
house  is  towards  j 
the  west  front.—  | 
The  door  fromf 
the  piazza  open- 
ed directly  into| 
a  large  room,*; 
which  we  enter- f 
ed.  It  was  no| 

mere   habit   that"    _^^_^. „. 

lifted  the  hat  from  my  head,  and~i  stepped  lightly,  as  though  upon 
hallowed  ground.  .  .  .  The  rooms  of  the  house  are  spacious,  and 
there  is  something  of  elegance  in  their  arrangement;  yet  the  whole  is 
marked  by  great  simplicity.  All  the  regard  one  could  wish,  seems  to 
have  been  shown  to  the  sacredness  of  these  public  relics,  and  all  things 
have  been  kept  very  nearly  as  Washington  left  them.  Let  every  Ameri- 
can, and  especially  every  young  American,  visit  this  place,  and  catch 
something  of  its  spirit.  It  will  make  an  impression  on  him  which 

may  endure  through  life At  a  short  distance  from  the  house,  in  a 

retired  spot,  stands  the  new  family  tomb,  a  plain  structure  of  brick,  with 
a  barred  iron  gate,  through  which  are  seen  two  sarcophagi  of  white 
marble,  side  by  side,  containing  the  remains  of  Washington  and  his 
consort.  The  old  family  tomb,  in  which  he  was  first  placed,  is  in  a  more 
picturesque  situation,  upon  a  knoll,  in  full  view  of  the  river;  but  the 
present  one  is  more  retired,  which  was  reason  enough  to  determine  the 
wishes  of  a  modest  man." 

GEORGETOWN,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  river,  is  two  miles  west  of 
Washington,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Rock  creek,  over  which  are 
two  bridges.  The  situation  is  pleasant,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the 
Potomac  river,  the  city  of  Washington,  and  of  the  adjacent  country  ;  and 
it  contains  many  elegant  buildings  and  country-seats.  It  has  four  banks, 
a  market-house,  7  churches,  6  academies,  a  college,  and  7,312  in- 
habitants. Georgetown  College,  founded  in  1791,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Roman  Catholics,  has  two  spacious  brick  edifices,  finely  situated. 
It  has  a  president  and  14  professors,  or  other  instructors,  90  alumni,  140 
students,  and  25,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is 
near  the  last  of  July.  It  was  authorized  by  Congress,  in  1815,  to  confer 
degrees.  There  is  also  a  nunnery,  called  the  Convent  of  Visitation, 
founded  in  1798,  which  contains  from  50  to  70  nuns,  attached  to  which  is 
a  large  female  academy,  which  generally  contains  100  young  ladies,  in- 
structed by  the  nuns.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal  commences  at 


104 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


this  place,  which  is  designed  to  be  extended  to  the  Ohio  river,  nnd 
which  has  heen  recently  continued  to  Alexandria.  Omnibuses  arrive  from 
and  depart  for  Washington  every  15  minutes. 

ALEXANDRIA,  seven  miles  below  Washington,  is  finely  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Potomac,  which  has  a  depth  of  water  here  sufficient  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  class.  The  city  is  considerably  elevated,  ascending 
gradually  from  the  river;  the  streets  cross  each  other  at  right  angles.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  10  churches,  two  banks,  two  insurance  com- 
panies, a  museum,  8  academies,  and  8,500  inhabitants.  The  Museum  is 
well  worth  attention.  It.  contains  more  personal  relics  of  Gen.  Washing- 
Ion  than  can  be  found  elsewhere,  and  also  a  large  and  curious  collection 
of  specimens  in  natural  history.  The  city  has  considerable  shipping,  and 
exports  wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  tobacco.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
canal  extends  to  this  place.  Steamboats  ply  hourly  to  and  from  Washington. 


VIRGINIA  lies  between  36°  33'  and  40°  43'  N. 
lat.,  and  between  75°  25'  and  83°  40'  W.  Ion.  It  is 
370  miles  long  and  200  broad  at  its  greatest  width,  con- 
taining 64,000  square  miles.  Population  in  1840, 
1,239,797. 

f  As  regards  surface  and  soil,  this  state  mny  be  di- 
/  vided  into  four  sections.  The  eastern  includes  a  tract 
of  about  100  or  120  miles  in  width,  and  is  generally 
low  and  level,  and  in  some  places  marshy ;  it  has  a 
j  light  sandy  soil,  mostly  covered  with  pines.  West  of 
•  the  line  of  the  head  of  tide-water  the  country  becomes 
"  undulating  and  hilly,  until  it  attains  one  continuous 
I  mountain  elevation,  known  as  the  Blue  Ridge,  cross- 
ing uio  enure  width  of  the  state.  The  alluvial  lands  in  this  tract  are  for 
the  most  part  very  fertile,  those  of  James  river  especially  being  un- 
usually productive.  The  third  section  includes  the  valley  between  the 
JBlue  Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  mountains.  This  tract,  though  in  parts 
broken  by  mountains,  is  generally  the  most  fertile  and  healthy  part  of  the 
state.  The  fourth  section  includes  the  country  between  the  Alleghany 
chain  and  the  Ohio ;  this  portion,  though  in  many  places  wild  and  broken, 
has  a  great  deal  of  fine  fertile  land,  with  vast  deposites  of  coal,  iron, 
salt,  &c. 

The  Potomac  river  separates  Virginia  from  Maryland.  James  river  is 
the  largest  which  belongs  to  this  state.  It  is  500  miles  in  length,  and  flows 
from  the  mountains  in  the  interior,  behind  the  Blue  Ridge,  through  which 
it  passes.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  120  miles,  and  for  boats  much  further, 
and  flows  into  Chesapeake  bay.  The  Appamattox  is  130  miles  long,  and 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA.  105 

enters  James  river  100  miles  above  Hampton  Roads,  and  is  navigable  12 
miles  to  Petersburg.  The  Rappahannock,  130  miles  long,  and  navigable 
110  miles  for  sloops,  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flows  into  the  Chesa- 
peake. York  river  enters  the  Chesapeake  30  miles  below  the  Rappahan- 
nock, and  is  navigable  40  miles  for  ships.  The  Shenandoah  enters  the 
Potomac  just  before  its  passage  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  Of  the  rivers 
west  of  the  mountains,  the  Great  Kanawha  rises  in  North  Carolina, 
passes  through  this  state,  and  enters  the  Ohio.  The  Little  Kanawha  also 
flows  into  the  Ohio.  The  Monongahela  rises  in  this  state,  though  it 
runs  chiefly  in  Pennsylvania. — The  lower  part  of  Chesapeake  bay  lies 
wholly  in  this  state,  is  15  miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
between  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor,  elected  by  the  joint  vote  of 
the  two  houses  of  the  General  Assembly.  He  is  chosen  for  three  years, 
and  is  ineligible  for  the  next  three.  There  is  a  council  of  state,  elected 
in  like  manner  for  three  years,  the  seat  of  one  being  vacated  every  year. 
The  senior  councillor  is  lieutenant-governor.  The  senators  can  never  be 
more  than  36,  and  the  delegates  than  150;  and  both  are  apportioned 
anew  among  the  counties  every  ten  years.  The  senators  are  elected  for 
four  years,  and  the  seats  of  one-fourth  of  them  are  vacated  every  year. 
The  delegates  are  chosen  annually.  All  appointments  to  any  office  of 
trust,  honor,  or  profit,  by  the  legislature,  are  made  openly,  or  viva  voce, 
and  not  by  ballot.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Appeals,  and  of 
the  superior  courts,  are  elected  by  the  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the 
General  Assembly,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  or  until 
removed  by  a  joint  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  legislature. 

The  right  of  suffrage  is  extended  to  every  resident  white  male  citizen 
21  years  of  age,  entitled  to  vote  by  the  former  constitution  ;  or  who 
owns  a  freehold  valued  at  $25,  or  a  joint  interest  in  a  freehold  to  that 
amount;  or  who  has  a  life  estate,  or  a  reversionary  title  to  land  valued  at 
$50,  having  been  so  possessed  for  six  months  ;  or  who  shall  own,  or  be  in 
occupation  of  a  leasehold  estate  having  been  recorded  two  months,  for  a 
term  not  less  than  five  years,  of  the  annual  value  or  rent  of  $200;  or  who 
for  12  months  shall  have  been  a  housekeeper  and  head  of  a  family,  and 
paid  the  taxes  assessed  by  the  commonwealth. 

The  literary  institutions  in  this  state  are — William  and  Mary  College,  at 
Williamsburg ;  Hampden  Sidney  College,  in  Prince  Edward  county, 
with  a  medical  department  in  Richmond  ;  Washington  College,  at  Lex- 
ington; Randolph  Macon  College,  at  Boydton ;  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, at  Charlottesville ;  St.  Vincent's  College,  at  Richmond  ;  and  Rich- 
mond College,  do.  There  are  theological  schools  at  Richmond  and  in 
Fairfax  county.  There  are  about  400  academies  and  2,000  common  schools. 

Virginia  is  sometimes  called  the  Ancient  Dominion,  having  been 
settled  in  April,  1607,  at  Jamestown,  on  James  river,  which  was  the 
first  white  settlement  in  the  United  States.  In  convention,  June  25th,  1788, 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States  was  adopted — yeas  89,  nays  79. 

Jamestown,  the  first  settlement  in  British  America,  was  commenced  by 
Capt.  John  Smith  and  his  companions,  May  13th,  1607.  The  site  is  a 
point  of  land  projecting  into  James  river,  seven  miles  distant  from  Wil- 
liamsburg. Of  this  interesting  spot,  little  now  remains  but  a  church- 
yard, and  the  tower  of  an  ancient  church— a  venerable  memento  of  an- 
tiquity, carrying  back  the  mind  of  the  traveller,  as  he  hurries  by  in  a 
passing  steamer,  to  scenes  long  since  vanished  "  down  time's  lengthening 
Jvay." 

5* 


106 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


RICHMOND,   the    capital  of  the   state,  is   beautifully  situated  on  the 

left  bunk  of  James  river, 
at  the  lower  falls,  and  ]50 
miles  above  it*  entrance  into 
Chesapeake  bay.  It  is  117 
miles  from  Washington,  and 
343  from  New  York.  Popu- 
lation in  1H40,  ;JO,1  53.  The 
city  is  well  situated  for  com- 
merce, being  at  the  head 
of  tide-water,  on  the  river; 
•vessers  drawing  ten  feet  of  water  come  to  Rockets,  a  mile  below  the 
centre  of  the  city,  and  those  drawing  15  feet  to  Warwick,  3  miles  below. 
There  are  locks  around  the  falls  in  James  river,  and  above  them  it  is 
navigable  for  boats  220  miles.  A  canal  extends  to  Lynchburg,  a  distance 
of  116  miles.  Manchester  is  directly  opposite  to  the  city,  and  is  con- 
nected with  it  by  two  bridges.  The  situation  of  Richmond  is  healthy  and 
highly  picturesque.  The  streets  cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  the 
houses  are  well  built.  Shockoe  and  Richmond  hills  are  opposite  to  each 
other,  Shockoe  «;reek  passing  between  them  :  the  city  is  spread  over  these 
hills  and  along  the  margin  of  the  creek.  Shockoe  Hill,  which  is  a 
favorite  place  of  residence,  is  an  elevated  plain  ;  and  near  its  brow  is 
Capitol  Square,  a  beautiful  public  ground.  In  the  centre  of  this  ground 
stands  the  Capitol,  in  a  conspicuous  and  commanding  situation,  having  a 
portico  in  front,  with  an  entablature  supported  by  lofty  Ionic  columns. 
Within  the  building,  in  an  open  hall,  stands  a  marble  statue  of  Washing" 
ton,  by  Hodoun.  The  City-hall,  fronting  the  Capitol  Square,  is  an  ele- 
gant building  of  the  Grecian  order  of  architecture.  There  are  in  the  city 
23  churches,  3  banks,  two  insurance  companies,  an  armory,  a  theatre, 
a  female  asylum,  a  penitentiary,  13  academies,  and  a  free  Lancasteriati 
school.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  which  is  elevated  by  hydraulic 
power  into  three  reservoirs  containing  a  million  of  gallons  each,  from 
•which  it  is  distributed  in  pipes  throughout  the  city.  —  The  Medical  de- 
partment of  Hampden  Sidney  College  has  a  fine  building  of  the  Egyptian 
order  of  architecture  ;  it  has  a  dean  and  five  members  of  the  faculty.  St. 
Vincent's  College,  under  the  control  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  is  about 
one  mile  east  of  the  city.  It  has  a  president  and  about  50  students. 
Richmond  College,  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists,  is  one  mile 
west  of  the  city.  It  has  a  president,  5  professors,  and  100  students. 

Richmond  was  founded  in  1742,  and  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state 
in  1780.  —  Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Hampton  Roads,  Norfolk,  Arc.  Cars 
arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Washington,  (fare  $5  ;)  for  Wilming- 
ton, JV.  C.,  (fare  $10.50;)  'for  Gordonsville,  (fare  $3.25;)  ami  for 
Raleigh,  JV.  C.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  f<n-  Stauntvn,  for  IV  kite 
Sulphur  Springs  via  JLynchburff  ;  for  Milton,  JV.  C.  ;  and  for  Old  Point 
Comfort  ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Rapjiahannock. 

NORFOLK  is  on  the  right  bank  of  Elizabeth  river,  eight  miles  above  its 
entrance  into  Hampton  Roads,  and  106  miles  from  Richmond.  The  situa- 
tion is  low,  and  the  streets  are  crooked  and  irregular.  It  contains  a 
custom-house,  a  court-house,  a  market-house,  a  theatre,  four  banks,  eight 
churches,  an  academy,  a  Lancasterian  school,  an  orphan  asylum,  an 
atheneum,  and  12,000  inhabitants.  PORTSMOUTH  is  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  river,  and  immediately  opposite  to  Norfolk.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, six  churches,  a  bank,  and  about  7.000  inhabitants.  The  United 


.STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


107 


States  Navy  Yard  is  situated  in  the  part  of  the  town  known  as  Gosport, 
where  has  been  constructed  a  large  and  costly  drydock,  and  extensive 
buildings,  workshops,  &c.,  used  in  the  construction  of  naval  architecture. 
The  Virginia  Literary,  Scientific,  and  Military  Academy,  established  ill 
1840,  has  40  pupils.  The  United  States  Naval  Hospital  is  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  Navy  Yard.  The  harbor  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth,  the 
entrance  to  which  is  through  Hampton  Roads,  is  one  of  the  best  on  tho 
Atlantic  coast.  Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Richmond,  for  Washington, 
and  fur  Baltimore.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Wilmington,  JV.  C.,  via 
Gareys.  Stages  leave  for  Petersburg  ;  and  for  Eden  ton,,  JV.  C. 

HAMPTON,  on  the  left  bank  of  James  river,  contains  a  court-house,  four 
churches,  and  about  1,200  inhabitants.  Hampton  Roads  is  a  safe  and 
capacious  harbor,  sufficiently  deep  for  the  largest  ships  of  war,  and  is 
amply  defended  by  forts  Monroe  and  Calhoun.  The  channel  leading  in 
from  the  Capes  of  Virginia  to  Hampton  Roads,  is  reduced  at  Old  Point 


Ckrmfort  to  a  very  narrow  width.  The  shoal  water,  under  the  action  of 
the  sea  and  the  reaction  of  the  bar,  is  kept  in  an  unremitting  ripple  ; 
which  circumstance  has  given  to  this  place  the  name  of  the  Rip  Raps. 
Fort  Monroe  is  an  immense  fortress,  and  will  mount  335  guns,  130  of 
which  are  under  bomb-proof  covers  ;  Fort  Calhoun,  or  the  Castle  of  the 
Rip  Raps,  is  directly  opposite  to  Fort  Monroe,  at  a  distance  of  1,900 
yards,  and  will  mount  265  guns,  most  of  which  will  be  under  cover.  The 
beach  at  Old  Point  Comfort  affords  excellent  bathing-ground  ;  this,  with  a 
fine  hotel,  and  other  attractions,  cause  the  place  to  be  much  resorted  to 
In  the  summer  months.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Baltimore;  for  Washington;  for  Richmond,  and  for  Norfolk. 

PETERSBURG  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Appomattox  river,  twelve 
rnileg  above  its  entrance  into  James  river,  and  22  miles  from  Richmond. 
Vessels  of  light  draught  come  up  to  its  docks.  The  falls  of  the  river  here 


use,  Masonic-hall,  two 


afford  extensive   water-power.      It 

banks,   nine  churches,    eight  ^.g 

academies,   extensive    manu- 

factories,    mills,    &c.f     and  | 

about  12,000  inhabitants.     Ii  '_ 

exports  largely  flour  and  to-  \ 

bacco.     Blinford  Church,  in  '- 

the  vicinity,  is  one  of  the  most  ] 

picturesque  ruins  in  the  coun- 

try.     Cars  arrive  from,  and  M 

depart  daily  for  Wilmington,  *     ____      __  _______ 

JV.  C.  ;  for  Raleigh  ;  and  for  Washington  via  Richmond.  Steamboats 
leave  daily  for  Norfolk.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  TVJiite.  Sulphur 
Springs  via.  Jsjinchbnrg,  and  for  Norfolk. 

WILLIAMS  BURG,  the  oldest  incorporated  town  in  the  state,  and  once 
the  capital,  is  finely  situated  on  a  level  plain,  between  York  and  James 
rivers.  It  is  58  miles  from  Richmond,  68  from  Norfolk,  and  contains  3 


108  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 

churches,  the  magazine,  the  buildings  of  William  and  Mary  Colleges,  the 
Easton  Lunatic  Asylum,  two  seminaries,  and  1,600  inhabitants.  In  the 
square,  fronting  the  College,  stands  the  statue  of  Lord  Bottetourt,  one  of 
the  colonial  governors.  It  is  much  mutilated,  though  still  presenting  a 

specimen  of  elegant  sculpture. 
William  and  Mary  College, 
excepting  Harvard  Universi- 
ty, is  the  oldest  literary  in- 
stitution  in  the  Union.  It  is 
\  distinguished  for  the  very 
I  large  portion  of  its  gradu- 
\  ates  who  have  risen  to  emi- 
^?  nence  ;  some  of  whom  have 
=r~  held  the  hig'hpst  stations  In 
the  Republic.  It  was  founded  in  1692,  i»  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary, 
who  granted  it  a  donation  of  20,000  acres  of  land.  It  has  a  president  and 
five  professors,  100  students,  and  4,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  fourth  of  July.  There  is  a  law  department  in  this 
institution.  (See  route  285.) 

YORKTOWN,  on  the  right  bank  of  York  river,  70  miles  from  Richmond, 
was  founded  in  1705,  and  was  once  a  flourishing  village  ;  it  has  now  about 
40  dwellings,  many  of  which  are  dilapidated  and  fast  going  to  decay.  It 
.  is  memorable  as  the  place  where  Lord  Cornwallis  surrendered  his  forces  to 
the  combined  armies  of  America  and  France. 

FREDERICKSBTJRG,  situated  on  the  rij;ht  bank  of  Rappahannock  river, 
56  miles  from  Washington,  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  presents  a  beautiful 
appearance  from  the  heights  by  which  it  is  surrounded.  The  falls  of  the 
river  afford  good  water-power :  vessels  of  140  tons  come  up  to  the  foot  of 
the  falls.  It  contains  a  court-house,  two  banks,  an  orphan  asylum,  five 
churches,  five  academies,  and  about  4,000  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive  from, 
and  depart  daily  for  Washington,  and  for  Richmond.  Stages  leave  3 
times  a  week  for  Stauntonvia  Chariottesville  ;  twice  a  week  for  Winchester, 
and  for  Yorktown. 

WARRENTON  is  a  beautiful  village  56  miles  from  Washington.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  three  churches,  two  academies,  and  1,400  inhabitants, 
The  Fauquier  White  Sulphur  Springs  are  six  miles  southwest  from 
Warrenton.  The  improvements  are  very  extensive,  and  the  grounds 
beautifully  adorned  with  shrubbery.  The  waters  are  in  much  repute. 
Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  3  times  a  week  (daily  in  summer)  for 
Washington,  and  for  Fredericksburg. 

CHARLOTTESVILLE  is  beautifully  situated  in  a  fertile  valley  on  the  right 
bank  of  Rivanna  river,  83  miles  from  Richmond.  It  is  handsomely  built, 
and  contains  four  churches,  an  academy,  a  female  seminary,  and  about 
2,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  which  was 
planned  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  The  buildings  are  arranged  on  three  sides  of  a 
grassy  parallelogram,  at  the  upper  end  of  which  stands  a  large  rotunda 
containing  the  library  and  lecture-rooms.  It  has  a  fine  philosophical  and 
chemical  apparatus,  a  cabinet,  an  anatomical  museum,  and  an  astronomical 
observatory.  The  buildings  include  ten  pavilions  for  the  professors,  and 

109  dormitories  and   six  hotels  for  the  accommodation  of   the  students. 
The  institution  went  into  operation  hi  1825,  and  has  nine  professors,  1,236 
alumni,  200  students,  and    16,000  volumes  in   its  libraries.    The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  fourth   of  July.     .MonticeUn,  formerly  the  scat  df 
Thomas  Jefferson,  is  three  miles  southeast  from  Charkrttesville.     Stages 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA.  109 

*n  connection  with  railroad  cars  leave  daily  for  Richmond ;  stages  daily 
for  Washington,  and  for  White  Sulphur  Springs  ;  and  3  times  a  week  for 
Fredericks  burg  and  for  Lynchburg. 

LYNCHBURG  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  James  river,  116  miles  from 
Richmond,  on  a  steep  declivity,  and  is  surrounded  by  bold  and  beautiful 
scenery.  It  contains  two  banks,  three  savings  banks,  eight  churches,  15 
classical  schools,  a  library,  30  tobacco  manufactories,  several  extensive 
flouring-mills,  and  about  7,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  great  tobacco  mart, 
and  has  an  extensive  mercantile  trade.  The  town  is  supplied  with  water 
from  the  James  river,  raised  by  hydraulic  power  into  a  reservoir  capable 
of  containing  400,000  gallons,  elevated  253  feet  above  the  river,  from 
whence  the  water  is  distributed  in  iron  pipes.  The  James  river  canal 
extends  to  Richmond,  a  distance  of  147  miles.  Stages  leave  three  times  a, 
week  for  Ouyandotte  via  White  Sulphur  Springs ;  for  Abingdon ;  for 
Salisbury,  JV*.  C.,  via  Danville;  and  for  Richmond  and  Petersburg. 

FARMVILLE,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Appomattox  river,  75 
miles  from  Richmond,  contains  three  churches,  a  bank,  ten  tobacco 
factories,  and  about  1,400  inhabitants.  Ten  miles  southwest  is  Hampden 
Sydney  College,  founded  in  1774,  and  chartered  as  a  college  in  1783.  It  has 
a  president,  five  professors,  70  students,  and  8,000  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  is  on  the  fourth  Wednesday  in  September.  In  the 
vicinity  of  the  college  is  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  founded  in 
1824.  It  has  three  professors,  20  students,  175  graduates,  and  4,000 
volumes  in  its  libraries.  Stages  leave  Farmville  3  times  a  week  for  Rich- 
mond; for  Charlottesville  ;  for  Lynchburg  ;  and  for  Petersburg. 

MARTINSBURG,  on  the  line  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  is  20 
miles  from  Harper's  Ferry.  It  contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  two 
academies,  and  about  1,700  inhabitants.  Berkeley  Springs,  twenty-five 
miles  from  Martinsburg,  are  much  frequented,  and  are  in  high  repute. 
The  waters  are  but  slightly  impregnated  with  mineral  ingredients. 

HARPER'S  FERRY  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Shenandoah  and  Potomac  rivers, 
81  miles  from  Baltimore  and  63  from  Washington.  The  scenery  here  is 
perhaps  the  most  singularly  picturesque  in  America.  To  attain  the  ele- 
vation from  which  the  view  is  taken  heading  our  description  of  the  state 
of  Virginia,  (see  page  104,)  it  is  necessary  to  climb  the  Blue  Ridge  by  a 
narrow  winding  path  immediately  above  the  bank  of  the  Potomac.  The 
junction  of  the  two  rivers  is  immediately  beneath  the  spectator's  feet ;  and 
his  delighted  eye,  resting,  first  upon  the  beautiful  village  of  Harper's 
Ferry,  wanders  over  the  wide  and  woody  plains  extending  to  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mountains.  (For  a  particular  and  masterly  description,  see  Jeffer- 
son's Notes  on  Virginia.)  The  village  contains  a  national  arsenal  and 
armory,  four  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants.  In  the 
armory  are  employed  about  250  persons,  manufacturing  9,000  stand  of 
arms  annually ;  and  in  the  arsenal  are  stored  from  80  to  90,000  stand 
of  arms.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Baltimore,  for  Cumberland,  and  for 
Winchester. 

CHARLESTOWN,  8  miles 
from  Harper's  Ferry,  con- 1 
tains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  i 
an  academy,  3  churches,  | 
and  1 ,500  inhabitants.    The  | 
Shannondale   Springs   are| 
five     miles     distant    from 
Charlestown,  from  which  stages  run  daily.     The  Springs  are  upon  the 


110  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 

Shannondale  rirer,  near  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  water?  contain  sulphate 
of  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  muriate  of  magnesia, 
muriate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  iron,  carbonate  of  iron,  sulphureted  hydrogen, 
and  carbonic  acid.  They  closely  resemble  the  celebrated  Bedford  waters 
in  composition,  operation,  and  efficacy.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  of 
these  springs  is  varied  and  picturesque.  Cars  arrive  at  Charlestown  in  7 
hours  from  Baltimore. 

WINCHESTER  is  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  113  miles  from  Baltimore  and 
146  from  Richmond.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out  and  the  houses  hand- 
somely built.  It  has  a  court-house,  lyceum,  Masonic-hall,  12  churches, 
two  banks,  a  savings  institution,  an  academy,  and  3;500  inhabitants.  The 
place  is  supplied  with  water  brought  from  a  spring  through  iron  pipes. 
Jordan's  White  Sulphur  Springs,  6  miles  north  from  Winchester,  have 
lately  come  into  notice.  The  waters  are  said  to  resemble  the  White 
Sulphur  Springs  of  Greenbrier.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Baltimore.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Washington,  for  the  White 
Sulphur  Springs,  and  also  for  Parker  sburg. 

WOODSTOCK,  62  miles  from  Harper's  Fery,  on  the  north  branch  of  the 
Shenandooh  river,  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  a  Masonic-hall,  3 
churches,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  The  Orkney  or  Yellow  Springs  are 
about  18  miles  from  Woodstock.  There  are  several  lively  springs,  the 
waters  of  which  are  strongly  chalybeate,  and  have  been  found  beneficial 
for  several  complaints.  (See  route  268.) 

STAUNTON,  207  miles  from  Baltimore,  162  from  Washington,  and  120 
from  Richmond,  is  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Shenandoah  river.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  the  Western  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  Virginia  Institu- 
tion for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  and  the  Blind,  two  academies,  two  seminaries, 
4  churches,  and  2,200  inhabitants.  The  Augusta  Springs  are  twelve 
miles  NW.  of  Staunton.  The  water  is  strongly  impregnated  with 
eulphureted  hydrogen,  and  is  said  to  equal  the  celebrated  Harrowgato 
waters,  England.  The  accommodations  for  visitors  are  ample,  and  tho 
situation  is  extremely  picturesque.  The  Cyclopean  towers,  near  these 
springs,  are  among  the  most  wonderful  curiosities  of  Virginia.  Weir's 
Cave  is  17  miles  NW.  of  Staunton,  in  a  hill  a  short  distance  west  of  tho 
Blue  Ridge.  "Its  dimensions,  by  the  most  direct  course,  are  more  than 
1,600  feet ;  and  by  more  winding  paths,  twice  that  length  ;  and  its  objects 
are  remarkable  for  their  variety,  formation,  and  beauty.  In  both  respects 
it  will,  I  think,  compare,  without  injury  to  itself,  with  the  celebrated 
Grotto  of  Antiparos."  Stages  arrive  and  depart  3  times  a  week  for  Bal- 
timore via  Harper's  Ferry;  for  Washington  via  CharlottesvUle,  and 
Fredericksburg  :  for  Richmond,  for  the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  and  for 
Knoxvifle,  via  Fincastle,  jJbingdon,  &rc.  (See  route  281.) 

THE  WARM  SPRINGS,  57  miles  from  Staunton,  are  delightfully  situated, 
in  a  narrow  and  fertile  valley,  between  two  mountain  ranges.  Besides 
the  county  buildings  and  the  elegant  hotels,  there  are  but  few  dwellings. 
The  waters  of  the  Warm  Springs  afford  the  most  luxurious  bathing  in 
the  world  ;  they  contain  neutral  salts,  and  various  gases,  which  act  as  a 
gentle  aperient,  diuretic  and  sudorific,  and  give  tone  and  vigor  to  the 
system.  The  Hot  Springs  are  five  miles  from  the  Warm,  in  the  same 
beautiful  valley  with  the  latter.  The  waters  of  the  Hot  Springs  contain 
nitrogen  and  carbonic  acid,  carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate 
of  soda,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  muriate  of  soda,  silica,  and  a  trace  of 
oxide  of  iron.  (See  route  281.) 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


Ill 


THE  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  the  most  celebrated  watering-place  of 
Virginia,  are  situated  229  miles  from  Richmond,  on  the  western  declivity  of 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  in  an  extensive  valley,  as  picturesque  as  fancy  ever 
sketched  upon  the  lap  of  nature.  The  spring  discharges  18  gallons  of 
water  per  minute,  at  a  uniform  temperature  of  60°  of  Fahrenheit.  It  con- 
tains sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  chloride 
of  calcium,  sulpho-hydrate  of  sodium,  carbonate  of  lime,  chloride  of 
sodium,  per-oxide  of  iron,  organic  matter,  iodine,  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
phosphate  of  lime,  and  precipitated  sulphur,  with  the  following  gases — 
carbonic  acid,  sulphureted  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen.  It  is  very 
efficacious  in  dyspepsia,  liver  complaints,  jaundice,  gout,  rheumatism, 
diseases  of  the  skin,  and  various  other  complaints.  The  accommodations 
for  visitors  are  elegant,  and  sufficiently  extensive  for  1,500  persons  ;  while 
the  fountain,  walks,  and  grounds  are  tastefully  arranged.  The  Blue  Sulphur 
Springs  are  twenty-two  miles  west,  in  a  valley  surrounded  on  three  sides  by 
mountains,  presenting  wild  and  picturesque  scenery.  The  buildings  are 
of  brick,  and  sufficient  to  entertain  commodiously  400  persons.  The 
water  is  similar  to  the  White  Sulphur,  and  the  supply  abundant.  The 
Sweet  Springs  are  situated  in  a  wide  and  beautiful  valley,  18  miles  from 
the  White  Sulphur  and  29  from  Fincastle.  The  waters  contain  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  muriate  of  soda,  muriate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  lime,  carbon- 
ate of  magnesia,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  silicious  earth.  About  a  mile 
north  of  the  Sweet  Springs  is  the  Red  Spring  of  Alleghany.  Tho 
waters  are  said  to  be  peculiarly  efficacious  in  rheumatic  complaints.  The 
Salt  Sulphur  Springs  are  twenty-five  miles  from  the  White  Sulphur,  and 
three  from  the  village  of  Union,  on  Indian  Valley  creek.  There  are  three 
springs — viz.,  the  Sweet,  the  Salt  Sulphur,  and  the  New  Spring.  The 
lust  contains  a  large  portion  of  iodine,  and  is  highly  beneficial  for  scrofula, 
and  those  affections  for  which  iodine  is  given.  The  two  first  are  some- 
what alike  in  their  properties.  The  Salt  Sulphur  contains  sulphate  of 
lime,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  lime,  carbon- 
ate of  magnesia,  chloride  of  sodium,  chloride  of  magnesium,  chloride 
of  calcium,  iodine,  (probably  combined  with  sodium,)  sulpho-hydrate  of  so- 
dium and  magnesium,  sulphur,  mingled  with  a  peculiar  organic  matter, 
per-oxide  of  iron  derived  from  proto-sulphate,  sulphureted  hydrogen, 
nitrogen,  oxygen,  and  carbonic  acid.  The  temperature  is  50°  Fahren- 
heit. The  Red  Sulphur  Springs  are  situated  on  Indian  creek,  40  miles 
from  the  White  Sulphur,  16  miles  from  the  Salt  Sulphur.  The  water  is 
clear  and  cool — its  temperature  being  54°  Fahrenheit — is  strongly  charged 
with  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  and  contains  portions  of  several  neutral 
salts.  Stages  leave  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  three  times  a  week  for 
Washington  via  Charlottesville ;  for  Baltimore  via  Winchester ;  for 
Richmond  via  Lynchburg ;  for  Guyandotte ;  and  for  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

LEXINGTON  is  situated  on  on  elevated  bank  on  the  west  side  of  North 


112  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 

river,  a  branch  of  James  river,  146  miles  from  Richmond,  and  32  from 
Staunton.  It  contains  a  neat  court-house,  4  churches,  the  buildings  of 
Washington  College,  and  the  Military  Institution,  a  classical  school,  the 
Ann  Smith  Female  Academy,  and  1,200  inhabitants.  Washington  Col- 
lege, endowed  in  1796  by  the  immortal  Washington,  and  founded  in  1812, 
has  a  president  and  five  professors,  or  other  instructors,  126  alumni,  136 
students,  and  2,700  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on 
the  last  Thursday  in  June.  The  Virginia  Military  Institute,  on  the  plan 
of  the  school  at  West  Point,  has  3  professors  and  60  cadets.  Fourteen 
miles  southeasterly  from  Lexington  is  the  NATURAL  BRIDGE,  a  curiosity 
of  surpassing  grandeur.  The  mean  height  of  the  bridge  from  the  stream 
to  its  upper  surface  is  215£  ft  ;  its  average  width  is  80  ft.,  its  length  93  ft. — 
thickness  of  the  arch  55  ft— span  of  the  arch  90  ft.  (See  route  299.) 

FINCASTLE,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  southeast  declivity  of  Catawba 
valley,  175  miles  from  Richmond,  contains  a  court-house,  two  academies, 
4  churches,  and  700  inhabitants.  The  Bottetourt  Springs,  twelve  miles 
from  Fincastle,  are  much  frequented,  and  the  improvements  are  sufficient 
to  accommodate  a  large  number  of  visitors.  The  waters  contain  sulphur, 
magnesia,  carbonic  acid  gas,  &c.  Daggers'1  Springs  are  18  miles  from 
Fincastle.  The  most  active  mineral  ingredients  in  the  water  are  carbona- 
ted alkalies.  There  are  good  accommodations  for  visitors,  and  the  neigh- 
borhood abounds  in  picturesque  scenery.  Stages  leave  Fincastle  3  times 
weekly  for  Lynctiburg ;  for  Winchester  ;  for  Guyandotte  via  White  Sul- 
phur Springs  ;  and  for  Union  via  Sweet  Springs. 

WYTHEVILLE,  252  miles  from  Richmond,  contains  four  churches  and 
about  700  inhabitants.  Grayson  Sulphur  Springs,  20  miles  from  Wythe- 
ville,  are  situated  on  the  bank  of  New  river,  surrounded  by  scenery  of  a 
remarkably  wild  and  picturesque  character.  The  waters  contain  carbon- 
ate of  soda,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  lime, 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  chloride  of  sodium,  chloride  of  calcium,  chloride 
of  magnesium,  sulphate  of  soda,  &c.  (See  route  303.) 

ABINGDON,  situated  between  the  forks  of  Holston  river,  8  miles  north 
of  the  Tennessee  line,  is  the  most  considerable  and  flourishing  town  in 
SW.  Virginia.  Here  are  a  court-house,  two  academies,  four  churches, 
several  manufacturing  establishments,  and  about  1,200  inhabitants. 
Emory  and  Henry  College,  founded  in  1838,  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  is  ten  miles  from  the  village  It  has  a  president,  two  professors, 
one  tutor,  125  students,  and  2,800  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  June.  The  Chilhowee  Sulphur 
Springs  are  within  18  miles  of  Abingdon.  Stages  leave  Abingdon 
3  times  a  week  for  Lynchburg,for  Winchester,  and  for  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

ESTILLVILLE,  situated  near  the  Clinch  river,  is  a  small  village  oi 
about  60  dwellings,  one  church,  and  a  court-house.  Four  miles  from  it 
are  the  Holston  Springs,  the  waters  of  which  possess  highly  medicinal 
properties,  and  are  very  similar  to  the  White  Sulphur.  The  uniform 
temperature  of  the  water  is  68£°,  which  renders  it  a  natural  medicated 
bath  of  the  most  agreeable  degree  of  heat.  The  Natural  Tunnel  is  twelve 
miles  west  from  the  village.  The  passage  through  the  mountain  is  about 
450  feet  in  length.  A  stream  of  water  passes  through  it  and  a  stage-road 
over  it.  The  entrance  on  the  upper  side  of  the  ridge  is  in  a  high  degree 
imposing  and  picturesque  ;  but  on  the  lower  side  the  grandeur  of  the 
scene  is  greatly  heightened  by  the  superior  magnitude  of  the  cliffs,  which 
rise  perpendicularly  more  than  300  feet.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for 
the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  and  for  Cumberland  Gap,  Tenn. 


STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


113 


WELLSBURO,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  87  miles  from  Pitta- 
burg,  contains  a  court-house,  5  churches,  2  academies,  a  bank,  several 
extensive  factories,  and  '2,000  inhabitants.  Bethany  is  eight  miles  east 
from  Wellsburg.  It  has  a  few  dwellings  and  the  buildings  of  Bethany 
College.  This  institution  has  a  president,  4  professors,  and  100  students. 


WHEELING  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  river,  at  the  mouth  of 
Wheeling  creek,  104  miles  below  Pittsburg  by  the  river,  and  is  surrounded 
by  bold  and  precipitous  hills,  containing  vast  quantities  of  bituminous 
coal.  It  contains  a  handsome  court-house,  two  academies,  two  banks 
and  a  savings  institution,  12  churches,  a  theatre,  the  Wheeling  Institute, 
a  Masonic-hall,  a  large  number  of  mills  and  factories,  and  8,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water,  raised  from  the  Ohio  river. 
Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati,  frc.  (See  route  620.)  Stages  in 
connection  with  railroad  cars  leave  daily  for  Baltimore,  (fare  $11,) 
Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  datfs  for  Pittsbiirg  ;  for  Cincinnati ;  for 
Maysville,  Ky,  ;  and  also  for  St  ^uis,  via  Columbus,  Ohio,  Indianapo 
Us,  la., and  Terre- Haute;  three  times  a  week  for  Jlshtabula ;  for  Cleve- 
land ;  for  Sandusky ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Marietta,  Ohio. 

ELIZABETH,  12  miles  below  Wheeling,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio 
river,  contains  a  court-house  and  a  few  dwellings.  Here,  scattered  over 
a  large  plain,  are  very  extensive  ancient  tumuli,  consisting  of  one  main 
mound  116  feet  high  and  400  yards  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  a 
ditch,  and  encompassed  by  other  similar  but  smaller  mounds. 

PARKKRSBURO  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Little  Kanawha  river,  nt 
its  junction  with  Ohio  river,  209  miles,  by  the  river,  below  Pittsburg.  It 
has"  a  court-house,  a  bank,  4  churches,  and  about  1,200  inhabitants,  and  is 
a  flourishing  village.  Two  miles  beJow,  in  the  Ohio,  is  Blannerhassefg 
Island,  a  beautifully  wooded  spot,  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  Mr. 
Blannerhasset.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Baltimore,  via  Winchester. 

POINT  PLEASANT  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  at  the 
mouth  of  Great  Kanawha  river,  296  miles  below  Pittsburg  by  the  course 
of  the  river.  It  is  on  the  site  of  one  of  the  bloodiest  battles  ever  fought 
with  the  Indians  in  Virginia,  which  took  place  Oct.  10th,  1774.  The 
village  contains  a  court-house,  two  churches,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Pittsburg  and  for  Cin- 
cinnati. Stages  three  times  a  week  for  the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Src. 

GUYANDOTTE  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  at  the  entrance  of 
Guyandotte  river,  337  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  the  most  important 
point  of  steamboat  embarkation  and  debarkation  in  Western  Virginia, 
with  the  exception  of  Wheeling,  and  is  rapidly  growing  in  importance  in 
this  respect.  It  contains  a  church  and  about  800  inhabitants.  Stages 
lea.ve  3  times  a  week  for  Richmond,  for  Washington,  and  for  Baltimore 
via  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 


114 


STATE  OF  OHIO. 


OHIO  lies  between  lat.  38°  30'  N.  and  42°  N.,  and 
between  80°  35'  and  84°  47'  W.  Ion.  It  is  210  miles 
long  from  north  to  south,  and  200  miles  broad;  con- 
taining 40,000  square  miles.  The  population  in  1840, 
was  1,519,467,  making  it  the  third  in  population  in  the 
United  Slates. 

The  land  in  the  interior  of  the  state,  and  bordering 
on  Lake  Erie,  is  generally  level,  and  in  some  places 
marshy.  From  one-quarter  to  one-third  of  the  state, 
comprehending  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts,  bordering  on  the  Ohio 
river,  is  generally  hilly  and  broken,  but  in  no  part  mountainous.  On  the 
margin  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  several  of  its  tributaries,  are  alluvial  lands 
of  great  fertility.  The  valleys  of  the  Scioto  and  the  Great  and  Little 
Miami,  are  the  most  extensive  sections  of  level,  rich,  and  fertile  lands  in 
the  state.  At  the  head  of  the  Muskingum  river  are  prairies  of  considera- 
ble extent,  some  of  which  are  wet,  though  generally  dry  and  fertile.  The 
height  of  land  which  divides  the  waters  which  fall  into  the  Ohio  from 
those  which  fall  into  Lake  Erie,  is  the  most  marshy  of  any  in  the  state; 
while  the  land  on  the  margin  of  the  rivers  is  generally  dry.  Wheat  may 
be  regarded  as  the  staple  production  of  the  state,  though  Indian  corn  and 
other  grains  are  largely  cultivated. 

The  Ohio  river,  which  gives  name  to  the  state,  washes  its  entire  southern 
border.  This  river  is  1,004  miles  long,  from  Pittsburg  to  its  mouth, 
by  its  various  windings,  though  it  is  only  614  in  a  direct  line.  Its  cur- 
rent is  gentle,  with  no  falls  excepting  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  where 
there  is  a  descent  of  22  i  feet  in  two  miles,  (which  is  obviated  by  a  canal.) 
For  about  half  the  year  it  is  navigable  for  steamboats  of  a  large  class 
through  its  whole  course.  The  Muskingum,  the  largest  river  which  flows 
entirely  in  this  state,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tuscarawas  and 
Wai  bonding  rivers,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Marietta.  It  is  navigable  for 
boats  100  miles.  The  Scioto,  the  second  river  in  magnitude,  flowing  en- 
tirely within  the  state,  is  about  200  miles  long,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at 
Portsmouth.  Its  largest  branch  is  the  Whetstone,  or  Olentangy,  which 
joins  it  immediately  above  Columbus ;  it  is  navigable  for  boats  130  miles. 
The  Great  Miami,  a  rapid  river  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  is  100 
miles  long,  and  enters  the  Ohio  in  the  SW.  corner  of  the  state.  The 
Little  Miami  has  a  course  of  70  miles,  and  enters  the  Ohio  seven  miles 
above  Cincinnati.  The  Maumee,  100  miles  long,  rises  in  Indiana,  runs 
through  the  northwest  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  Lake  Erie  at  Maumee 
bay.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Perrysburg,  18  miles  from  the  lake, 
and  above  the  rapids  is  beatable  for  a  considerable  distance.  The  San- 
dusky  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  and  after  a  course  of  about 
80  miles,  enters  Sandusky  bay,  and  thence  into  Lake  Erie.  The  Cuyahoga 


STATE  OF  OHIO.  115 

rises  in  the  north  part  of  the  state,  and,  after  a  curved  course  of  60  miles, 
enters  Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland.  It  has  a  number  of  falls  which  furnish 
valuable  mill-seats.  Besides  these,  there  are  Huron,  Vermilion,  Black, 
Grand,  and  Ashtabula  rivers,  which  fall  into  Lake  Erie. 

The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years.  The  senators  are 
chosen  biennially,  and  are  apportioned  according  to  the  number  of 
male  white  inhabitants  over  21  years  of  age.  The  number  can  never 
be  less  than  one-third,  nor  more  than  one-half  the  number  of  the  repre- 
sentatives. The  representatives  are  apportioned  among  the  counties 
according  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  over  21  years  of  age,  and  there 
can  never  be  more  than  72  nor  less  than  36.— The  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  and  other  courts  are  elected  by  the  joint-ballot  of  the  legislature, 
for  the  term  of  seven  years. — The  right  of  suffrage  is  enjoyed  by  «11  white 
male  citizens  over  21  years  of  age,  who  have  resided  in  the  state  one 
year  next  preceding  the  election,  and  who  have  paid  or  been  assessed 
with  a  state  or  county  tax. 

Literary  Institutions  : — The  University  of  Ohio,  at  Athens  ;  the  Miami 
University,  at  Oxford  ;  Franklin  College,  at  New  Athens  ;  the  Western 
Reserve  College,  at  Hudson;  Granville  College,  at  Granville;  Oberlin 
Collegiate  Institute,  at  Oberlin  ;  Cincinnati  College,  at  Cincinnati ;  Kenyon 
College,  at  Gambler ;  Marietta  College,  at  Marietta ;  Willoughly  Uni- 
versity, at  Willoughly ;  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  at  Cincinnati. 
There  are  also  theological  departments  in  Kenyon,  Western  Reserve, 
and  Granville  colleges,  and  in  the  Oberlin  Institute ;  a  Lutheran  Theologi- 
cal School  at  Columbus ;  two  medical  and  one  law  school  at  Cincinnati. 
There  are  in  the  state  75  academies  and  5,200  common  schools. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Ohio  was  made  in  1788,  at  Marietta. 
In  1802  Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 


CINCIN 


nkof 


state,  is  situated  on  the  right 

the  Ohio  river,  455  miles  below  Pittsburg,  and  1,548  above  New  Orleans. 

It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  west,  north  of  New  Orleans,  and  the  sixth 

in  population  in  the  United   States.      Population  in   1840,  46,338;    in 

1845, 

The  city  is  near  the  eastern  extremity  of  a  valley  of  about  12  miles  in 
circumference,  surrounded  by  beautiful  hills  which  rise  to  the  height  of 
300  feet  by  gentle  slopes,  which  are  mostly  covered  by  trees.  It  is  built  on  two 
table-lands,  the  one  from  40  to  60  feet  higher  than  the  other.  The  upper 
plain  of  Cincinnati  is  25  feet  below  the  level  of  Lake  Erie.  The  shore  at 
the  landing-place  is  paved  to  low-water  mark,  and  supplied  with  floating 
wharves  adapted  to  the  great  rise  and  fall  of  water  in  the  river.— The 
central  part  of  the  city  is  compactly  and  finely  built  with  spacious  ware- 
houses, stores,  and  dwellings,  generally  of  brick.  Many  of  the  streets  are 
well  paved  and  extensively  planted  with  shade -trees.  The  climate  is 
variable,  but  is  considered  healthy. 

Cincinnati  contains    many  literary  and  charitable  institutions.     The 


116  STATE  OF  OHIO. 

Cincinnati  College,  founded  in  1819,  has  fine  grounds  and  a  valuable 
building  in  the  centre  of  the  city.  It  has  a  president,  7  professors  or 
other  instructors,  and  160  students.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last 
Monday  in  June.  Woodward  College  has  a  president,  five  professors  or 
other  instructors,  20  students,  and  800  volumes  in  its  libraries.  St.  Xavier 
College,  founded  in  1840,  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics, 
has  a  president  and  other  instructors,  about  100  students,  and  from  4  to 
5,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Lane  Seminary,  a  Presbyterian  Theological 
Institution,  opened  in  1833,  and  located  at  Walnut  Hills,  two  miles  from 
the  city,  has  3  professors,  62  students,  and  10,300  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
Its  anniversary  is  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  June.  The  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio,  chartered  and  placed  under  a  board  of  trustees  in  1825,  has 
large  and  commodious  buildings,  with  lecture-rooms,  &c.  It  has  seven 
professors,  and  over  2,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Its  apparatus  in 
anatomy,  comparative  anatomy,  surgery,  chemistry,  and  materia  medica, 
is  very  complete.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber, annually.  Its  students,  who  number  130,  have  access  to  the  Com- 
mercial Hospital  to  witness  operations  and  the  treatment  of  patients  by 
the  faculty.  The  Cincinnati  Law-school  is  connected  with  the  Cincinnati 
College,  and  has  3  professors  and  25  students.  The  Mechanics'  Institute 
was  chartered  in  1828  for  the  Instruction  of  Mechanics,  by  lectures,  &c., 
in  the  Arts  and  Sciences.  It  has  a  valuable  philosophical  and  chemical 
apparatus,  a  library,  and  a  reading-room.  The  Hall  of  the  Institute  is 
situated  on  Third-street,  and  contains  an  ample  number  of  rooms,  one  of 
which  is  devoted  to  the  Western  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  An 
annual  fair  for  encouraging  Arts  and  Manufactures  is  held  in  another  of 
the  rooms,  commencing  on  the  third  Monday  in  June. — The  common  or 
free  schools  are  of  a  high  order  ;  nine  of  them  have  buildings  three  stories 
high,  with  various  apparatus,  60  teachers,  and  about  4,000  scholars.  A 
college  of  teachers  was  established  in  1821,  for  advancing  the  interests  of 
schools  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  The  Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library 
Association  has  a  library  of  1,400  volumes  and  a  reading-room.  The 
Apprentices'  Library,  founded  in  1821,  contains  2,200  volumes. 

The  charitable  institutions  of  the  city  are  highly  respectable.  There 
are  two  Roman  Catholic  asylums,  and  the  Cincinnati  Orphan  Asylum. 
The  Commercial  Hospital  and  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Ohio,  incorporated  in 
3821,  has  accommodations  for  250  persons  ;  a  part  of  the  establishment  is 
appropriated  as  a  poorhouse. 

There  are  40  churches,  a  court-house,  4  markets,  a  United  States  Land- 
office,  a  theatre,  and  a  museum.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  raised 
from  the  Ohio  river  by  steam-power.  A  large  water-power  is  obtained 
by  the  surplus  water  of  the  Miami  canal,  and  manufacturing  is  carried  on 
extensively.  By  means  of  canals,  railroads,  and  macadamized  turnpikes, 
Cincinnati  enjoys  great  facilities  for  internal  communication.  The  Miami 
;anal  extends  to,  and  unites  with  the  Wabnsh  and  Erie  canal.  The 
iVhitewater  canal  extends  to  Cambridge,  70  miles. 
Cincinnati  was  founded  in  1789,  and  chartered  as  a  city  in  1819. 
Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Pittsburg ;  for  St.  Louis ;  for  New  Orleans, 
and  the  intermediate  places.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Springfield,  connecting 
with  lines  of  stages  for  Columbus,  Zanesville,  Wheeling  ;  for  Cleveland, 
ind  for  Sandusky  city.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Dayton ;  for  Si.  Louis 
via  Indianapolis ;  3  times  a  week  for  Chillicothe,  and  for  Lancaster . 
twice  a  week  for  Nashville  via  Lexington;  and  also  for  Knozm'.le 
Tcnn.  Fare  to  New  Orleans,  from  $12  to  20.  (See  route  620.) 


STATE  OF  OHIO.  117 

COLUMBUS,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Scioto  river,  immediately  below  the  junction  of  Olentangy  or  Whetstone 
river,  142  miles  from  Cleveland,  and  127  from  Cincinnati.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  with  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  In  the  centre  of 
the  city  is  a  public  square  of  10  acres,  handsomely  enclosed.  A  bridge 
across  Scioto  river  connects  it  with  Franklinton. 

Upon  the  southwest  corner  of  the  public  square  stands  the  State  House. 
fronting  the  west,  a  brick  edifice  with  two  elevated  stories,  75  feet  long 
by  50  wide,  with  a  handsome  cupola,  the  top  of  the  spire  of  which  is  ele- 
vated 106  feet  above  the  ground,  and  from  the  balcony  of  which  a  beauti- 
ful view  is  presented  of  the  city,  the  winding  Scioto,  and  of  the  surround- 
ing country.  It  contains  a  Representatives'  Hall  on  the  lower  floor,  and 
a  Senate-chamber  immediately  above.  Near  it  stands  a  building  for  the 
public  officers  of  the  state.  The  State  Penitentiary  is  an  elegant  and  sub- 
stantial edifice,  half  a  mile  north  of  Broad-street.  The  Asylum  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb  stands  half  a  mile  east  of  the  State-house.  The  Stato 
Lunatic  Asylum  is  on  Broad-street,  east  of  the  State-house.  The  Institu- 
tion for  the  Blind  is  situated  near  the  asylums.  The  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  the  German  Lutherans  is  on  elevated  ground,  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  south  of  the  State-house. 

Columbus  has  12  churches,  many  of  which  are  very  elegant  buildings. 
A  canal  eleven  miles  long  connects  it  with  the  Ohio  canal  at  Lockbourne. 
Columbus  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1834.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Wheeling,  Va.  ;  for  Cincinnati,  and  for  Portsmouth  ;  three  times  a  week 
for  Cleveland;  and  for  Sandusky  City. 

ZANESVILLE  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Muskingum 
river,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Licking  river,  73  miles  from  Wheeling. 
The  National  road  runs  through  it,  and  crosses  the  Muskingum  by  a  fine 
bridge.  The  village  contains  an  elegant  court-house,  a  market- house,  two 
academies,  an  atheneum  with  a  reading-room,  a  cabinet  of  minerals,  and 
a  library  of  9,000  volumes,  a  juvenile  lyceum  with  a  reading-room  and 
library,  a  bank,  9  churches,  several  extensive  flouring-mills  and  iron  works, 
and  4,766  inhabitants — including  the  suburbs,  7,000.  From  this  place  the 
Muskingum,  by  dams  and  locks,  has  been  made  navigable  to  its  mouth 
on  the  Ohio.  The  site  of  the  town  wxs  granted  to  Ebenezer  Zane,  by 
Congress,  as  a  reward  for  opening  a  bridle  track  from  Wheeling  to  Mays- 
ville.  The  village  was  laid  out  and  the  first  cabin  built  in  1799.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  Maysville,  Ky. ;  for  Cincinnati,  and  for  Wheeling  ;  three  . 
times  a  week  for  Marietta,  and  for  Cleveland,  via  Massillon.  , 

CAMBRIDGE  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Wills  creek,  a  branch  of  the 
Muskingum  river,  over  which  is  a  fine  bridge.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
an  academy,  4  churches,  and  2,000  inhabitants.  (See  route  275.) 

ST.  CLAIRSVILLE  occupies  an  elevated  situation  on  the  National  road, 
lltt  miles  from  Cincinnati,  and  11  from  Wheeling,  and  contains  six 
churches,  a  court-house,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  2,000  inhabitants. 
Staff cs  pass  daily  from  Wheeling  and  from  Columbus. 

MARIETTA,  named  in  honor  of  the  unfortunate  Maria  Antoinette,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Muskingum  river,  at  its  entrance  into  Ohio 
river,  196  miles  below  Pittsburg.  Population  875.  It  is  neatly  built  and 
contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land-office,  5  churches,  a  bank,  a 
lyceum,  a  female  academy,  a  public  library,  and  the  Marietta  Collegiato 
Institute,  founded  in  1832.  The  Institute  has  7  professors  or  other  in- 
structors, 50  students,  and  3,500  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Manual  labor  is 
connected  with  it.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in 


118  STATE  OF  OHIO. 

July.  Steamboats  pass  daily  from  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  <$•<;.,  <§-c. 
Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Zancsville,  and  twice  a  week  for 
Wheeling,  Va. 

ATHENS  is  prettily  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hocking  river,  73 

miles  from  Columbus,  and 

1  :  ~  ipfc  '••__  contains  a  court-house,  3 

g_  churches,  the  buildings  of 
It  the  Ohio  University,  an  acad- 
|emy,  and  800  inhabitants. 
\The  Ohio  University  was 
^founded  in  1819,  and  en- 
owed  with  two  townships 
_ 'of  land.  It  has  8  professors, 
r!49  alumni,  166  students, 
and  2,500  volumes  in.  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  August.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Columbus  via 
Lancaster. 

GALLIPOLIS  has  a  plensant  situation  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  river, 
on  elevated  ground,  300  miles,  by  river,  from  Pittsburg.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  two  churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  about  600  inhabi- 
tants. An  ancient  mound  lies  near  the  village.  Steamboats  pass  daily 
from  Pittsburg  and  Cincinnati. 

CIRCLEVILLE  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  Scioto  river,  97  miles  from  Cin- 
.cinnati.  The  village  contains  an  elegant  court-house,  6  public  offices,  5 
churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  The  Ohio 
canal  passes  through  the  place,  and  crosses  the  river  in  a  fine  aqueduct, 
and  there  is  here  an  extensive  water-power.  Within  the  limits  of  the 
town  are  two  mounds  or  tumuli,  one  of  which  is  square,  and  the  other 
of  a  circular  form  ;  from  the  latter  the  place  derives  its  name. 

CHILLICOTHE,  once  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  handsomely  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  Scioto  river,  98  miles  from  Cincinnati.  The  village  is 
built  between  Paint  creek  on  the  south  and  the  Scioto  on  the  north,  the 
streams  being  three-fourths  of  a  mile  apart.  It  has  a  court-house,  two 
markets,  a  United  States  Land-office,  a  bank,  4  churches,  two  academies, 
and  4,000  inhabitants.  The  Ohio  canal  passes  through  it.  Near  the 
village  is  a  hill  from  which  a  fine  view  is  obtained.  In  the  vicinity,  on 
Paint  creek,  and  even  on  what  is  now  occupied  by  the  town,  formerly 
stood  several  ancient  tumuli,  or  mounds.  Stages  pass  through  daily 
for  Zanesville ;  for  Columbus  ;  for  Portsmouth  ;  and  for  Maysville,  Ky. 

PORTSMOUTH  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Scioto  river,  105  miles  above  Cincinnati.  The  Ohio  canal, 
which  connects  Lake  Erie  with  the  Ohio  river,  terminates  at  this  place. 
The  village  contains  a  court-house,  5  churches,  a  bank,  and  about  2,000 
inhabitants.  Here  are  a  number  of  mills  and  manufactories.  Iron  ore 
and  coal  abound  in  the  vicinity.  The  town  is  supplied  with  water  from 
the  Ohio  river,  raised  by  steam-power.  Steamboats  pass  daily  for  Wheel- 
ing, Pittsburg,  Sec.,  and  for  Cincinnati.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Columbus. 

STEUBENVILLE  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  80  miles 
below  Pittsburg,  by  the  river,  and  is  regularly  laid  out.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  an  elegant  town-house,  a  bank,  two  academies,  6  churches, 
several  extensive  manufacturing  establishments,  and  3.500  inhabitants. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Pittsburg ;  three  times  a  week  for  Washington, 
Pa. ;  for  Cambridge ;  and  for  Canton ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Dover 
<3ee  route  620.) 


STATE  OF  OHIO.  119 

NEW  LISBON,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Little  Beaver  river,  59  miles  from 
Pittsburg,  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  6  churches,  several  manufac- 
tories, and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

PAINESVILLE  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  on  the  left  bank  of  Grand 
river,  three  miles  from  Lake  Erie  and  29  from  Cleveland.  It  has  a  court- 
house, 4  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Fairport, 
two  miles  north,  is  near  the  mouth  of  Grand  river  where  there  is  a  good 
harbor.  WILLOUGHBY,  11  miles  southwest  from  Painesville,  contains  the 
Willoughby  Medical  College,  two  churches,  and  700  inhabitants.  Tlio 
College,  chartered  in  1834,  has  9  professors  and  126  students.  The 
lectures  commence  on  the  last  Monday  in  October.  Stages  leave  Paines- 
ville daily  for  Buffalo  via  Erie  ;  and  for  Cleveland. 

CLEVELAND  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain  at  the  entrance  of  Cuyahoga 
river  into  Lake  Erie, 
195  miles  from  Buf- 
falo. Its  harbor  is  ? 
one  of  the  best  on  i 
the  lake,  spacious  | 
and  safe.  The  city  f 
is  regularly  laid  out,  | 
and  near  its  centre  ^ 
is  a  large  public  - 
square.  The  bluff  on  which  it  is  built  is  80  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
lake,  from  which  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  is  obtained,  overlook- 
ing the  meanderings  of  the  Cuyahoga,  the  shipping  in  the  harbor,  and  the 
passing  vessels  on  the  lake.  The  city  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  a 
lyceum,  a  reading-room,  five  academies,  twelve  churches,  and  about 
9,000  inhabitants.  The  Ohio  canal  terminates  here.  The  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  Western  Reserve  College,  founded  in  1844,  has  seven 
professors  and  11 1  students.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Wednes- 
day in  November.  The  Western  Reserve  College  is  at  Hudson,  24  miles 
southeast  from  Cleveland.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and 
about  1,000  inhabitants.  The  College,  founded  in  1826,  has  a  president, 
5  professors,  82  alumni,  62  students,  6,500  volumes  in  its  libraries,  and  an 
extensive  philosophical  apparatus.  The  commencement  is  on  the  second 
Wednesday  in  August.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Buffalo  ;  and  for  Detroit,  fyc.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Buffalo  via  Erie, 
Pa. ;  for  Toledo  via  Sandusky ;  and  for  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  three  times 
a  week  for  Zancsville  via  Akron,  Massillon,  &c.  Canal  boats  leave  daily 
for  Portsmouth  and  the  intermediate  places.  (For  route  see  canals  in  Ohio. ) 

AKRON  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  canal,  38  miles  from  Cleveland.  The 
canal,  by  a  succession  of  locks,  rises  to  the  Portage  summit.  From  the 
waste  water  of  the  canal,  and  from  the  Little  Cuyahoga,  an  immense 
water  power  has  been  created.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  five 
churches,  an  academy,  several  extensive  manufacturing  establishments, 
and  2,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Cleveland. 

CUYAHOGA  FALLS  is  on  the  Cuyahoga  river,  five  miles  from  Akron. 
The  river  here  passes  through  a  deep  channel  in  the  rocks,  and  by  succes. 
give  cascades  falls  in  a  short  distance  240  feet,  causin?  an  immense  water- 
power,  which  has  been  made  extensively  available.  The  village  has  four 
churches,  a  lyceum,  an  academy,  and  about.  1,000  inhabitants. 

MAssit.r.oN.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tuscarawas  river,  and 
on  tiie  Ohio  canal,  contains  a  bank,  three  chutches,  and  about  1,500 
inhabitants. 


120  STATE  OF  OHIO. 

COSHOCTON  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Muskingum  river,  and 
contains  3  churches,  a  court-house,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 

NEWARK,  39  miles  from  Columbus,  is  on  the  Ohio  canal.  It  has  a 
court-house,  two  academies,  9  churches,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 
Granville,  7  miles  from  Newark,  contains  5  churches,  3  seminaries,  and 
about  1,000  inhabitants.  Granville  College,  one  mile  east  of  the  village, 
was  founded  in  1832,  and  has  a  president,  4  professors,  25  students,  and 
3,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  2d  Wednesday 
in  August.  Stages  leave  for  Zanesville  via  Newark  3  times  a  week. 

MT.  VERNON,  situated  on  Owl  creek,  a  branch  of  Muskingum  river,  51 

miles  from  Columbus,  con- 
tains a  court-house,  ten 
;  churches,  several  manu- 
facturing establishments, 
t  and  two  thousand  rive  hun- 
'  dred  inhabitants.  Gam- 
l  bier,  five  miles  from  Mt. 

_|  Vernon,  is  the  seat  of 

JKenyon  College,  founded  in  1826,  (under  the  direction  of  the  Episco- 
palians,) which  has  a  president,  7  professors,  115  alumni,  57  students, 
and  8,750  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  village  contains  2  churches,  an 
academy,  and  300  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  Mt.  Vernon  3  times  a  week 
for  Cleveland ;  and  also  for  Columbus. 

WOOSTER,  situated  on  Killbuck  creek,  93  miles  from  Columbus,  con. 
tains  a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land-office,  7  churches,  a  bank,  an 
academy,  and  2,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa. ;  for  Cleveland  ;  for  Sandusfcy  City ;  for  Cincinnati  via  Colum* 
bus;  and  for  Zanesville. 

ELYRIA,  116  miles  north  from  Columbus,  and  24  west  from  Cleveland,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  a  plain  between  the  two  branches  of  Black  river, 
which  unite  half  a  mile  below  the  village,  and  each  of  which  has  a 
perpendicular  fall  of  about  40  feet  on  opposite  sides  of  the  village,  af- 
fording extensive  water-power.  It  contains  a  court-house,  two  churches, 
an  academy,  several  manufactories,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave 
daily  for  Cleveland,  and  for  Toledo. 

Oberlin,  8  miles  from  Elyria,  is  the  seat  of  Oberlin  Collegiate  Institute, 
which  embraces  a  male  and  female  department,  both  on  the  manual- 
labor  system.  It  was  founded  in  1834,  and  has  a  president,  9  professors 
or  other  instructors,  and  70  students.  Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  for 
Elyria  daily. 

MANSFIELD  is  63  miles  from  Columbus  and  69  from  Sandusky.  It  is 
prettily  situated  on  elevated  ground,  and  has  a  court-house,  6  churches,  an 
academy,  and  1,800  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Sandusky.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Columbus;  for  Wooster; 
and  for  Bucyrus. 

SANDUSKY  CITY  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Sandusky  bay,  3  miles 
distant  from  Lake  Erie,  and  57  miles  from  Cleveland.  During  the  sum- 
mer months  it  is  enlivened  by  the  commerce  and  travel  of  the  lakes,  giving 
it  a  bustling  appearance.  It  is  a  rapidly  improving  town,  and  contains  five 
fine  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Immense 
quantities  of  superior  building-stone  are  quarried  here.  Cars  leave  daily 
for  Cincinnati  via  Springfield,  <§-c.  ;  and  also  for  Mansfield.  Stages 
leave  for  Cleveland  and  for  Toledo;  3  times  a  week  for  Wooster. 

TOLEDO  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Maumee  river,  near  its  entrance 


STATE  OF  OHIO.  121 

into  Maumee  bay,  130  miles  from  Cleveland.  The  village  contains  be- 
tween two  and  three  thousand  inhabitants,  and  since  the  completion  of 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  canal,  it  is  rapidly  growing  into  importance.  A 
great  number  of  steamboats,  canal  boats,  and  vessels  on  the  lake  are 
constantly  arriving  here  and  departing.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  de- 
part daily  for  Hillsdale,  Mich.,  via  Adrian.  Stages  leave  for  Cleveland, 
and  canal  packets  for  La  Fayette,  la.  ;  and  also  for  Cincinnati. 

MAUMKE  CITY,  on  the  left  bank  of  Maumee  river,  contains  a  court- 
house, 5  churches,  and  1,200  inhabitants.  The  water-power  is  inexhausti- 
ble, and  already  gives  motion  to  several  mills  and  manufactories.  Perry s- 
burg,  nearly  opposite  to  Maumee  City,  contains  a  court-house,  five 
churches,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  (See  route  307.) 

BKLLEFONTAINE  (named  from  the  fine  springs  of  limestone  water  with 
which  it  is  supplied)  is  118  miles  north  of  Cincinnati.  It  has  a  court- 
house, several  churches,  an  academy,  and  800  inhabitants.  Stages  leave 
daily  for  Cincinnati;  and  for  Sandusky  City. 

SPRINGFIELD,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Mad  river,  85  miles  from 
Cincinnati,  has  a  court-house,  several  churches,  two  academies,  several 
extensive  mills  and  manufactories,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive 
from,  and  depart  daily  for  Cincinnati  :  stages  doily  for  Wheeling,  Va. ; 
for  Cleveland  ;  for  Sandusky  City ;  and  for  Indianapolis. 

YELLOW  SPRINGS  is  9  miles  S.  from  Springfield.  It  is  much  resorted  to 
as  a  watering-place,  having  a  commodious  hotel  and  numerous  cottages, 
spread  over  green  lawns  and  amidst  delightful  groves.  The  waters  are 
strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur,  and  possess  valuable  medicinal  prop- 
erties. 

XENIA  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  branch  of  Little  Miami  river,  and 
contains  a  court-house,  8  churches,  and  about  1,400  inhabitants.  Cars 
arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Cincinnati ;  stages  for  Columbus  ;  and 
also  for  Sandusky  City ;  three  times  a  week  for  the  Yellow  Springs. 

SIDNEY  is  situated  on  the  west  branch  of  the  Great  Miami  river,  106 
miles  from  Cincinnati,  and  contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  an 
academy,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati. 

DAYTON  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Great  Miami  river,  just  below 
its  junction  with  Mad  river,  52  miles  from  Cincinnati.  It  is  regularly  laid 
out,  with  spacious  streets.  The  city  contains  a  court-house  and  county 
offices,  a  banking-house,  a  market-house,  two  academies,  a  female  semi- 
nary, 12  churches,  and  about  9,000  inhabitants.  There  are  a  number  of 
extensive  mills  and  factories.  The  Miami  canal  passes  through  the 
place.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati,  for  Columbus,  for  Indianapolis, 
la.,  and  for  Sydney. 

HAMILTON,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Great  Miami  river,  23  miles 
from  Cincinnati,  has  a  court-house,  5  churches,  a  bank,  a  female  seminary, 
and  1,800  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati  and  for 
Dayton. 

OXFORD,  12  miles  from  Hamilton,  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Great 
Miami  river.  The  village  contains  the  building  of  Miami  University, 
several  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  800  inhabitants.  The  University 
was  founded  in  1809,  and  endowed  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
with  3G  square  miles  of  land  ;  it  now  yields  an  annual  income  of  $4,500, 
and  is  constantly  increasing.  This  institution  has  a  president,  5  pro- 
fessors, 309  alumni,  105  students,  and  4,500  volumes  in  ite  libraries.  Stages 
leave  3  times  a  week  for  Cincinnati;  and  for  Indianapolis. 
6 


RAILROAD,  STAGE,  AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTES, 

THROUGH 

THE  CENTRAL  STATES. 


(206)   F'M  N.YORK  TO 


PHILADELPHIA, 
Via  Newark  <$-  Tren 

ton,  JV.  J. 
Steamboat. 
To  Jersey  City  . . . 
JV.  Jersey  RR. 

NEWARK 

Elizabethtown  . . . 

Rahway 

Metuchin 

NEW  BRUNSWICK! 
Trenton  £  JV.  Bruns-\ 
trick  Railroad. 

Kingston 14145 

Princeton  depot..    4  49 

TRENTON 10|  59 

Philadelphia  «$•  Trenton 
Railroad. 


Morris   ($-  Essex 


Railroad. 

Orange 

Chatham 

Madison 

MORRISTOUX 

tStase. 

Suckasunny 

Stanhope 

14  Andover 

19  Newton 

27  Augusta 

31,  Branchville 

s-l  Sandystown 

i  MILFORD 


I'ljebanon 

Clinton 

13   Terry ville 

24  iBIoomsbury 


4? 


•2  2<-:   F.ASTON.. 

(210i)F*M  NEWARK  TO 


DOVER. 
ToBloomrield.... 


?i    \V.  Bloomtield... 


,',  Ca  Id  well 

:  Pine  Brook 

?:  Pnrsippany 

A.1  DOVER 


Morrisville,  Pa.  ..!  II  .. 

Bristol...     9  69  Mendham 

Steamboat.  [Chester  

PHILADELPHIA...^!  88  Schooley's  Mi 


F'VL  N.  YORK  TO  ', 
EASTON,  Pa. 
i  Newark,  JV.  J. 

To  Morristown—  I    I 
(see  No.  208)...  I    (31 


(211)  F'M  NEW  BRUNS- 
WICK TO  L'o  BRANCH. 
To  South  River  ..I  I  5 

'Spotswood 5   10 

Middietown  Point  9   19 

Middletown 5  24 

Leedsville 5  29 

Red  Bank 3  33 


»a  -S. 
dentotcn, 


-  JSor- 


«*«r  -, .   rj      txeu  IJHIIK o    aa 

•^sMo^Y     Shrewsbury |  34 

u-n  * g1  49  i  LONG  BRANCH...   51  39 

wfiSd^roVe*"    7  S  C212)  F'MXKwBRUNS- 


JV.  J. 


,New  Village 

i  EASTON 


Eli/uUethport 

Amboy 

S.  Amboy 

Camden  b  rfmboy  RR. 

Spots  wood ]10 

Hightstown 

Sand  Hills 

Bordentown 

BURLINGTON  ... 

Camden 

Steamboat. 
PHILADELPHIA...    1  90 

C208)   F'M  N.  YORKTO 

MILFORD,  Pa. 
ria  Newark,  N.  J. 
To  Jersey  City  ...I 


WICK  TO  EASTON,  Pa. 

Via  Somerville. 
|;To  Bound  Brook. 


(210)    F'M  N.  YORKTO  JSOMERVILLE 


City  ...I    I    1 
»  RR. 
'8    9 


EASTON,  Pa. 

Via  Elizabethtown  and  \ 
Somervilte,  JV.  J. 

JVeio  Jersey  RR. 


4  10 


KASTON— 
(see  No.  2wv  . . .  100,  10 

(213)  F'M  TRENTON  TO 
LONG  BRANCH. 


To  Newark I     j    9  To  Yard ville   . . . 

Elizabethtown  ...I  51  14   u|  jjSw^" 

FJ-itabfthport  <$•  Somer-'( Cranberry...* 

ville  Railroad.  ^,1ir]  ishtowii  . . . . 

\Vesttield !  7   21    Freehold 


Plainrield 


....... 

s  ....    3   24   Colt's  Neok  .... 

3  27    Batootown  ..... 

3  30  LONG  BRANCH 


Stage. 

North  Branch.. 
Whilehouse.... 


MANSFIELD. 
4  41  To  Pennington...! 
a  46..  \Voodsville 1 1 


ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


123 


«• 

6 
6 
12 

5 
5 

^D 

VO 

11 

17 

12 

H 
5 

S.D 
IB 

6 
9 
10 
19 
14 
7 

IE 
D, 

I. 

9 
3 

•I 

9 
23 

IE 
I>» 
{. 

Ill 

8 

10 
25 
37 
42 
47 

JL- 
N. 
1 

12 

29 
41 
49 
54 

GL- 
E. 

7 
16 
26 
45 
59 
66 

L'A 

1 

10 
13 

18 
f.3 
62 

85 
L'A 

1 

try 

9 

Camden    <$•    Woodbury 
Railroad. 
Woodbury               8     Q 

READING  | 

8 
10 
6 

4 

7 
4 
5 

13 
12 
5 
12 
1 

IE 

V 

m 

\ 

12 
4 

10 
10 
4 
Im 

15 

'§ 

tin 

5 

5 

8 

7 

9 

IK 

u 
r. 
ac 

3 

5 

2 
3 
H 

1 

5 
3 
2 

f 

5rt 

6t> 
72 

76 
83 

87 
92 

1(15 
117 
122 
134 
135 

L'A 

]h- 

tl- 

135 
147 
151 
161 
171 
175 
ira 

190 

206 
215 
irff 

233 

240 
213 

2oo 

L'A 

. 

4 
11 
14 

19 

21 

24 
30 
34 
36 
41 
46 
49 

i 

54 

f,l     **  •       "  "  *  

Clinton... 

Hamburg  
Tunnel....  1500  ft. 
!*ort  Clinton  
,andringsville  ... 
Schuylkill  Haven 
POTTSVILLE  

StdffC. 

Fountain  Spring.. 
Bear  Gap  

Sfarksville  
ANSFIELD  

(215)   FR'M  PHILJ 
PHIA  TO  TUCKER 
ToCamden,N.  J. 
Evesham  

Stage. 
Clarksboro'  
Swedesboro*  
Sharpstown  

1 

I 

ID 
11; 

ilh 

2 
5 
2 

3 

8 
3 
6 
3 
4 
6 
4 
8 
3 

8 

12 
H 
10 
1 
4 
9 
6 

I 

11 
4 
4 

7 
12 

13 
19 

26 
35 

EL- 

LM- 

cs- 
4 

if 

13 
16 

1 

40 
46 
50 
58 
61 
65 
72 
80 
92 
RK) 
110 
111 
115 
124 
130 

149 
153 
157 
164 
176 
183 
190 

L'A 
i>i 
ad- 

iff, 

6 
8 
14 
17 

(220)  FR'M  PHILJ 

PHIA      TO     BlNG 
TON,  N.  Y., 

Via  Easton  $•  W 
barre. 
To  Rising  Sun  ... 
Miles  tow  11 

Sooy's  Inn  
Bass  River  Hotel. 
TUCKERTON  

(216)  FR'M  PHILJ 
PHLATO  ABSECOJ 
To  Camden.  N.J. 
Haddonrield  
Long-a-Coming.. 
Winslow  
May's  Landing  .. 
Burgaintown  

Shamokiii  
Sunbtiry  

NORTHUMBERL'D 

(222)    F'M  PHILAI 
TO  CORNING,  N. 
Via    Reading,    J\ 
umbertand,  anc 
liamsport. 
To    Northumber- 
land  
Milton  

\  l>i  iijzton 

Willow  Grove... 
Horsham 

Doylestown  
Danboro'  
Ottsville  

Absecombe  

(217)   F'M  PHILAI 
TO  CAPE  ISLAJ 
Via  Tuckaho 

To  Camden,  N.  J. 
Chew's  Landing  . 
Good  Intent  
Cross  Keys  

Monroe  
Raubsville  
EASTON  . 

McEwensville  — 
Muncy  
Montouresville  ... 

WlLHAMSPORT.. 

Williamsp't  <S-  E 
Railroad. 
Trout  Run  
Staee. 
fe^erty  

Nazareth  

.liu'obsburg.  .  . 

Wind  Gap 

Sbafer's  
Mt.  Pocono  
Stoddartsville  

Tuckahoe  
Dennis'  Creek  
CAPE  ISLAND— 
(see  No.  217)... 

(218)   F'M  PHILA 
TO  CAPE  ISLAI* 
Via  Bridgeto 
To  Camden,  N.  J. 
Camden    $•    Woo 
Railroad* 
Woodbury     . 

WlLKESBARRE  .. 

Kingston 

BLOSSBURG  

Corning  <$*  Bios 
Railroad. 
Covington  
Mansfield  
Tioga  

Wyoming  

Exeter  
North  Moreland.. 

TUNKHANNOCK  .  . 

Lynn  

Lawrenceville  
Lindleytown  
Erwin  Centre  — 
CORNING  

Springville  
Diinock 

MONTROSE  

Lawsville  Centre. 
Conklin  

(223)  F'M  PHILAI 
TO  HARRISBUJ 
Via  JLancaste 
Columbia  Ratlrc 
To   Head   of   In- 
clined  Plane.... 
Whitehall  

Stan. 

Carpenter  s  Land- 
ing   

3 
5 
9 
8 
H 
1! 
6 
5 

4 
4 

12 
3 

JE 
1 

13 
17 

26 
34 
40 

% 

t!2 
69 
73 
77 

8!' 
92 

L'A 

1 

BlNGHAMTON  7 

(221)   F'M  PHILADE 
TO  NORTHUMBERL 
Via  Norristowni  Re 
ing,  <$'  Pottsville 
Philadelphia,  Rcadi 
<&•  Pottsville  RR 

Mullico  Hill  
Pitt's  Grove  

BRIDGETON  

Morgan's  Corner. 
Reeseville  

Port  Elizabeth.... 
Leesburg  

WestchesterTurn- 
out  

Dennis'  Creek  — 

Falls  

2 

6 

3 

Whiteland  

Cape  May  

Manayunk  
Conshohocken  ... 
NORRISTOWN  

DOWNINGTOWN.. 

Gallighersville.... 
CoatsvUto  

Cold  Spring  
CAPE  ISLAND  

(219)   F'M  PHILA 
TO  SALEM. 
To  Camden,  N.  J. 

Valley  Forge  
Phenixville  
Pottstown  
Douglassville  
Baumstown  

6 
4 

12 

B 

23 
27 
3!) 
43 

48 

Parksburg...  
Penningtonville  .. 
Noblesville  
The  Gap  
Belleview  .  .  . 

124 


ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Iceman's  

3 
1 
1 
8 

5!) 

t;o 

61 
H1 

Farmer's  

9 
5 
4 
10 
8 
11 

8 
6 
8 
(j 
11 
9 
8 
9 
1!» 
8 

3 
9 

10 

6 

b 
4 

8 
5 

IE 
J> 
< 

" 

all 

5 
3 
10 
12 
10 

6 

4 
50 

3E 

7?fc 

ill 

5 
4 
7 
4 
i) 
2 
26 
15 
(i 
l.i 
22 
14 

105 
110 
114 
12-1 
lk 

n-: 

!,(» 
156 
164 
172 
17s 
1«» 
l!«h 

m 

215 

2:11 
242 
24:  i 
2.')2 

271 

277 

283 
287 
29? 
300 

L'A 
ind 

106 
ey 

111 
III 
121 
136 
146 
152 

lot; 

306 
L'A 

lie- 

°. 

163 
!(> 
172 
179 
IK! 
192 
194 
220 

241 

2:)4 

27ti 

Shippenville  
Cranberry  
Franklin 

4 
K) 

8 

12 
12 
12 
10 
14 

)E 
NK 

. 

I 

3 
2 
6 
4 

H 
3 
3 
6 
8 
8 
10 
5 
I 
4 

HI 

3 
4 
6 
10 
1 

™ 
3 

3 
3 

2 
3 
4 
3 

4 

7 
10 

3E 

N 
1 

2:  is 

317 
320 
332 

344 
356 

;>:»; 
380 

L'A 

10 
13 
15 
21 
25 
31 
34 
37 
43 
51 
58 
69 
74 
77 
81 

NK 

8 
11 
15 

21 
31 

32 

!;;A 

2 

6 
9 

12 
15 

18 
21 

25 

27 
30 

41 

48 
58 

L^ 

6 
11 

Paradise 

Abbottstown  .... 
New  Oxford  
GETTYSBURG  .... 

£iterprise  

Sugar  Creek  
MEADVILLE  
Rockdale. 

^.NCASTKR  

Harrisburg  fr  Lc 
ter  Railroad 
Mt  Joy  

tie 

'; 

t> 
9 

)E 
i, 
C 

T- 

8 
7 
15 
6 
6 
3 
12 
5 
6 
5 
9 
5 
6 
2 
6 
5 
5 
3 
2 
<» 
5 
4 
1!) 
14 
10 
8 
7 
11 
8 

DE 
J, 

3u 

lai 

\ 

sv 

6 
H 

71 

as- 

83 
90 
91 
97 
106 

[/A 

nd 

lot; 

114 

121 
136 

142 
148 

1    ! 

it;:; 

1(18 
171 
17!) 

|SS 

m 

199 

201 
207 
212 
217 
230 

231 

25!) 

2:;i 
2.<:i 
2:tl 

298 

317 
L'A 
im- 

l, 

n 

72 

i 

Me 

90 
96 

Cashtown  
Kay  ettev  rile  
CHAMBERSBURG. 
St.  Thomas  

Wnterford 

ERIE  

Elizabethtown  .  .  . 
Tunnel 

London  
M'Connellsburg  .. 
Harrisonville  
Ray's  Hill 

(227)    F'M  PHILAI 
TO  MAUCH  CHU 
Via  AllentowH 

To  Rising  Sun... 
Germantown  
ChesnutHill  
White  Marsh  
Upper  Dublin  
Montgomeryville  . 
Line  Lexington  .. 
Seller's  Tavern... 
Bunker  Hill  
Q,uakertown  
Coopersburg  
ALLENTOWN  
North  Whitehall  . 
Lehigh  Gap  
Parrysville  
Lehighton  
MAUCH  CHUNK*  . 

*  FR'M  MAUCH  C 
TO  BERWICK 
To  Lausanne  
Beaver  Meadows. 
Hazleton  
Conyngham  
Nescopeck  

Middletown  
HARRISBURG  — 

(224)    F'M  PHILAI 

TO  PlTTSBUR< 

Via     Harrisburg 
Hotlidaysbur 
To  HARRISBURG 
(see  No.  223)... 
Dauphin  
Benvenue  
Millerstown  
Thompsontown  .. 
Mexico  
Miifiintown  
LEWIS-TOWN  
Strode's  Mills  .... 
McVeytown  
Atkinson's  Mills.. 
Mill  Creek 

Bloody  Run  
Bedford  

Schellsburg  
Stoyestown  

Laurel  Hill... 

Laughlintown  
Ligomer  

Youngstown  
Greensburg  
Adamsburg  
Stewartsville  
Turtle  Creek  
E.  Liberty  

PlTTSBURG  

(225i)  F'M  PHILAI 

TO  PlTTSBUR 

Via    Harrisburg 
Chambersburg 
To  HARRISBURG 
(see  No.  223)  ... 
Cumberland      V 
Railroad. 
Shiremantown  ... 
Mechanicsburg.  .  . 
CARLISLE  

H  UNTINGDON  

Alexandria.  .  .  . 

Water  Street  
Yellow  Springs  .. 
Canoe  Creek  
Frankstown  

HOLLIDAYSBITRG. 

Duncansville  
Summit  

BERWICK  

(228)    F'M  PHILAI 
TOP'RTDEPOSFI 
Kingsessing  

Munster  
EBENSBURG  
Armagh  

Shippensburg  
Green  Village  

CHAMBERSBURGf. 

Stage. 

PlTTSBURG— 

(see  No.  225)...] 

(226)    F'wPHiLAi 
TO  ERIE, 
Via  Harrisburg, 
fonte,  &r  Meadv 
To  Lewistown— 
(see  No.  224)... 
Brown's  Mills  
Valley 

Blairsville  

New  Alexandria  . 
Salem  M  Roads  .. 
Murraysville  
Wilkinshurg  

PlTTSBURG  

(225)     F'MPHILA] 
TO  PlTTSBUR 

no.  Columbia  &  ( 
bersburg. 
Columbia  Railr 
To  LANCASTER  — 
(see  No.  223)... 
Dillerviile 

Gibbons'  Tavern  . 
Nether     Provi- 
dence. .  . 

Lima.  .  .  . 

Ivy  Mills  .  .. 

Concordville  
Chadd'sFord  .... 
Hamorton  .     ... 

Kennett's  Square. 
A  vondale  

Westgrove  
New    London   X 
Roads  

Potter's  Mill  
Old  Fort 

BELLEFONTE  — 
Milesburg  

Brick     Meeting- 
house, Md  
PORT  DEPOSIT.  .  . 

(229)    F'M  PHILAI 

TOSOMERVILLE, 

To  Milestown.... 
Abington  

Mountville  ..,  

Wrightsville  
York    #    Wright 
Railroad. 
Hoover's  
YORK... 

Clearfield  
Curwinsville  
Luthersburg  
Brookville  
Strattonsville  

ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


125 


Willow  Grove  ... 
Jjatboro'  

2 
2 
4 
9 
6 
1 
6 
6 

b 

IK 

Es 

m. 

ni 
R 

7 
4 

2 
8 
4 
2 
6 
6 

\ 

5 

1 
P 

J'j 

E. 

\ 

13 

"6'7 

16 

!» 

3 

DE 

1 

13 
15 
19 

28 
34 

;J5 

41 
47 

54 
63 

L'A 

ig- 
£ 

3 
10 
14 
17 

19 
27 

99 

45 
51 
54 
ft 

61! 
t>5 

«4 

^ 
® 

97 

IIA 

8 

% 
35 

ck- 
51 

67 
90 
103 
112 
115 

L'A 

19 

Trenton  &  JV.  B 
wick  RR. 
Princeton  
Kingston  
New  Brunswick.. 
JVeto  Jersey  R 
Metuchin  
Rahway  
Elizabethtowu  ... 
Newark  

ru 

'J 

14 
R 

8 
5 
6 

8 

ns- 

n 

4:j 
57 

61 

69 
74 
79 

8; 

New  Albany  
Monroetown  
TOWANDA  

(235)    FROM   Wi 

BARRE       TO     H 
DALE. 

To  Plainsville.... 
Pittston  Ferry  
Lackawanna  
Hyde  Park 

6 

\ 

LK 
JN 

4 

4 

3 
3 
6 
6 
& 

ra 

NK 

5 

ST 

4 

8 
4 
5 

it 

ST 

"N 

5 

4 

u 
4 

7 
4 

10 

ST 

OS 

I 

3 
3 
5 

BU 

5 

113 
121 
125 

ES- 
K.S- 

j 

17 

20 
23 

35 
44 

LE 

2 
8 
17 
22 

30 

ER 

1 

16 
20 

1 

ER 

7 
12 
19 

1 

32 
39 
43 

53 

ER 
IT, 

1 

:? 

20 
24 
27 
30 
35 

RG 

9 
14 

Hartsyille  
Buckingham  
NEW  HOPE  
Lambertsville,  J\J 

Flemington  
Centreville  

SOMERVILLE  

(230)    F'jvrPmLA] 
TO  BALTIMOR 
Via  Wilmingtt 
Philadelphia,  Wil\ 
ton,  $•  Baltimore 
To  Gray's  Ferry.. 
Lazaretto 

Jersey  City  

Steamboat. 
NEW  YORK  
BOSTON  — 
(see  No.  122)...  5 

(232)  FR'MEAST< 

MlLFORD. 

To  Martin's  Creek 
Rich  mond  

1 
14 

)N 

5 
2 
2 
2 
5 
6 
4 
4 
6 

88 
302 

TO 

8 
13 
15 

19 
24 
30 

44 

Blakeley 

CARBONDALE  — 
Waymart 

llo.NKSDALE   

(236)  F'M  POTTS 
TO  MAUCH  CHU 
To  Port  Carbon  .. 
Middleport  

Chester 

Marcus'  Hook  — 
Nnaman's  Creek. 
WILMINGTON.... 
Newport  

Stone  Church  — 
Mt.  Bethel  
Dill's  Ferry  

Tamaqua  
Summit  Hill  ..... 
MAUCH  CHUNK  .  . 

(237)  F'M  LANCA 
TO  READING 
To  Neffsville  
Litiz  

Newark  
Elkton 

Dutotsburg  
Craig's  Meadow  . 
Coolbaugh's  
Bushkill 

Northeast  

Charlestown  
Cecil 

Delaware  

Havre  de  Grace  .  . 
Hall's  X  Roads... 
Ferryman's  
Gunpowder  
Harewood  
Chase's 

Dingman's  Ferry. 

MlLFORD..  

(233)   FR'MEA.ST 
CARBONDALE 
To  Bel  fast... 

6 
6 

)N 

10 
6 
5 
7 
10 
8 
5 
7 
6 

50 

56 

TO 

6 

16 

22 
27 
34 
44 

52 
57 

(-.4 

70 

Ephratah  
Reamstown  
Adamstown  
READING  

(238)  F'M  LANCA 

TO  NORRISTOW 

To  Leacock  
New  Holland  
Churchtown  
Morgantown  
Marsh  
E.  Nantmeal  
Chester  Springs  .  . 
Phcenixville  

Stemmer's  Run  .  . 
Clinton.  . 

Wind  Gap  
Snydersville  
Bartonsville  
Stanhope  

BALTIMORE  

FROM     PHILADE 
TO  BALTIMOR 
Steamboat. 
ToFortMifflin... 

Denton  .. 

Sterling  
Hamilton  

Waymart  

Marcus'  Hook  — 
New  Castle  

JV*eto  Castle  $•  F 
town  RR. 
Frenchtown  
Steamboat. 
Turkey  Point  
Pool's  Island  
NorthPoint  
Fort  McHenry  
BALTIMORE  

(231)    F'MPHILA 
TO  BOSTON. 
Steamboat. 
To  Bristol  

CARBONDALE  —   6 

(234)  FR'M  EASTON 
TOWANDA, 
Via  Mauch  Chunk  t 
Berwick. 
To  Bath 

'/6 
TO 

ind 

10 
19 
24 
32 
3*i 
44 
47 
51 
57 
64 
67 
68 
78 

s<; 

107 

Railroad. 
NORRISTOWN  

(239)   F'M  LANCA 
TO    PORT    DEP 
Md. 
To  Willow  Street 
Smithville  
Buck 

Cherry  ville  

9 
5 

8 

8 
3 
4 
6 
7 
3 

lit 
8 
21 

Lehigh  Gap  
Lehighton  
MAUOH  CHUNK.. 
Lausanne  

Chesnut  Level.... 
Greene  .  .  . 

Pleasant  Grove... 
Rock  Springs,  Md 
Rowlandsville.... 
PORT  DEPOSIT... 

(240)  F'M  HARRIS 
TO  EASTON, 
Via  Reading 
ToHummellstown 
Palmyra..  .. 

Beaver  Meadows. 
Hazleton 

Conyngham.t  
Zeisersville  
gescopeck  

Phila.  <Sr  Trenton  RR. 
M  orris  ville  191  28 
Trenton  1   29 

Fishing  Creek.... 
Fairmount  Spr'gs 
Cherry  

126 


ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Annville 

LEBANON  

Myerstown 

Stuuchburg  

Wolrnelsdorf 

Sinking  Spring... 

READING 

Maiden  Creek — 

Kutztown 

Rodrocksville  — 

Trexlertown 

ALLENTOWN 

Bethlehem  ....... 

Butztown 

EASTON 


9106 

(241)  F'M  HARRISBURG 

TO  MONTROSE, 

Via,  Northumberland  & 

Wilkesbarre. 

To  Dauphin I 


Benvenue 7 

New  Buffalo I  4 

Montgomery's 


Ferry...  . 
Liverpool  . 

foo'e    P 


__cKee's  Half 
Falls 

Chapman 

Selin's  Grove — 

Shamokin  Dam  . 

SUNBURY  

NORTHUMBER- 
LAND   

Danville 

Catuwissa, 


8130 
54184 


Bloomsburg 

Espy 

Berwick 

Beech  Grove 

Shickshinny 

Nanticoke 

WILKESBARRE  .. 
MONTROSE— 
(see  No.  220)... 

(242)  FR'M  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND TO  BELLE- 
FONTE 

Via  Williamsport  and 
Lock  Haven. 

To  Milton 

McEwensville.... 

Muncy 

Montouresville  . . . 
WILLIAMSPORT  . 

Newberry 

Jersey  Shore 

Dunnsburg 

LOCK  HAVEN  — 

Mill  Hall 

Lamar 

Nittany 

BfiLLEFONTE  .... 


(243)  FR'M  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND TO  LEWIS- 
TOWN. 

To  New  Berlin.. 

Middleburg 

Beavertown 8 

Middle  Creek 

LEWISTOWN.... 

(244)  FR'M  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND TO  ELMIRA, 
N.  Y. 

To  Williamsport  I    1 

(see  No.  242)  ...  I    I  40 
Williamsp't  &  Elmira 


Railroad. 


Trout  Run., 

Ralston 

Stage. 

Canton 

Alba 

Tr<>y  • 


15 


20 

5 

5 

4 
10109 

7116 

2118 


(245)  FR'M  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND TO  HOLLI- 
DAYSBURG. 


South  Creek 

Southport,  N.Y.. 


To  Lewisburg 

Mifflinburg 

Hartleton 

Aaronsburg 

Millheim 

Spring  Mills 

Old  Fort 

Bolesburg 

Pine  Grove  Mills  . 

Baileyyille 

"  ilerain  Forge, 


5 
5 
14 

1 

5  „ 
5  43 
"  50 

M 
M 
70 
76 


Water  Street ..... 

HOLLIDAYSBURG. 


(246)  F'M  HARRISBURG 

TO  HAGERSTOWN,Md. 

Via  Carlisle  <$r  Ckam- 
bersburg. 

Cumberland     Valley 

Railroad. 
To  Shiremantown] 
Mechanicsburg. .. 

CARLISLE 

Newville 


Shippensburg  

Green  Village.... 
CHAMBERSBURG. 
Franklin  Railroad. 

Marion 

Green  Castle 

State  Line 


76 

80 

88||ilAGERSTOWN  ... 


(247)  F'M  HARRISBURG 
TO  BALTIMORE, 

Via  York. 
To  New  Cumber-] 

land 

York  Haven 


Manchester 

YORK 


Baltimore  &  Maryland 

Line  RR. 
Tunnel... 

Smyser's  . 

Heathcote 

Strasburg 


41 

I  44 


Baltimore    <§•    Susque- 
tiannah  RR. 


Summit 

Whitehall 

Westerrnan's 

Clarksville 

Washington  Fac. 

Melvale 

BALTIMORE 

(248)  FR'M  PITTS: 

TO  ERIE. 
To  Alleghany .... 

Bakerstown 

Glade  Mills 

Butler 

Brownington 

Slippery  Rock 

North  Liberty.... 

MERCER 

Culbertson's 

Meadville 

Woodcock 

Rockdale 

Waterford 

ERIE 


4106 
10116 
14130 


(249)  FR'M  PITTSBURO 
TO  JAMESTOWN,  N. 
York, 

Via  Mercer.,  Franklin, 
<£•  Warren. 

To  Mercer 

Henderson 

FRANKLIN 

Cornplanter 

Perry 

Deerfield 

Irvine  

WARREN 


Russellburj 
Carroll,  N. 
JAMESTOWN 


Iburg 

,N.Y 


7117 
12129 


136 
7143 
8151 

6157 


(250)  FR'M  PITTSBURG 
TO  CLEVELAND,  O. 

Via  Beaver. 
To  Alleghany....  I    I    1 
Sewickly  Bottom.  1131  14 


ROUTES  IN  DELAWARE. 


127 


Economy  

3 

7 
3 
14 
II 
4 
5 
3 
6 
6 
6 
5 
5 
6 
6 
4 
6 

7 
6 
6 

HI 

Vt 

8 

10 
7 

10 
or 

IL 

9 
4 

5 

4 

3 
ur 

L). 

7 
9 

12 

5 
3 
4 

17 

24 
3? 
41 
51 
55 

t;o 

ti3 

til! 

75 
81 
M 
!>1 
97 
103 
107 
11:; 
11- 
125 
131 
137 

RG 

L. 

10 

18 
25 
35 
42 
46 
56 

RG 

LE, 

13 

22 

m 

31 

35 

38 

RG 

27 
34 
43 

45 
47 
59 
64 
67 
71 

(253)  F'M  ERIE  TC 

FALO,  N.  Y. 

To  Westleyville.  . 
Harbor  Creek  

B 

4 
E 

ji 

S 

7 
8 
4 
3 

8 
4 

12 

E 

in 

17 
3 
4 

9 
6 
8 
2 
8 
7 
6 
5 
6 
3 
9 

Bl 

K 

at 
t/t 

8 
7 
10 
6 
5 
8 
1 
10 
11 
10 
3 

UF- 

4 

8 
13 
17 

~>(l 

28 

36 
38 
45 
53 
57 
60 
68 
72 

79 
91 

TO 

d 

12 
29 

32 
36 
45 
51 
59 
61 
6!) 
"6 
82 
^7 
93 
96 
105 

RG 

r. 

es- 
',. 

10 
18 

I 

41 

4i  ; 

54 
55 
65 
76 
86 
89 
Mti 

(256)  FR'M  PITTSBURO 
TO  BALTIMORE,  Md. 
Via  Brownsville,  Cum- 
berland, $•  Harper's 
Ferry. 
Steamboat. 
To  BROWNSVILLE       40 
Uniontown  12  52 

BEAVER  

Petersburg,  O.  .  .  . 
New  Middletown. 

Northville  

Boardman  
Canfield  

Ripley,  N.Y  
Westfield  

Ellsworth  
Frederick  

Salem  X  Roads... 
Fredonia  

Somerfield  
Addison  
Little  Crossing 

21 
4 

13 
13 
10 
* 
8 
13 
4 
12 
9 
9 
5 
7 

1 

5 
8 
11 
30 
47 
14 

lv 

4 

9 
5 
19 

111 

7 

13 
6 

Gl 

Vt 
Si 

7 

12 
12 
3 
5 
5 
8 
12 
8 
» 

73 

77 
90 
103 
113 
IR. 
121 
134 
138 
150 
159 
168 
173 

184 
186 
191 
1!H) 
210 

291 

RG 

a. 

40 

44 
53 

58 
77 
87 
94 
101 
114 
120 

ON 

. 

ow 

,1 

16 
23 

a5 

1 

68 

% 

9ti 

Edinburg  
RAVENNA  
Franklin  Mills.... 
Stow  

Sheridan  
Silver  Creek  
Irving  

Frostburg  
CUMBERLAND  
Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Patterson's  Creek. 
Little  Cacapon... 
Pawpaw  Tunnel  . 
DoeGulleyTun'l. 
Great  Cacapon... 
Hancock  . 

Evans  

Hudson  
Twinsburg  
Bedford 

Hamburg  (on  the 
Lake)  

Newburg  
CLEVELAND  

(251)  FR'M  PITTS 
TO  WHEELING, 
To  Herriottsville  . 
Cannonsburg  
Washington  
Claysville  
W.  Alexander  .  .  . 
Triadelphia,  Va.. 
WHEELING  

(251f)   F'M  PITTS 
TO     STEUBENV 
Ohio. 
To  Fayetteville  .  . 
Bavington 

BUFFALO  1 

(254)    FROM  ERI 
CLEVELAND 

Via  rfshtabula 
Painesville. 

To  Fairview  
Coneaut,  Ohio  ... 
Amboy.  . 

Walnut  Bend  .... 
BackCr'k  Bridge. 
Hedgesville  Depot 
Hedgesville  Road. 
Martmsburg  
Kerneysville  
HARPER'S  FERRY 
Frederick 

Kingsville  

ASHTABULA  

Say  brook  
(Jnionville  

Ellicott's  Mills... 
BALTIMORE  

(257)  FR'M  PITTS 
TO  CLARKSBURG 
Steamboat. 
To  Brownsville.  .  . 
Stage. 
Merrittstown  
Masontown  
New  Geneva  
Morgantown,  Va. 
Whiteday 

Perry  
PAINESVILLE  — 
Mentor  
Willoughby  
E  Euclid 

Paris  . 

Euclid               

Hollidays  Cove, 
Va  

CLEVELAND  

(255)  FR'M  PITTS 
TO  MAYSVILLE, 
Via.  Wheeling,  Z 
ville,  <<r  Clullico 

To  Herriottsville  . 
Cannonsburg  
Washington  
Claysville  
W.  Alexander  
Tridelpiiia,  Va.  .. 
WHEELING  
Bridgeport,  O.  ... 
St.  Clairsville.... 
Morristown  
Fairview  

STEUBENVILLE, 
Ohio 

(252;  FR'M  PITTS 
TO  WOOSTER, 
Via  Masillon 
To  Beaver  
Industry.  .         .... 

PalntineHill  
Boothsville  
Bridgeport  
CLARKSBURG.... 

(258)  F'M  WlLMIN 

TO  EASTVILLE, 
Via  Dover  and 
Hill,  Md. 

To  Newcastle  — 
Red  Lion  

Ohioville  
Little  Beaver 
Bridge  

Calcutta 

NEW  LISBON  — 
Buck's 

New  Garden  
New  Alexander  .  . 

St.  George's  
Cantwell's  Bridge 

New  Franklin.... 
Paris 

6 
4 

6 

6 
4 

5 

8 

77 
81 
87 
92 
100 
106 
IK) 
115 

m 

Middlebourn  
Washington 

Dover               .... 

Osnaburg  

Cambridge  
New  Concord  
Norwich  .        .... 

8 
9 
3 
3 
8 

50 

KM 
113 
116 
119 
127 

277 

Camden  
Canterbury  

MASILLON  
East  Greenville.  .  . 
Dalton  
East  Union  
WOOSTER  ... 

Frederica  

Bridgeville  
ZANESVILLE  
MAYSVILLE— 
(see  No.  322)...] 

Milford  
Milton              

GEORGETOWN... 
Millsboro'  .  .  . 

128 


ROUTES  IN  MARYLAND. 


Dagsboro'  1 

5 
10 

8 
10 
8 
9 
7 
7 
9 
10 
8 
4 
6 
6 
12 

IN 

5 

5 

16 
6 
9 
8 
14 
9 

14 
4 

5 
11 

20 

E 
I 

1 

MC 
Pi 
R 

2 

1 

3 
2J 

i 

6 
2 
/ 

2 
3 
5 
4 

7 

101 
111 
119 
129 

137 
146 
UJ 
160 
169 
179 
187 
191 
197 
203 
215 

TO 

17 

22 

27 
43 
49 

58 
66 
80 

811 
in; 

IIU 
114 
119 
130 

151! 
TO 

ind 

398 

RE 

R. 
4 

6 

7 
9 

!ij 

15 
17 

20 

22* 
26 
28 
34 
36 
iiii 

138 
41 
46 
50 
57 

Wrightsmlle    <§•    York 
Railroad. 
Hoover's  I  71  64 
Wrightsville  6   70 
COLUMBIA  1  l|  71 

Kerneysville  
Drake's  

21  92 
4  %' 
21  98 
2100 
2102 
1J103 
2105 

1106 
1107 

2109 

2m 

2113 

3116 
2118 
5123 
5128 
4132 
7139 
2141 

9150 
3153 
4157 
7164 
6170 
8178 

0188 
:i  -Jol 
3214 
4218 

l  :.':):« 
2251 
6267 
3260 
3263 
7L^i 
0290 
7297 
4301 
0311 

ORE 

Ha- 

RR. 

61 

69 
77 
85 
87 
98 
105£ 
113 

ORE 
RG. 

187 

r>  92 

St.TVIartin's,  Md.. 

Flagg's  Mill  
MARTINSBURG... 
Warm  Spring  R'd 

JNewark  

SNOW  HILL  
Sandy  Hill  
Horntown,  Va.  .. 
Accoman 

(261)   F'M  BALTIMO 
TO  HARRISBURO. 

Railroad. 
To  YORK  

RE 

57 

63 
67 

7S 
82 

RE 

nd 

16 

ft 

3£ 

42 
5ii 

22S 

RK 

ry, 
sli- 

8 

q 
12 

2< 
£ 

2-] 
28 
ol 
34 
37 

4; 

K 

57 

56 
61 

6.-, 
\\'. 

I 

S 

*1 

8;-] 

,St 
87 
90 

Hedgesville  Road. 
Myer'sWater  Sta- 

Modestown  . 

Accomac  C.  H.  .  . 
Onancock  
Pungoteague  
Bellhaveri  

Hedgesville  Depot 
N.  Mountain  Wa- 
ter Station  
Back  Cr'k  Bridge 
Runner's    Ferry 
Road  
Licking    Water 
Station 

Stage. 

6 
4 
11 
4 

vto 
*, 

a 

S 
12 

7 
7 
10 

76 

MC 

J>> 

b 

Va 
R 

3 

2 
6 
3 
1 
4 
3 
3 
3 
6 
6 

4 
1 

3 
4 
4 

•1 
4 

a 

i 

2 
2 
3 
1 

3 

Franktown  
EASTVILLE  

(259)  FR'M  ELKT 
SNOW  HILL. 
To  Warwick  
Head  of  Sassafras 
Georgetown  t*1 
Roads 

York  Haven  
New  Cumberland. 
HARRISBURO  — 

(262)  F'M  BALTI 

TO  PlTTSBURi 

Via    Gettysburg 
Chambersburg 
To  Pikesville  
Reistertown  
Westminster  
Union  Mills  
Littlestown,  Pa.  . 
Gettysburg  
PITT  s  BUR  G— 
(seeNo.22o)...: 

(263)  F'M  BALTI 
TO  WHEKLIN 
Via   Harper's    J 
Cumberland,  $•  \ 
ington,  Pa. 

Bolt.  <$r  Ohio  E 
To  Relay  House.  . 

Walnut  Bend  .... 
HANCOCK  

St.  John's  Run... 
Great  Cacapon... 
Rockwell's  Run.. 
Doe  Gulley  Tun'  . 
No.  12  Water  Sta- 
tion   

Chestertown  
Church  Hill  
Centreville 

Wye  Mills 

Pawpaw  Tunnel.. 
Little  Cacapon... 
Green  Spring  Run 
Patterson's  Creek. 
CUMBERLAND  — 
Stage. 
Frostbnrg  ] 

Easton  . 

Trappe  

CAMBRIDGE  
Big  Mills  

Vienna  

Salisbury  

Little  Crossing  ... 
Addison,  Pa  ] 
Somerfield  

SNOW  HILL  

FROM  BALTIMOR 
BOSTON, 

Via   Philadelphic 
New  York. 
(See  No.  278)  

(260)   F'M  BALTI 
TO  COLUMBIA, 
Bait.  &  StisQue'h 
To  Melvale  
Washington  Fac. 
Relay  House  
Ryder's  Lane  
Timonium  

Uniontown  5 
Brownsville  : 
E.Bethlehem  .... 
Beallsville  . 

Hillsboro'  

Ilchester  

Washington  ] 

Ellicott's  Mills  ... 
Elysville  . 

W.  Alexander  
Triadelphia,Va.. 
WHEELING  ; 

(264)   F'M  BALTIC 
TO  HANCOCK, 
Via  Frederick  ana 
gerstown. 
Baltimore  $•  Ohio 
To  Frederick.... 
Stage. 
Middletown  I 
Boonsboro'  ! 
Funkstown  8 
Hagerstown  ! 
Clear  Spring  1 
Park  Head  1-, 
HANCOCK             ll 

Putney's  Bridge.. 
Woodstock  
Marriotts  ville  — 
Sykesville  

Hood's  Mills  
Woodbine  
Mt.  Airy  

Clarksville  

Monrovia 

Cockeysville  
Westerman's  

Uams  ville  
Reel's  Mill  ... 

Monocacy  
FREDERICK  
Doup's  Switch... 
Point  of  Rocks  ... 
Catoctin  Switch  . 
Berlin 

Monkton  Mills  .  .  . 
Whitehall  

Parkton  
Freeland's  
Summit  
York  &  Maryland, 
Railroad. 
Strasburg.     . 

Knoxville  

Weverton  
HARPER'S  FERRY 
Peacher'sMili.... 
Hall  Town  Road. 
Duffielu's  
Leetown  Road  .  .  . 

(265)  F'M  BALTIN 
TO  CHAMBERSBU 
To  Hagerstown—  | 
(see  No.  264)  ... 
State  Line  — 

Heathcote's  
Smyser's  .  . 

Tunnel  . 

YORK... 

ROUTES  FROM  WASHINGTON. 


129 


(266)   F'M  BALTIMORE 

TO  WASHINGTON,  DC. 

Bait.  Sf  Ohio  RR. 

To  Relay  House..  I  I  8 
Washington  Br.  RR. 

Elkridge  Landing 


Junction  ........ 

Laurel  Factory.. 
Beltsville  ........ 

Bladensburg  ..... 

WASHINGTON 


(267)  F'M  BALTIMORE 
TO  ANNAPOLIS. 

Railroad. 

ToElkridge  Land-] 

ing  ............. 

Junction  ......... 

Putuxent  Forge  .  . 
Brotherton  ....... 

ANNAPOLIS  ....... 


(268)  F'M  BALTIMORE 
TO  WHITE  SULPHUR 
SPRINGS,  Va., 

Via   Harper's    Ferry, 
Winchester,  &f  Statin- 
ton. 
Bolt.  $•  Ohio  RR. 

To  Harper's  Fer- 
ry, Va.— 
(see  No.  263)... 


Winchester  &  Potomac 


Halltowi' 


Railroad. 


Charlestown , 

Cameron's. 

Thompson 

Stephenson's  . 

WINCHESTER... 

Stage. 
Newtown    Ste- 

phensburg 

Middletown 

Strasburg 

Tom's  Brook.... 

Woodstock 

Stony  Creek 


85 

^7 

91 

.    94 

Jti" 

'  11; 


Mt.  Jackson 

Newmarket .... 

Spartapolis 

Harrisonburg... 
Mt.  Crawford... 

Mt.  Sidney 

STAUNTON 

Jennings'  Gap.. 
Deerrield 


8121 
5  1-Jii 

- 


6143 

5148 
4152 


8171 
11  182 


151235 


Cloverdale  Hotel. 

Green  Valley 

3ath  C.H 

-lot  Springs 

Columbia  Inn 

I!allaghan's 

WHITE  SULPHUR 


13  282 


14305 


269)   F'M  BALTIMORE 
TO  WILMINGTON,  NC. 

Via,  Norfolk  Sf  Oareys- 

burg. 
Steamboat. 

To  Fort  McHenry 

NorthPoint 

Stony  Point 

Sandy  Point 

Thomas's  Point  .. 

Herring  Bay 

Sharp's  Island 

Core  Point 

Cedar  Point 

Pt.  Lookout  (m'th 
of  Potomac  riv.)  17  106 


10  13 
8  21 


Smith's  Point 

NORFOLK 

Portsmouth 

Portsmouth  #•  Roanoke 


81     . 
1199 


Railroad. 


Suffolk. 

Carrsville 

Franklin  Depot.. 

Newson's 

Margnretsville, 

N.C 

Stage. 

Gareysburg 

Weldon 


17  216 

13229 
5234 
13247 

14261 

12273 
5278 
Wilmington  &  Raleigh 

Railroad. 

WILMINGTON—  I      I 
(seeNo.273)..|l62|44< 

(270)  F'MWASHINGTON 

TO  ANNAPOLIS. 

Railroad. 
To  Bladensburg.. 

Beltsville . 

Laurel  Factory...   6 

Junction |  2 

Annapolis  , 

(271)  F'MWASHINGTON 

TO  RIDGE, 
Via  Port  Tobacco. 

To  Palmer's  Tav- 
ern, Md 

Piscatawa 

Pleasant  H 

Port  Tobacco  . 


away. . . . 
ntHill.. 


6* 


Allen's  Fresh 

Newport 

Chaptico 

St.  Clement's  Bay 

Leonardtown 

Great  Mills 

St.  Inegoes' 

RIDGE 


87 
(272)  F'MWASHINGTON 


TO  FREDERICK. 


14 1  16 


To  Georgetown  .. 
Kcckviile,  Md. .. 

Urbanna  

FREDERICK 


(273)  F'MWASHINGTON 

TO  WILMINGTON, NC. 

Via  Fredericksburff, 
Richmond,  <$•  Peters- 
burg. 

Steamboat. 


To  Alexandria  ... 

Mt.  Vent  on 

Aetuia  Cr'k  Land- 
ing,  Va.. 

Richmond,  Fredericks' 

burg,  &  Potomac  RR. 
Brooks's  Water 

Station 

FREDERICKSB'G, 

Guiney's 

Milford  Depot... 

RutherGlen 

Junction  . 


Taylorsville 

Hungary     Water 

Station  

RICHMOND 


13110 
8118 
Richmond  ^-Petersburg 

Railroad. 

Manchester I  2J120 

Proctor's  Creek...  11131 
PETERSBURG....!  9|l40 
Petersburg  <$•  Roanoke 

Railroad. 
Stony  Cr'k  Ware- 


31  161 
9170 

11  M 
3)84 
7191 
9200 
5205 


Jarrett's 

BelHeld 

Junction 

Pleasant  H  ill,  NC. 


WELDON 

Wilmington  <$r  Raleigh 
Railroad. 

Halifax 

Enfield 

Battles 

Rocky  Mount . 
Joiners 


130 


ROUTES  FROM  WASHINGTON. 


Nahunta  7 
Goldsboro'  11 
Dudley's  9 

271 

282 
291 
303 
311 
319 
328 
337 
344 
352 
366i 

JTON 
10, 

and 

2 
0  12 
9  21 

8  29 
5  34 
6  40 
4  44 
8  52 
6  58 
4  62 
2  74 
3  87 
9  96 
7103 
3116 
i)  i-ji; 
5131 
6137 
:j  lt;<i 
6166 
4  191) 
7197 
8205 
0215 
6  221 
42:35 
6251 

0303 

BT'N 
R, 

4  21 

6  27 
4  31 
5  36 
6  42 
5  47 
4   51 
4   55 

Via  Cumbered,  I 
ing,  Zanesvillt 
Columbus. 
Stage. 
lo  Georgetown  .. 
Rock  ville,  Aid.... 
Urbana 

Vh 
t 

14 
12 

15 
1 

4 
4 

2 

4 

1 
2 

2 
3 
1 

4 
2 
2 

2 

2 
1 

a 

eel- 
i  nd 

2 

Hi 

28 

43 

IK. 

47 
51 
53 

57 
GO 
61 
63 

•;;> 
68 

6<i 

72 
74 

78 
80 
82 
84 
85 
8/ 

88 
89 

PI 

Bridgeport,  O.  ... 
St.  Clairsville.... 
:  Alorristown  
IFairview  
Middlehourn  
i  Washington  
Cambridge  
!New  Concord  

1 
10 

11 

10 
:j 
7 
E 
8 
S 
3 
8 
8 

2 
5 
4 
4 
2 
S 
5 

i? 

9 
5 
H 
1(1 
10 
10 
9 
th 
7 
3 
4 
6 

5 
5 
5 
6 
4 

a 

9 
5 

QT 

98t 

0. 

1 

5 
6 

3 
6 
12 
3 
3 
5 
10 
3 
5 
3 

m 

304 
31S 

325 
328 
335 
343 
352 

366 
374 
378 
380 
385 
389 

l!J» 

472 

481 

488 
491 
495 
501 
504 
509 
514 
}19 

i29 

jsa 

541 

546 

ON 

er 
293 

m 

299 
{05 

308 
314 

;2r; 

m 

J:;2 
i37 
347 
i)0 
355 
^58 

Faison's           .  .  12 

Warsaw                8 

Strickland  8 
Teachy's  9 
S.  Washington.   9 
Bergaw                  7 

Frederick  

Rocky  Mount  .  .    8 
Wilmington....  14 

(274)  F'MWASHINC 

TO  PARKERSBUI 

Via    Winchester 
Clarksburg. 

To  Georgetown  .  . 
Prospect  Hill,  Va.  1 
Dranesville  

Baltimore  <$-  Ohio 
Doup's  Switch  .  .. 
Point  of  Rocks... 
Catoctin  Switch.. 
Berlin  

Bridgeville  .  .  . 

ZANESVILLE  
Hopewell  

Gratiot  .... 

Brownsville  
Lin  ville  

Knoxville  
Weverton  

Jacksontown  

HARPER'S  FERRY 

Peacher's  Mill.... 
Hall  Town  Road. 
Duffield's 

Luray  

Kirkersville  
Etna  

Belmont  
Leesburg  

Leetown  Road  .  .  . 
Kerneysville  

COLUMBUS  

Alton 

Purcell's  Store.  .  .  . 
Snickersville  
Snicker's  Ferry  .  . 
Barry  ville  

Drake's  
Flagg's  Alill  
Martmsburg  
Warm  Spring  R'ti 
Tabbs* 

West  Jefferson  ... 
Ltifavetta  
Brighton  Centre.. 
SPRINGFIELD  
Yellow  Springs  .. 
Xenia  

WINCHESTER  ...  1 
Back  Cr'k  Valley.  ] 
Capon  Bridge.... 
Hanging  Rock  ... 

ROMNEY  1 

Hedgesville  Road. 
Myer's  Water  Sta- 
tion 

Little  Miama  1 
Spring  Valley  
Claysville 

Hedgesville  Depot 
N.  Mountain  Wa- 
ter Station 

Burlington  1 
Ridgeville  

Corwin.  .  . 

Back  Cr'k  Bridge. 
Runner's   Ferry 
Road  
Licking   Water 
Station  
Walnut  Bend.... 
Hancock  
St.  John's  Run... 
Great  Cacapon... 
Rockwell's  Run.. 
Doe  Gully  Tunnel 
No.  12  Water  Sta- 
tion 

2 
2 

3 
2 
5 
5 
4 
7 
2 

9 
3 
4 

B 

8 

10 

93 
95 

98 
100 
105 
110 
114 
121 
123 

132 
135 

I3!l 
146 

m 

160 
170 

Claysville 

Lockport  
Morrow  . 

Glade  Valley  i 
German  Settlem't 

Deerrield  

Three  Forks  
Pruntytown  
Bridgeport  

Polktown 

Indian  Ripple  
Milford 

CLARKSBURG  — 

Columbia  

Lewisport     1 

CINCINNATI  

(276)  F'MWASHIN 
TO  DETROIT 

ViaWheelmff,Wo 
Ohio,  Sr  Toled 

To  Wheeling— 
(see  No.  275)  .  .  . 
Martin's  Ferry,  O 
Colerain  

Pennsboro'  
PARKKRSBURG...  * 

(274i)F'MWASHIN 
TO  WlNCHESTE 

Via  Alexandria 

To  ALEXANDRIA. 
Fairfax.  Va  1 

Pawpaw  Tunnel  . 
Little  Cacapon... 
Great  Spring  Run 
Patterson's  Creek. 
CUMBERLAND  — 
National  Road. 
Frostburg  

Chantilly  
Pleasant  Valley  .  . 
Arcola  .  .  . 

Little  Crossing... 
Addison,  Pa  
Sornerfield  
Uniontown  
BROWNSVILLE  .. 
E.  Bethlehem  .... 
Beallsville 

13 
13 

a4 

12 

6 

3 
8 

IT 

183 
196 
.'00 
221 
233 
239 
242 
245 

Harrisville  .  .  . 

Short  Creek  
Cadiz 

Aldie 

Stocktownship... 
Tappan  
Whitehall 

Middleburg  
Rector's  X  Roads. 
Upperville 

East  port 

4  59 
5  64 
2  66 
2  78 

Hillsboro'  

New  Philadelphia 
Dover 

Berry  ville 

Washington 

Millwood  
WINCHESTER....  1 

Claysville  .  .  . 

1ft 

272 
279 

Strasburg.  .  .  . 

W.Alexander.... 

1 

Deardoff's  Mills.. 

ROUTES  FROM  WASHINGTON. 


131 


Frease's  Store  
Mt.  Eaton  

4362 

i  33 
9375 
5  :M 
1  1391 
38ft 
QUO 
7411 
54  It 
4  42( 
542. 

IH 

4411 

!;  ""' 

'^  4»> 

(278)  F'MWASHING 

TO  BOSTON. 
Washington  Bran 
Railroad. 

To  Bladensburg.. 

PON 
ch 

b 
12 
18 

21 
30 

to 

\  40 

"I 

43 

gi 

77 
78 
83 

HH 
104 

iot; 

110 
118 

120 

m 

134 
137 

438 

ON 

7 
15 
20 
32 

42 

52 

'•- 

108 

IN 
119 
140 
147 
153 
Hi2 
171 

% 

(280)  F'MWASHIN 

TO  STAUNTON 
Via  Warrenton  Si 
&•  Charlottesvil 
To  Alexandria  .  .  . 
Fairfax 

GJTON 

ir'ffS 
te. 
7 
14  21 

7   28 

V$ 

3  45 

6  51 
5  56 
5  61 
6  67 
9  76 
4  80 
8  88 
8  96 
0106 
5121 
6127 
8135 
8143 
4147 
7154 
0164 

JTON 
HUR 

urg, 
and 

8  15 

7  42 

cks- 

4  56 

0  66 
5  71 

5  76 

B  82 

a  94 

5104 
3119 
3125 
3133 
3141 
1145 

llbl 

n/5 

)190 
>199 
>205 
1219 
>224 
237 
>246 

fl*) 

Apple  Creek  
WOOSTER  
New  Pittsburg  ...  1 
Row's  

Savannah 

Laurel  Factory... 
Junction  ... 
Elkridge  Landing 

Baltimore  and 
Railroad. 
BALTIMORE  

Philadelphia,  Wil 
ton,  «$-  Baltimore 

( 

i 
1C 

Oh 

110 

mi 
R 

7 
54 
I, 

1 

1 
5 
3 

3 

; 

2 
4 

8 
2 

4 

7 

3 

01 

"a1 

5 
12 

10 

10 

8 
7 

19 

10 
(i 
5 
Jl 

/; 

<l 
!•_' 
10 
IK 

Centreville  
Groveton  
Buc  k  la  nd 

Ruggles...  
Greenwich  
Fitchville 

New  Baltimore... 
Warrenton  
Warrenton  Spr'gs 
Jeriersonton  
Rixeyville 

N.  Fitchville  
Bronson.. 

Norwalk  
Monroeville  
Lyme 

t/ulpepper  C.  H.  . 
3olv  ill's  Tavern.. 
Locustdale  

Bellevue  
Lower  Sandusky.  1 
Black  Swamp  
Woodville 

Stemmer's  Run  .  . 
Chase's  

Orange  C.  H  
jordonsville  
Kverittsville  J 
JHARLOTTESVI'E 
Sardins'  Tavern.. 
Yancey's  Mills... 
Brookville 

Perrysburg  ] 
Maumee  City  
TOLEDO  1 
Manhattan  
Erie,  Mich  
LaSalle  

6  4!« 

i  -,oo 

1511 

rM 

-,  y: 

Harewood  
Gunpowder  
Barry  man's  
all's  X  Roads... 
Havre  de  Grace  .  . 
Cecil  

bVay  nesborough.  . 
STAUNTON  1 

(281)  F'MWASHINC 

TO  WHITE  SULP 
SPRINGS, 
Via      Fredericksb 
Charlottes  oille, 
Staunton. 
Steamboat. 
To  Alexandria  ... 
Mt.  Vent  on  
Aquia  Cr'k  Land- 
ing, Va.               2 

Monroe  
Brest  . 

;   )32 

5  537 

3350 
;  556 
1557 
3570 

TON 

S. 

42 

56 
118 
140 
205 
366 

524 

661 

792 

899 

98fi 

Uharlestown  
Northeast  ...   . 

Brownstown  1 
Gibraltar  . 

Elkton  
Newark  

Truago 

Staunton  . 

DETROIT  1 

(277)  F'MWASHING 

TO  NEW  ORLEA> 
Steamboat. 
Aquia  Cr'k  L'g, 
Railroad. 
Fredericksburg, 
Va  .  .  .                 14 

Newport  
WILMINGTON  — 
Vuaman's  Creek. 
Vlarcus  Hook  
Chester  

L.a  za  retto  
Cray's  Ferry  
PHILADELPHIA... 
BOSTON  — 
(see  No.  231)...  £ 

(279)  F'MWASHIN 

TO  NORFOLK,  ^ 
Steamboat. 
To  Alexandria  ... 
Mt.  Vernon  
Crane  Island  
Sandy  Point,  Md. 
Aquia  Cr'k  Land- 
ing Va 

Richmond  &rFreder 
burg  RR. 
^redericksburg...  1 
Stage. 
}hancellorsville..  1 
Vilderness   
jocust  Grove  
/erdiesville  
Orange  C.  H  1 
Gordonsville  1 
Everittsville  1 
CHARLOTTESVI'E 
Hardins'  Tavern  . 
Yancey's  Mills  ... 
Brookville  
Wayneshorough 
STAUNTON  1 
Jennings'  Gap...    1 
Deerfield  1 
Cloverdale  Hotel     , 
Green  Valley  ( 
Bath  1< 
Hot  Springs  ; 
Columbia  Inn  1 
Callaghan's  ! 
WHITE  SULPHUR 
SPRINGS  l<j 

RICHMOND  62 
Petersburg  22 
Weldon.N.  C.  .   65 
Wilmington....  161 
Steamboat. 
CHARLESTON, 
S.  C  158 

Railroad. 
Augusta,  Ga.  ..1137 
Covington,  Ga..  131 
Stage. 
West  Point,  Ga.  1107 
Railroad. 
Montgomery,     1 
Ala.*  87 

Boyd'sHo'le  
Matthias'  Point  .. 
>dar  Point,  Md.. 
Jlackstone's  I..  .. 
'iney  Point  
Joint  Lookout  ... 
loger  Point,  Va.. 
Smith's  Point  ..,. 
Windmill  Point., 
iwynn's  Island  .. 
'oint-no-Point  ... 
\ew  Pt.  Comfort. 
Jack  River  Point. 
Old  Pt.  Comfort.  . 
NORFOLK  ... 

Stage. 
MOBILE,  Ala...  1209  1195 
Steamboat. 
NEW  ORLEANS  117511370 

*  From  Montgomery  to 
Mobile,  by  the  river, 
is  338  miles. 

132 


ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA. 


(282)  F'MWASHINGTON 

TO  LYNCHBURG, 
Via  Charlottesville. 

To  Charlottesville 
(see  No. 277)... 

Garland's 

(Jovesville 


Lovingston 

Rose  Mills 

New  Glasgow 

LYNCHBURG  


127 
14141 

7148 


15163 
9172 
5  177 

20197 


)  F'M  RICHMOND  TO 
WASHINGTON. 
Richmond,  Fredericks- 
burg,  «$•  Potomac  RR. 
To  Hungary  Sta-l 

tion 

Taylors  ville 

Junction 

HutherGlen 

Milford  


(283)  F'M  FREDERICKS- 
BURG   TO  WINCHES- 
TER. 

SoFalmouth 
artwood 

Spottedyille 

Somerville 

Warrenton 

Salem  Fauquier.. 

Oak  Hill 

Paris 

Millwood 

WINCHESTER  ... 

(284)  F'M  FREDERICKS 
BURG  TO  TAPPAHAN 
NOCK. 

ToRappahannock 

Port  Royal 

Loretto.., 

Lloyd's 

TAPPAHANNOCK.  . 


(285)  F'M  RICHMOND  TO 
OLD  PT.  COMFORT. 

To  Frasier's  Tav- 
ern   

New  Kent 

Barhamsville 

Burnt  Ordinary.. 


Williamsburg 

YORKTOWN 

alfway  House  . . 


HAMPTON 

Old  PL  Comfort 

(286)  F'M  RICHMOND  TG 

NORFOLK. 

Steamboat. 
To  Warwick's  . . . 

City  Point 

Windmill  Point.. 

Jamestown  I 

Burwell'sBay  ... 
Newport  News. . . 
NORFOLK 

(287)  F'M  RICHMOND  TO 
TAPPAHANNOCK 

To  Old  Church... 

Aylett's li 

FleetwoodAcad..  ! 
Miller's  Tavern  ..  • 
TAPPAHANNOCK.  .  U 


34  .. 
12  52 
24  7f 
12  88 
1510c 
15  11 


27102 
8110 


umey  s  ......... 

FREDERICKSB'G. 
Aquiu  Cr'k  Land- 

ing, Va  ......... 

Steamboat. 
Mt.  Vernon  ----  /. 

Alexandria  ....... 

WASHINGTON.  .  .  . 

(2880  FR'M  RICHMOND 

TO  GORDONSVILLE. 

Railroad. 

To  Junction—       I 

(see  No.  288)  ...I 

Louisa  RR. 

Beaver  Dam  ...... 

Frederick's  Hall.  . 
Tolersville  ........ 

Louisa  C.  H  ...... 

Gordonsville  ...... 

(289)  FROM  RICHMOND 

TO  STAUNTON. 
To  Powell's  Tav- 
ern ............. 

Dover  Mills  ...... 

Beaver  Dam  ...... 

Goochland  ....... 

Cedar  Point  ...... 

Fife's  ............. 

Columbia  ........ 

Palmyra 


.......... 

Union  Mills  ...... 

Everittsville  ...... 

Charlottesville  ---- 

STAUNTON  ....... 


37120 


))  FROM  RICHMOND 
TO  LYNCHBURG. 
To  Manchester...] 

Coal  Mines 

Hallsboro' 

Pint  Rock 

Scottsville 

Macon 

Bullsville 

Cumberland  C.  H. 
Langhorn's    Tav- 
ern   

Raine's 

FARMVILLE 

Walker's  Church. 


Spou 
Cone 


it  Spring 

Concord 

LYNCHBURG  


;2C1)  FROM  RICHMOND 
TO  MILTON,  N.  C., 

Via  Farmville. 
ToFarmville 


Prince  Edward  CH 

Midway  Inn 

ttoanoke  Bridge.. 
Charlotte  C.H..., 

Vlt.  Laurel 

Halifax 

Bloomsburg 

'Junninghum's 

Store,  N.  C.... 
MILTON 


12J32 
13145 

13158 
10168 

(292)  FROM  RICHMOND 

TO  RALEIGH,  N.C. 
Richmond  fr  Petersburg 

Railroad. 
To  Petersburg.... 
StonyCreekWare- 

house 

Jarrett's 

Belfield  

Greenville   fr  Roanoke 

Railroad. 

Ryland's Jill  74 

Guston ilOl  84 

Raleigh  &  Gas  ton  RR. 


21  43 
111  63 


Littleton 

Macon 

Ridge  way 

Henderson 

Staunton 

Franklin 

Forrestville 

Huntsville 

RALEIGH 


9  „ 
11104 
10114 
13127 

7134 
11145 
11156 

6162 

9171 


(293)  F'M  PETERSBURG 
TO  LYNCHBURG. 

To  Fork  Inn 

Mt.  Level 

Morgansville 

Nottoway  C.  H... 

iurksville 

rille 


LYNCHBURG  


48124 


(294)  F'M  PETERSBURG 
TO  NORFOLK. 

Railroad. 
To  City  Point....]    113 

Steamboat. 
NORFOLK— 
(see  No.  286)  ...1781  90 

(295)  F'M  PETERSBURG 
TO  NORFOLK. 

To  Prince  George. I    I    7 

Garysville 10  17 

Cabin  Point 9  2t> 

SurryC.  H 112!  38 


ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA. 


133 


Bacon  Castle  g 
Burwell's  Bay  6 

Cloverda-le  
52!  Salem  i 

3  78||  Liberty.... 
I   92  Lisbon 

8  28 

12  51 

5   56 
25   81 
12  93 
7100 

n  in 

18  129 

Smithfield  b 
Chuckatuck  10 
Suffolk....             10 

58  LaFayette  1 
68  i  CHRISTIANSB'RG  1. 
78  KNOXVILLE— 
oke      (see  No.  303)...  231 
..   (300)   F'M  LYNCHB 
9o       TO  GUYANDOTTE 
og     Via    White    Sulph 
Springs. 
T0  To  New  London  . 
Otter  Bridge  
Liberty  

Blue  Ridge...;;;;  i 

^'incastle  .                14 

1103  Butbrd's  

)  117   Big  Lick  ; 

Portsmouth  <$•  Roan 
Railroad. 
Portsmouth...         17 

348  CHRISTIANBURG 
-„„  .1  Angle's  Ferry  .... 
3    Newbern  
•       i  Draper's  Valley. 
ur     Wytheville  
Rural  Retreat... 
\\  Pleasant  Hill.... 
18   Marion.... 

Steamboat. 
NORFOLK  1 

(296)  F'M  NORFOLK 
HAMPTON. 

Steamboat. 
To  Old  Pt.  Com- 
fort 

9138 
7145 
11156 
6  162 
11173 
5178 
7185 
3198 
9207 
9216 
6222 
9231 
7^238 
3:241 

Li 

9279 
4293 
9:302 
0312 

URO 

.C. 

12 
5   17 
6  23 
B  29 
3  42 
5  47 
7  54 
J  73 

1  90 
)  99 
103 
112 
125 
136 

;ii 

158 
175 

RD 

10 
19 
22 
29 
38 
46 
52 
58 

2(j   Seven.  rniie  Ford 
43  Glade  Spring  
57:Cedarvilie  

HAMPTON  5 

FROM     NORFOLK 
EASTVILLE, 
By  Steamboat....! 

(297)  F'M  NORFOLK 
RALEIGH. 
To  Portsmouth  ...  1    I 
Portsmouth  $•  Roano 
Railroad. 
Suffolk  17 

&\  Sweet  Springs....  15 
WHITE  SULPHUR 
TO      SPRINGS  17 
jewisburg  9 

89  Sapling  Grove.... 
BLOUNTSVILLE  .  . 
106   Lden's  Ridge  
115   Kmgsport  

,-Q  Blue  Sul.  Springs.  13 
Se  well's  Mountain  16 
jpcust  Lane  10 
ro    Mountain  Cove  ..    9 
Gauley  Bridge  ...  15 
1   Mt.  Juliet..   25 
,     Kanawha  Saline  .   5 
Ke  KANAWHA  C.  H.  .   6 
'oalsmouth  12 
18  Mt.  Salem  9 
««    Long  Level  b' 
*   Barboursville  12 
49  GUYANDOTTE  7 

63  (301)   FROM  KANAW 
C.  H.  TO  PT.  PLEJ 

75         ANT. 

$  To  Mouth  of  Poc- 
>        ataligo 

128  -^ew  Cniit(jn  

54   -YelJow  Store.'.'.*; 
($    Rogersyille  

193   Rocky  Spring  .'  .  .' 
?08   Bean's  Station  ... 
JJ  llutledge  
?£  '  Blair'*  *j  Roads.. 
35    Acaderrna  
4j  ,KNOXVILLE  .1] 

jjjj   (304)   F'M  LYNCHB 
TO  SALISBURY,  JN 
HA            Via  Danville. 
s-  i  To  Campbell  CH. 
[Yellow  Branch... 
Castle  Craig  ... 
16   Ward's  Bridge.  " 
20   Chalk  Level?.  „     1 
24   Robertson's  Store. 
34   Pittsylvania  

Carrsville. 

Franklin  5 
Newson's  Depot..  13 
Margaretsville, 
N.  C  14 

Stage. 
Gareysburg..           12 

Littleton'.  ;;;;;;;;"  201 

Gaston  <$•  Raleigh  Rl 
RALEIGH  17811 

(298)  F'M  NORFOLK  i 
LDENTON,  N.  C. 
To  Deep  Creek... 
Lake  Drummond.    9  J 
South  Mills,  N.C.  13  I 
Aew  Lebanon          5   - 
Elizabeth  Cfty....  12  £ 
Wood  vi  lie  10  £ 
Hertford  11    <j 

?.    Walnut  Grove  ...    4 
-o   Redhouse  Shoals.    4 
Buffalo  10 

n       rbuckle  14 

PT.  PLEASANT...   7 

41  (302)   F'M  LYNCHBUE 
53      TO  WHITE  SULPHI 
6  j     SPRINGS,  Va., 
1     Via  Natural  Bridge 
3      oWaugh's  Fer'y 
4      alcony  Falls         13 

55   Rawlingsburg, 

«$S^:&i\ 

.     GREENSBORO'  ;;."  1J 
8   Jamestown  i; 
si    lirmnniell's  "  1C 

EDENTON  12   t 

yi     Natural  Bridge      Q    <• 

m    Rich  Fork... 

(299)  F'M  STAUNTON  T 
KNOXVILLE,  Tenn. 
To  Greenville 
Steele's  Tavern..;    6   1 
Fairfield  6   2 

Rebecca  Furnace.  15  , 
0  I  Clifton  Forge  11   ( 
Covington..             14  I 

>5   Lexington  6 

6  (SALISBURY  I   7 

?  1(305)  FR'MHICKSFC 

»         TO  ROXBORO',  N.( 

e|T"  St'>ny  Mount. 

q   Callaghan's  5  j 
5  WHITE  SULPHUR 
j      SPRINGS  14  ^ 

Lexington  11    3 
Fancy  Hill  .'    g  4 
Natural  Bridge  .    7   4 
Pattensburg  10  5 
r  incastle.              12  6* 

2|  (303)   F'M  LYNCHBUR 
[    TO  KNOXVILLE,  Tenn 
Via  Blountsville. 
)i  To  New  London  .       1 
»l      ter  Bridge  7   1 

a  IJ^awrenceville  3 
i  Diamond  Grove.     7 
:  Tanner's  Store...    9 
Lombard?  Grove.   8 
1  j  Union  Level  6 
8  Boydton  

Amsterdam  61  7J 

134 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


Clarksville             12 

"0       OLUMBUS  

78   Alton  
$   WT.  Jefferson  

1142 

9151 
5'15U 

jinville  ' 
irownsville  £ 
Gratiot  t 

!  w 

40 
42 
46 

54 
62 

i  85 
92 
\  95 
)105 
116 
)126 
11127 

BU8 

I  11 

|8 
!i 
ig 

5   40 
2   42 
4  46 
8  54 
4   58 
3  61 
3  64 
9   73 
5   78 

4   90 
4   94 
3107 
7114 
0  124 

!!P 

O  li£S 

4136 
5141 
4145 

9154 
13167 

rtBUS 

. 

11 
3  14 
7  21 
4  25 
11  36 
5  41 
10   51 
8  59 
14   73 
11    84 
9  M 
13NW 

Whitehouse  8 
ROXBORO'              20 

(306)  FR'M  CLEVELAI, 
TO  BUFFALO,  N.Y. 

,a  Fayette  

8164 
5!]Ktt 

[opewell  ' 

^j\.NESVILLE  i 

righton  Centre.. 
9  SPRINGFIELD  — 
12   Yellow  Springs... 

51 

10:1 

9 
9;: 
R 

r. 

71 

IK 

1 
11 

LA 

Pa 

6 

7 
5 
6 

4 
ti 
4 
5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
3 

4 

b 
4 

]- 

i. 

ii 

i 

:'v 

44 
» 
ii 

45 

m 

V 

1 

! 

4 

K| 

93 

02 

V.i 

n; 

>:,( 
K> 
MO 
M( 
JJ3 
*>2 
ii< 

ND 

( 

1L 
]i 

2- 

:,( 

y-j 

4- 
4! 
54 

(X 
Ijt 

7^ 
^l 
h 
!) 
!» 
10 
111 
11 
11 

13 
13 

£1 

,! 

II! 

or 
a. 

2: 
2 

sr 

31 

iridgeville  1 

Norwich  '<• 

To  Euclid  n 
E.  Euclid  3 

Mew  Concord  —   ; 

Willoughby  6 

18  Xenia  
23       j^ittle  Miama  h 
U     pring  Valley.... 
44  jCorwm  
T7.     lorrow  
£?  !  Deerfield  
M   Foster's  Crossings. 
Si   Polktown  
liltbrd 

Vnshington  ! 
liddlebourn  r 
Fairview   

Painesvil'le  6 

Perry^  7 

Vlorristown  H 
St.  Clairsville  1 
Iridgepurt  .......  1 

WHEELINGjVa.  . 

312)  FROM  COLUM 

TO  PlTTSBURG 

Via  Steubenvillt 

LV)  Reynoldsburg. 
Etna  

Unionville  2 
Saybrook    8 

ASHTABULA  6 

Kingsville  9 

Amboy  | 

$  Columbia  
gtj  CINCINNATI  

°°  (309)  FR'MCLEVE 
96  1     TO  PITTSBURGH 
[*o  Newburg  
^    Bedford 

Fairview,  Pa  17 
ERIK          12  1 

BK7253)...911 

(307)  FR'M  CLEVELA 
TO  TOLEDO. 
ToRockport  I 

Cirkersville  
fj"ray  

Twinsburg  
8    ludson  

Hebron  
lacksontown  
Linville  

Dover  5 
N.  Ridgeville  ....   7 
Elyria  4 

20   Franklin  Mills.... 
24  i  Ravenna  

Brownsville  
iratiot  
Hopewell  

Amherst  8 
Henrietta  3 
Birmingham  o 
Florence  o 
Beriinville  4 

32  Edioburg  
35  Palmyra  
38  '[Frederick  

ZANESVILLE  — 
fridgeville  

41  i  Ellsworth  
45   Canfield  

Mew  Concord  — 
Cambridge  

tilan  o 
orwalk  4 
onroeville  4 
Lyme  jj 

5     Poland  
61   New  Middletown. 
67   Petersburg  
70  Enon  Vnlley,  Pa. 
88   Darlington  

V/inchester  
Antrim  
Londonderry  
Smyrna  
Moretield 

Lower  Sandusky.  IS 
Black  Swamp....    8 
Woodville  7 
Perrysburg  16 
MaumeeCity  ....    1 
TOLEDO  H 

Cadiz  1 

103  Freedom  

Greene  
Wintersville  I 
STEUBENVILLE  .. 
Holliday's  Cove.. 

p,,rjs                 

120  Sewickly  Bottom. 
130  Allegheny  

PlTTSBURG  
ND 

(310)  FR'MCLEVI 
i       TO  BUFFALO,  N 
7              Steamboat. 
i     To  Ashtabula  .  .  . 
07  I  ERIE,  Pa  
sU  Portland,  N.Y.  . 
49   Dunkirk  

(308)  FR'M  CLEVELA 
TO  CINCINNATI. 
To  Brooklyn  

Bavington  
Fayette              .  .  . 

PlTTSBURO  

(313)  FROM  COLUI 
TO  CLEVELANI 

To  Blendon  
Westerville  

ft   inrwick                 6 

Guilford  9 
Wooster  13 

Big  Prairie  9 
Loudonville  11 

oo  (311)  FROM  COLI 
91      TO  WHEELING, 
101  To  Reynoldsburg 
106   Etna  
117  Kirkersville  
121   Luray  
128  Hebron  

Galena  
Sonbury  
Centreburg  

Mt.  Vernon  « 
Mt.  Liberty  10 
Centreburg  a 

Mt.  Liberty  
Mt.  Vernon  
Democracy  
Loudonville  
i  Big  Prairie  
WOOSTER  
1  Guilford 

Galena  4 
Westerville  7 

Blendon  •: 

ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


135 


Brunswick  

8123 

K  12: 
H135 

]  Jackson  ... 

15!  68 

8   7b 
J3I  99 

*S  TO 

n. 

45 
13  58 
11   69 
5   74 
10  84 
6  90 
6  96 

u  nc; 

7123 
1124 

IBUS 

17 

3  20 
8  28 
7   35 
0   45 

2    57 
8   65 
5  70 

[BUS 

54 

1   65 
6  81 

8   W 
1  lul 
9110 
2122 

LLE 

29 
7   36 
4   40 
4   44 

8  70 

i   ffi 

<    W 

^ 

;ii2 
ni5 

4119 

LLE 

>y. 

J    9 
)  19 

i  27 
4  36 
i  52 

CHILLICOTHE  — 
To  MAYSVILLE— 
(see  No.  318)... 

(323)  F'M  ZANESI 
TO  WHEELING, 
ToBridgeville.... 
Norwich  
New  Concord  
Cambridge  

,o|n 

79150 

^r 

3,f 

iM 

8  31 
7  38 
3  41 
10  51 
11   62 
10  72 
ll  73 

TTHE 
3, 

199 

NATI 
N. 

2 

6    8 
6  14 
10  24 
7   31 
5  36 
3  39 
8  47 
7  54 
7  61 
9  70 

NATI 
E. 

2 

7    9 
5  14 
4  18 

8  26 
5  31 

o  56 
0   66 

8  74 

i  a*> 

3  98 

SATI 

:, 

3 
5     8 
5  13 

7  20 
4  24 

7  31 

7  38 
0  48 

Strongville  
Parma  

iRockyHill  
1  GALLIPOLIS  

Brooklyn  
CLEVELAND  

(314)  FROM  COLU 
TO  SANDUSKY 
To  Worthington  . 
Williamsville  
Delaware  

:j  IS 
4142 

tfBUS 

96| 
10  34 
10  44 
18  «2 
11   73 
7  80 
6  8b 
4  90 
6  % 
L4110 

IBUS 

,la. 

5  \\ 

8   22 
0   32 
<     42 
7   49 
7   56 
1   67 
7  74 

3  8; 

.;  us 
0103 

>;  iu.' 

6115 

(>  12.', 
2  127 

>-  \:>;> 
6  141 
8149 
51;4 
"  1-2 
I  167 
i  172 
0182 

BUS 
J. 

9  26 

9   45 
5  61) 
4  64 
4    78 
2  90 

BUS 

9!  26 

9]  4. 

(318)  F'MCOLUMBl 

MAYSVILLE,  K< 
To  Chillicothe— 
(see  No.  317)  .  .  . 
Bourneville  

Cynthiana  
Sinking  Spring... 
Locust  Grove  

Washington  
Middlebourne  
Fairview  
Morristown  

Norton  

Marion  
Bucyrus  
Chattield  
Attica  

West  Union  
Aberdeen  
MAYSVILLE  

(319)  FROM  COLUJ 
TO  ATHENS. 
ToLithopolis.,.. 
Courtwright  
Lancaster  

St.  Clairsville.... 
Bridgeport  
WHEELING  i 

(324)  F'M  CHILLIC 
TO  GALLIPOLI 

(See  No.  317)  1 

(325)  FR'M  CINCIN 
TO  WEST  UNIO 

Reedtown 

Sherman 

Beilevue.. 

SANDUSKY  

(315)  FROM  COLD? 
TO  INDIANAPOLIS 
Via.  Dayton. 
To  Alton  

Sugar  Grove  
Logan  1 

W.  Jefferson  
La  Fayette  

To  Fulton  1 
Vewtown  
Mt.  Carmel  
Batavia  

Brighton  Centre.  .  : 

ATHENS  1 

(330)  FROM  COLUH 
TO  MARIETTA 
To  ZANESVILLE, 
(see  No.  312)  .  .  . 
Blue  Rock               1 

Enon  

Williamsburg  
Bethel 

Dayton  1 
Liberty  
W.  Alexandria.  .  .  1 

Hamersville  
Georgetown  
Kussellville  

McConnellsville..  J 
Beverly  1 
Watertbrd  

Decatur  

New  Westville...  1 
Richmond,  Ind.  .. 
Centreville  
Cambridge              1 

WEST  UNION.... 

(326)  FR'M  CINCIN 
TO  CHILLICOTH 
To  Fulton  
Plainville  
Milford  
Perrin's  Mills  
Gordonville  
Fayetteville  
Dodsonville  ' 
Rainsboro'  ] 
Bainbridge  

Lowell  

Dublin  ... 

(321)  F'M  ZANESV 
TO  CLEVELAND 
To  Coshocton  — 
Keene's 

Lewisville.... 
Ogden  
Knightstown..... 
Charlottesville  
Greenfield  .  .  . 

Mill  Creek 

Philadelphia  
Cumberland  
INDIANAPOLIS  1 

(316)  FROM  COLUM 
TO  PORTSMOUTJ 
To  S.  Bloomfield  . 

Clark's  
Millersburg  

WOOSTKR  1 

Guiltord  1 
Medina... 

Bourneville  ] 
CHILLICOTHE  —  1 

(327)  FR'M  CINCIN 
TO  ZANESVILLI 

Via  Circleville 

To  Walnut  Hills. 
Pleasant  Ridge... 
Montgomery  
Twenty.  mile 
Stand  
Hopkinsville  
Rochester  
Clarksville  
Wilmington  I] 

Brunswick  
Strongville  .... 

Parma  

Chillicnthe             1 

Brooklyn  

Waverly  1 

CLEVELAND  

(322)  F'M  ZANESVI 
TO  MAYSVILLE,  H 
To  Putnam  
Fultonham  
Somerset  N 
Rushville  
L'incnster  
Tarlton  ...1 

Piketon... 

Lucasville  1 

PORTSMOUTH  —  1 

(317)  FROM  COLUM 
TO  GALLIPOLIS 
ToS.  Bloomfield.  1 
Circleville  
Chillicothe  ll 

136 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


Snbina  
Washington  
New  Holland  
Williarnsport  
Circleville  
Amanda  

10 
12 

ws 
9 
12 

SI 
9 

8 
Id 
8 
1 

gj 
Vi 

,h 

Lc 

IE 

4 

5 
2 
1 
4 
2 
4 
5 
5 
5 
3 
H 

58 

70 

80  ; 
88 

!»7 
109  : 

us; 

127  • 
135 
145 
153 
154 

LTI 

I. 

ra- 

5 

9 
14 

16 

£1 

i 

32 
37 
42 
45 
nl 

(330)  FR'M  CINCW 
TO  SIDNEY, 
Via  Dayton. 
To  Carthage  
Springdale  

•N, 

7 
10 

18 
6 
6 
4 
8 
10 
11 
7 
13 

*N 

IS. 

4 
4 
4 

ijj 

4 
6 
12 
10 

^TI 

6 
13 
23 
41 
47 
53 
57 
65 
75 

8,; 

93 
106 

VTI 

4 

8 
12 

16 
22 
32 
3B 
43 
4<) 
61 
71 

Campbellsville  .  .  . 
Greensburg  

12 
12 
11 

! 

1 

2-1 

TN, 

18 

13 

5 

!! 

11 
22 

36 
5 
18 
33 
10 
19 

15 

i 

6 
25 
37 
8 
6 
11 
7 
23 
10 
12 
15 
33 
ro 
14 
1»; 

N'X 

M 
C< 

10 
4 
7 
10 
IT 

:•' 

3 

r 
12 

21 

161 
173 
184 
190 

194 

p 

241 

2:a 

ITI 

. 

291 
:;i)4 
309 
3-J1 
333 
344 

a% 
m 

407 
425 
log 

IKS 

487 
502 

as 

537 
543 
588 
tjOa 

613 
619 

630 

*;:;- 
i;t;o 

670 
6S2 
697 
730 
i<i. 

^ 

Monroe  

Three  Springs  — 
Blue  Spring  Grove 
GLASGOW  

Rushville  

Middletown  ... 
Franklin 

State  Line  

Fultonham   
Putnam 

Miamisburg  
Alexandersville.  .  . 
DAYTON.  . 

NASHVILLE  

(335)  FR'M  CiNcn 
TO  NATCHEZ,  IV: 

To  NASHVILLE— 
(see  No.  334)  .  .  . 
Good  Spring  
Franklin 

ZANESVILLE  

(328)  FR'M  CINCIIV 
TO  WHEELING, 

Via  SprinffJield,C 
bus,  <$•  Zanesvi 

Little  Miama  1 
To  Columbia  
Plainville  

W.  Charleston  .  .  . 
Troy  

Piqua  . 

SIDNEY 

(331)  FR'M  CINCH 
TO  INDIAN  APOL 
ToCheviott  
Dry  Ridge  
Cleves  
Elizabethtown  ... 
Lawrenceburg,Ia. 

Springhill  

Columbia  
Mt.  Pleasant  
Lawrenceburg  ... 
FLORENCE  
Tuscumbia  

Milford 

Germany  

Indian  Ripple  
Polktown  

Laugherty  

iRussellville  
To  11  sate 

Delaware  
Napoleon  .... 

Pikeville  

Deertield  

Greerisburg  
St.  Omar  

Border  Spring, 
Miss.    .. 

Lockport  
Freeport  

Shelby  ville  
Brandy  wine  
Pleasant  View  

11 

6 
12 
11 

8 

S'N 

, 

is 
37 

S'N 

K 

o 

11 

11 

:r 

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12 

i: 

82 
88 
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122 

VTI 

122 

359 

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1 

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26 
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72 
76 
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in. 

84 

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COLUMBUS  
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Choctaw  Agency. 
Louisville 

r*l         °iu»" 

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75 
85 
95 
105 
113 
118 
12  J 
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152 
151 
158 
162 
167 
169 
173 
181 

254 

VTI 

id 

127 

269 

Bethel  

{Spring  Valley  
Xenia  .  
Yellow  Springs  .. 

fPRINGFIELD  
righton  Centre.. 
La  Fayette 

INDIANAPOLIS  

(332)  FR'M  CINCI 
TO  ST.  Louis 
Via  fndianapol 
To  Indianapolis— 
(see  No.  331)... 
St.  Louis  — 
(see  No.  500)...  2 

(333)  FR'M  CINCI 
TO  LEXINGTON, 
Steamboat. 
To  Covington  
Stage. 

Hopahka   
Ofuhoma  
Springfield  
Sharon  .... 

Canton.  .  . 

JACKSON  .. 

West  Jefferson  .  .  . 
Alton 

Newtown 

Line  Store  

Gallatin  

Reynoldsburg  
Etna 

Malcolm  . 

Mississippi  Rail 
Washington  
NATCHEZ 

Kirkersville  
Luray  

Hebron  
Jacksontown  
Linnville  

(336)  FR'M  CINCH 
TO  BALTIMORE, 
Via  Wheeling  fr 
berland. 
To  WHEELING, 

(see  No.  328)... 
Triadelphia,Va.  . 
W.Alexander.... 
Claysville  
Washington  
Hillsboro'  

1TI 

tm- 

254 
264 
%8 
•J75 
285 
:J02 
305 
308 
314 
B26 
347 

Brownsville  
Gratiot  

Crittenden  
Williamstown  
Georgetown  
Delphi 

Hopewell  
ZANESVILLE  
WHEELING— 
(see  No.  323)... 

(329)  FR'M  CINCI 
TO  CLEVELAI* 
Via,    Columbus 
W  ouster. 

To  Columbus— 
(see  No.  328)  .  .  . 
Cleveland— 
(see  No.  313)...] 

LEXINGTON  

(334)  FR'M  CINCI 
TO  NASHVILLE,"] 
To  Lexington— 
(see  No.  333)  ... 
Nicholasville  
Shawnee  Run  

Bealsville 

HARRODSBURG  .. 
Perry  ville  
Lebanon  
Newmarket  .... 

K' 
18 
b 

115 
125 
143 
149 

E.  Bethlehem  .... 
BROWNSVILLE  .. 
Uniontovvn  
Somerfield..., 

ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


137 


Little  Crossing".'.! 
Frostburg 

13364 
13377 

10387 
RR. 
8'395 
13408 
4<412 
12424 
3433 
91442 
5447 
7454 
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8473 
11484 
20504 
47  551 
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254 

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5267 

£97Q 

Milford  
Germany 

1 
4 
6 
5 

14 

16 
17 
21 
27 

Peru  !... 

Steuben 

16  32 

6  38 
5  43 

5'  48 
8  56 
13  69 

£r.TO 

10 
20  30 
27  57 
60117 
44161 
30191 
16207 
45252 

r    TO 

75 
72147 
75222 
75297 
80377 
65442 
103545 
150  695 
25720 
13733 
571790 

CUMBERLAND.... 

Baltimore  <$•  Ohii 
Patterson's  Creek. 
Little  Carapon.  .  . 
Pawpaw  Tunnel.. 
Doe  Gulley  Tun'l. 
Great  Cacapon... 
HANCOCK 

Indian  Ripple  
Polktown  
Foster's  .  . 

New  Haven  
Plymouth  
Shelby 

Deern'eld  

MANSFIELD  

Morrow  

5  37 
5  42 
3  45 
6  51 
4   55 
3  58 
7  '65 

101  75 
10   85 
14   99 
11110 
8118 
6124 
7131 
11142 
R. 
231165 
16181 
9190 
13203 
16219 

f     TO 
?. 

1    1  16 

FROM    SANDUSK11 
BUFFALO,  N.1 

Steamboat. 
To  Huron  

Lockport. 

Freeport 

Corwin.  .  .  . 

Walnut  Bend  .... 
BackCr'k  Bridge. 
Hedgesville  
MARTINSBURG... 
Kerneysville  
HARPER'S  FERRY 
Frederick  
Ellicott's  Mills 

Claysville 

Spring  Valley.... 

Stage. 
Yellow  Springs  .. 
SPRINGFIELD  

Black  River  
CLEVELAND  
Ashtabula  
ERIE,  Pa  
Portland,  N.Y.  .. 

BALTIMORE  
(337)  FR'M  CINCH 

TO  PlTTSBUR 

To  WHEELING— 
(see  No.  328)... 
Triadelphia,Va.. 
W.Alexander,  Pa. 

W.  Liberty  
Beilefontame  
Cherokee  

Dunkirk  
BUFFALO  

FROM    SANDUSIO 
CHICAGO,  11 

Steamboat. 
To  DETROIT  — 
Ft.  Gratiot  
Point  au  Barques 
Thunder  Bay  Isl. 
Presque  Isle  
MACKINAC  
Manitou  Islands. 
Milwaukie,  Wis. 
Racine  .  . 

Howell's  . 

KENTON  

Mad  River  R 
Carey 

Tiffin  

Washington  10283 
Cannonsburg  7290 
Harriottsville  8298 
PITTSBURG  10308 

(338)  FR'M  CINCINNATI 
TO  SANDUSKY  CITY. 
JMtleMiamaRR. 
To  Columbia  5 

Republic  

Beflevue  . 

SANDUSKY  

FROM    SANDUSK^ 
MANSFIELD 
Mansfield  Ri 
To  Monroeville.  .  . 

Snuthport  
CHICAGO,  111.  ... 

DESCRIPTION  OP  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES, 


THE   PRINCIPAL   CITIES,   TOWNS,   WATERING- 
PLACES,  &c 


_  ^BLA  CK   MTS. 

NORTH  CAROLINA   lies  between  33°  50'  and 
36°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  75°  45'  and  84q  W.  Ion. 
i  from  Greenwich ;  and  between  6a  20'  W.,  and  1°  33' 
j  E.    Ion.    from    Washington.      Population    in    1840, 
f  753,419. 

Along  the  entire  coast  of  this  state  there  is  a  ridge 
of  sand,  separated  from  the  main  land  in  some  places 
„  by  narrow,  and  in  other  places  by  broad  sounds  and 
1  bays.  The  passages  or  inlets  through  it  are  shallow 
and  dangerous,  Ocracoke  inlet  being  the  only  one  through  which  vessels 
pass.  Capes  Hatteras  and  Lookout  are  projecting  points  in  this  belt,  and 
off  them,  particularly  the  former,  is  the  most  dangerous  navigation  on  the 
coast  of  the  United  States.  Cape  Fear  is  on  an  island  off  the  mouth  of 
Cape  Fear  river.  For  60  or  80  miles  from  the  shore,  the  country  is  level ; 
the  streams  are  sluggish,  and  there  are  many  swamps  and  marshes.  The 
soil  is  sandy  and  poor,  excepting  on  the  margins  of  the  streams,  where  it 
is  frequently  very  fertile.  The  natural  growth  of  this  region  is  mostly  the 
pitch-pine.  This  tree  affords  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  and  lumber,  which 
constitute  an  important  part  of  the  exports  of  the  state.  In  the  swamps 
rice  of  a  fine  quality  is  raised.  Back  of  the  flat  country,  and  extending 
to  the  lower  falls  of  the  rivers,  is  a  belt  of  land  about  40  miles  wide,  of 
a  moderately  uneven  surface,  a  sandy  soil,  and  of  which  the  pitch-pine  is 
the  prevailing  natural  growth.  Above  the  falls  the  country  is  hilly,  the 
'streams  have  a  more  rapid  current,  and  the  country  is  more  fertile,  pro- 
ducing wheat,  rye,  flax,  oats,  and  barley.  The  western  part  of  the  state 
is  an  elevated  table-land,  about  1,800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
with  some  high  ranges  and  very  elevated  summits.  Black  Mountain,  in 
Yancy  county,  6,476  feet  high,  is  the  highest  land  in  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Roan  Mountain  is  6,038  feet,  and  Grand- 
father Mountain  is  5,556  feet  high.  Throughout  the  state  Indian  corn  is 
raised,  and  in  some  parts  considerable  cotton.  In  the  low  country,  grapes, 
plums,  blackberries,  and  strawberries  grow  spontaneously;  and  on  the 
intervals  canes  grow  luxuriantly,  the  leaves  of  which,  continuing  green 
during  winter,  furnish  food  for  cattle.  In  the  elevated  country,  oak. 
walnut,  lime,  and  cherry  trees,  of  a  large  growth,  abound. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA.  139 

The  principal  rivers  are— the  Chowan.  400  miles  long,  navigable  for 
small  vessels  30  miles ;  Roanoke  ;  Pamlico,  navigable  for  30  miles  ;  Tar  ; 
Neuse  ;  Cape  Fear,  the  largest  river  in  the  state,  280  miles  long,  with 
eleven  feet  of  water  to  Wilmington ;  the  Yadkin,  which  forms  a  part 
of  the  Great  Pedee  in  South  Carolina. 

The  constitution  of  this  state  was  adopted  in  December,  1776,  and  re- 
vised in  1835.  The  senate  and  house  of  commons  are  elected  biennially 
by  the  people.  The  senate  consists  of  50  members,  and  the  house  of  com- 
mons of  120,  The  senate  is  chosen  by  districts,  the  number  being 
apportioned  by  the  amount  of  state  taxes  paid.  The  members  of  the 
hou.se  of  commons  are  apportioned  among  the  counties  according  to  their 
population.  The  governor  is  chosen  for  two  years  by  the  qualified  voters, 
and  is  eligible  only  four  years  in  six.  There  is  an  executive  council  of  7 
members,  chosen  biennially  by  a  joint  vote  of  both  houses.  In  case 
of  the  death  of  the  governor,  his  duties  devolve  upon  the  speaker  of  the 
Senate.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  chosen  by  a  joint-ballot 
of  both  houses  of  the  legislature,  and  hold  their  office  during  good 
behavior.  The  attorney-general  is  appointed  by  the  legislature  for 
4  years.  The  right  of  suffrage  extends  to  all  free  white  persons  21  years 
of  age,  who  have  been  inhabitants  of  the  state  for  twelve  months  previous 
to  the  election  ;  but  in  order  to  vote  for  a  senator,  a  freeman  must  possess 
a  freehold  of  50  acres  of  land.  The  legislature  meets  biennially  at 
Raleigh,  on  the  second  Monday  of  November,  and  the  governor  is  chosen 
in  August  preceding. 

There  are  three  colleges  in  the  state,  viz. :  The  University  of  North 
Carolina,  at  Chapel  Hill ;  Davidson  College,  in  Mecklenburg  county ; 
and  Wake  Forest  College,  at  Forestville.  There  are  145  academies  and 
637  common  schools. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  this  state  was  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  Chowan  river,  about  1660,  by  emigrants  who,  in  consequence  of 
religious  persecution,  fled  from  Nansemond,  Virginia.  The  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  was  adopted  in  convention,  Nov.  27th,  1789 — 
yeas  193,  nays  75. 

RALEIGH,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  pleasantly  situated,  a  few  miles 
west  of  Neuse  river,  27  NW.  Smithfield,  the  nearest  ordinary  point  of 
navigation,  164  SSW.  Richmond,  Va.,  288  from  Washington.  Popula- 
tion 2,500.  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is  Union  Square,  containing  ten 
acres,  from  which  extend  four  streets,  dividing  it  into  four  quarters.  In 
the  centres  of  these  quarters  are  four  other  squares,  of  four  acres  each. 
The  four  largest  streets  are  99  feet  wide,  and  the  others  66.  The  State- 
house  is  a  superb  granite  edifice,  built  after  the  model  of  the  Parthenon  at 
Athens.  It  is  166  feet  long,  90  feet  wide,  and  surrounded  by  massive 
granite  columns,  5£  feet  in  diameter,  and  30  feet  high.  Besides  the  above, 
the  city  contains  a  court-house,  governors  house,  a  theatre,  two  banks, 
4  academies,  five  churches,  and  400  dwellings.  The  North  Carolina 
Literary,  Scientific,  and  Military  Academy  has  3  professors  and  about  50 
students.  The  former  state-house,  containing  a  beautiful  marble  statue 
of  Washington,  by  Canova,  was  burned  in  1831.  Wake  Forest  College 
is  at  Forestville,  15  miles  from  Raleigh.  It  was  founded  in  1838,  and 
has  a  president,  3  professors,  25  students,  and  4,700  volumes  in  its 
libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday  in  June.  Cars 
arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Richmond,  Va.,  via  Gaston  and 
Petersburg.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Columbia,  S.  C..  via  FayettemUc ; 
tftree  times  a  week  for  Greensboro ;  for  Salisbury ;  and  for  Goldsboro. 


140  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

WELDON  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Roanoke  river,  at  the  Great 
falls,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and  95  miles  from  Raleigh.  It  contains. 
two  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  300  inhabitants.  Halifax,  seven 
miles  below  the  falls,  on  the  Roanoke,  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  two 
churches,  an  academy,  and  500  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  de- 
part daily  for  Wilmington  ;  for  Richmond,  Va.  ;  and  for  Norfolk. 

EDENTON  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  Chowan  river,  on  Edenton 
bay,  which  set*  up  from  Albemarle  Sound,  eighty-six  miles  by  land 
from  Norfolk.  It  contains  an  elegant  court-house,  a  bank,  an  academy, 
two  churches,  and  about  1,600  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week 
for  Norfolk,  Va. ;  and  for  Ncwbern  via  Plymouth. 

ELIZABETH  CITY,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Pascotank  river, 
contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  2  churches,  and  2,000  inhabitants. 

TARBORO,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Tar  river,  at  the  head  ot 
steamboat  navigation,  has  a  court-house,  a  bank,  two  churches,  an 
academy,  and  about  600  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  fur 
Raleigh  and  for  Washington. 

WASHINGTON,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Tar  river,  at  the  head  ot 
ship  navigation,  has  a  court-house,  a  church,  an  academy,  and  1,200 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Raleigh  ;  and  for  Newbern. 

NEWBERN,  situated  on  Neuse  river  at  the  junction  of  Trent  river, 
126  miles  from  Raleigh,  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is 
more  healthy  than  most  other  places  in  the  state  so  near  the  seaboard. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  a  theatre,  a  Masonic-hallj  two  banks,  three 
churches,  four  academies,  and  4,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  three 
times  a  week  for  Raleigh  ;  for  Tarboro  ;  for  Plymouth  ;  and  for  Beaufort. 

BEAUFORT,  situated  on  North  river,  eleven  miles  from  Cape  Lookout, 
and  170  from  Raleigh,  has  a  good  harbor  for  vessels  drawing  not  more  than 
14  feet  water.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  Masonic-hall,  a  female  seminary, 
a  male  seminary,  a  church,  and  1,200  inhabitants.  The  harbor  ie  defended 
by  Fort  Macon,  on  Bogue  Point.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Raleigh. 

WILMINGTON  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  at  the  head  of 
ship  navigation,  35  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  136  from  Raleigh.  It  is 
the  most  commercial  and  populous  town  in  the  state.  It  has  a  court- 
house, two  banks,  an  academy,  2  churches,  and  about  5.000  inhabitants. 
Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  fur  Richmond,  Va.,  and  Washington  ; 
and  also  for  Norfolk,  Va,.  (See  routes  351  and  352.)  Steamboats  daily  to 
and  from  Charleston,  S.  C. 

FAYETTEVILLE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  88 
miles  from  Wilmington.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  a  court- 
house, two  banks,  3  churches,  4  academies,  a  United  States  arsenal  of 
construction,  several  extensive  cotton  factories  and  mills,  and  4,500  in- 
habitants. It  has  several  times  suffered  severely  by  tire.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  steamboats  to  this  place ;  and  it  commands  an  extensive 
trade  with  the  interior.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Raleigh,  and  for  Cheraw, 
S.  C. ;  3  times  a  week  for  Warsaw ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Salisbury. 

WARRENTON  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Tar  river,  62  miles  northeast 
from  Raleigh.  It  has  a  court-house,  a  church,  an  academy,  and  700  in- 
habitants. The  Shocco  White  Sulphur  Springs  are  twelve  miles  from 
Warrenton.  The  waters  contain  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  carbonic 
acid  gas,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  oxide  of  iron,  muriate 
of  soda,  and  carbonate  of  lime  :  they  have  been  found  beneficial  in  cases 
of  dyspepsia,  liver  complaint,  and  diseases  of  the  skin,  Stages  leave  the 
If'arrcnton  depot  daily  Jot  the  Spi-iugs.  (See  route  341.) 


STATE  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


CHAPKL  HILL  is  situated  28  miles  from  Raleigh,  between  the  branches 
of  New  Hope  river.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
founded  in  1789.  Its  edifices,  five  in  number,  are  built  of  brick,  and  con- 
tain,  besides  the  libraries,  a  chemical  apparatus  and  mineralogical  cabinet. 
It  has  a  president,,  7  professors,  2  tutors,  777  alumni,  156  students,  and  12,000 
volumes  in  its  libraries,  j  The  commencement  is  on  the1  first  Thursday  in 
June.  The  village  has  about  300  inhabitants. 

GREENSBORO'  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Haw  river,  82  miles  from 
Raleigh.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  church,  the  Caldwell  Institute,  an 
academy,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  Rockingham.  Springs,  24  miles 
from  Greensboro',  are  on  one  of  the  north  branches  of  Haw  river.  The 
waters  are  in  much  repute.  Stages  leave  Greensboro1  3  times  a  week  for 
Raleigh;- -for  Milton;  for  Danville,  VOL.;  for  Wythemlle,  Va. ;  for 
Knoxville,  Term.;  and  for  Salisbury. 

SALEM,  on  a  branch  of  Yadkin  river,  is  a  pretty  village  extending  for  a 
mile  and  a  half  mostly  on  one  street,  shaded  with  trees.  It  has  a  church, 
a  Moravian  academy,  a  bank,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Twenty-four 
miles  NW.  from  Salem  is  the  Pilot  Mountain,  a  regular  cone,  rising  to 
the  height  of  1,750  feet  above  the  surrounding  plain,  and  terminating  in  a 
liuge  rock  called  the  Pinnacle.  (See  route  344.) 

SALISBURY  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Yadkin  river,  115  miles  from 
Raleigh,  at  the  great  central  point  of  travel  in  the  western  part  of  the  state. 
The  village  has  a  church,  a  court-house,  an  academy,  and  700  inhabitants. 
Here  is  an  ancient  stone  wall,  laid  in  cement,  from  12  to  14  feet  high  and  22 
inches  thick,  which  reaches  to  within  a  foot  of  the  surface  ;  and  the  length 
of  what  has  been  discovered  is  about  300  feet.  The  object,  time,  and 
purpose  of  its  construction  are  uncertain.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week 
for  Raleigh  ;  for  Danville,  Va.  ;  for  Knoxville,  Tenn. ;  for  Columbia, 
S.  C.  ;  for  C/ieraw  ;  and  for  Fayetteville. 

CHARLOTTE  is  situated  a  few  miles  east  from  the  Catawba  river,  and 
158  from  Raleigh.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  branch  of  the  United 
States  Mint,  4  churches,  and  1.000  inhabitants.  East  of  the  village  are  a 
number  of  very  productive  gold  mines.  About  twenty  miles  from  Charlotte 
is  Davidson  College,  founded  in  1838.  It  has  a  president,  two  profes- 
sors, 31  alumni,  49  students,  and  1,200  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The 
commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  June.  Stages  leave  three  times 
a  week  for  Salisbury;  and  for  Columbia,  S.  C. 

LINCOLNTON,  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Little  Catawba 
river,  172  miles  from  Raleigh,  has  a  court-house,  three  churches,  two 
academies,  and  900  inhabitants.  There  are  in  the  vicinity  several  ex- 
tensive mills  and  manufactories  of  cotton,  iron,  and  paper.  The  Catawba 
Springs  are  14  miles  east  from  Lincolnton.  The  waters  contain  sulphate 
of  magnesia  and  lime.  The  scenery  in  this  part  of  the  state  is  truly 
beautiful.  Twenty  miles  west  from  Lincolnton  ure  the  Shelby  Sulphur 


142        STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Sprinffs,  the  waters  of  which  are  very  similar  to  the  Sulphur  springs  *>f 
Virginia.  Stages  leave  Lincolnton  3  times  a  week  for  Salisbury  ;  and  fur 
Jlshville  ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Camden,  S.  C. 

ASHVILLE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  French  Broad  river,  250 
miles  from  Raleigh.  It  is  in  a  healthy  and  beautiful  mountain  region,  and 
lias  a  court-house,  an  academy,  two  churches,  and  700  inhabitants.  A 
few  miles  southwest  from  the  village  is  a  sulphur  spring  much  frequented. 
The  Warm  Springs  are  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  French  Broad  river, 
34  miles  from  AshvilJe.  The  temperature  of  the  Springs  is  from  96°  t.> 
100°  Fahrenheit,  and  the  waters  contain  the  muriates  and  sulphates  of 
lime  and  magnesia,  are  limpid,  and  emit  nitrogen  gas.  Chronic  rheuma- 
tism and  paralysis  have  been  cured  by  drinking  the  water,  and  by  fre- 
quent outward  applications.  Stages  leave  Jlshville  3  times  a  week  for 
Raleigh  via  Salisbury ,  for  Columbia,  S.  C. ;  and  for  Nashville  via 
Knoxville. 


r»*      SOUTH  CAROLINA  is  situated  between  32°  2 
^  and  35°  10'  N.  lat.,  and  between  78°  24'  and  83°  30' 
^  VV.  Ion.     It  is  200  miles  long  and   125  broad,   con- 
\  taining  about  25,000  square  miles.     Population  in  1840, 
I  594,398. 

£  The  seacoast  is  bordered  with  a  chain  of  islands, 
£  between  which  and  the  shore  there  is  a  very  convenient 
>  navigation.  The  main  land  is  naturally  divided  into 
*  the  Lower  and  Upper  country.  The  low  country  ex 
tends  from  80  to  100  miles  from  the  seacoast,  and  is  covered  with  ex- 
tensive forests  of  pitch-pine,  called  pine  barrens,  interspersed  with  marshes 
and  swamps  of  a  rich  soil.  The  banks  of  the  large  rivers,  and  the  creeks 
of  this  region,  are  bordered  with  a  belt  of  excellent  land,  producing  cotton 
and  Indian  corn  in  abundance.  The  marshes  and  swamps  in  this  district 
make  fine  rice  plantations.  After  leaving  the  low  country,  in  proceeding 
into  the  interior,  you  first  pass  through  a  region  of  little  sand-hills,  which 
have  been  compared  to  the  arrested  waves  of  the  sea  in  a  storm.  This 
curious  country,  sorr-etimes  denominated  the  Middle  Country,  continues 
for  50  or  60  miles,  till  you  arrive  at  the  Ridge  or  Upper  country,  the 
ascent  to  which,  proceeding  from  the  Atlantic,  is  sudden  and  somewhat 
precipitous.  The  lower  falls  of  the  rivers  are  found  along  this  ridge.  The 
low  grounds  between  the  sand-hills  are  suitable  for  agriculture  and 
pasturage;  but  with  these  exceptions,  the  country  below  the  ridge  is  bar- 
ren, and  scarcely  worth  cultivation.  Beyond  the  ridge  commences  a  beau 
tiful  and  healthy  country  of  hills  and  dales,  with  fine  flowing  streams  ol 
pure  water.  This  whole  region  may  he  regarded  as  an  elevated  table- 
land, and  is  generally  fertile.  In  the  distance  of  220  miles  NVV.  from 


STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLIXA.        143 

Charleston,  the  land  is  800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  From  this 
the  country  rises  gradually  to  a  mountainous  region  to  the  west,  where 
the  great  Alleghany  range  pusses  through  the  state,  in  several  ridges, 
some  of  which  have  high  peaks.  Tahle  Mountain,  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  of  these,  is  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
staple  productions  of  the  state  are  cotton  and  rice,  great  quantities 
of  which  are  exported.  Rice  is  extensively  cultivated  where  the  land 
can  be  irrigated  by  the  tide  or  the  overflowing  of  the  rivers.  The  sea- 
island  cotton,  produced  in  the  islands  along  the  shores,  is  of  a  superior 
quality,  and  is  in  great  demand. 

The  Great  Pedee  river,  450  miles  long,  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and 
runs  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops 
130  miles.  The  Santee,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and 
the  Congaree,  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and  has  a  sloop  navigation  for 
about  130  miles.  The  Saluda  is  a  branch  of  the  Congaree.  The  Edisto 
in  navigable  for  large  boats  100  miles.  The  Savannah  washes  the  whole 
southwest  border  of  the  state,  and  is  a  noble  stream.  There  are  several 
smaller  rivers,  among  which  are  Cooper,  Ashley,  and  Combahee. 

The  literary  institutions  in  this  state  are— the  College  of  South  Carolina, 
at  Columbia  ;  Charleston  College,  at  Charleston  ;  the  Medical  School,  at 
Charleston ;  and  three  theological  institutions.  There  are  about  120 
academies  or  grammar  schools,  and  600  common  schools. 

The  constitution  was  formed  in  1775,  and  reconstructed  in  1790.  The 
governor  is  elected  for  two  years  by  a  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the  as- 
sembly. After  having  served  one  term,  he  is  ineligible  for  the  next  four 
years.  A  lieutenant-governor  is  chosen  in  the  same  manner  and  for  the 
same  period.  The  Senate  consists  of  45  members,  elected  by  districts  for 
four  years.  The  House  of  Representatives  consists  of  124  members,  np- 
portioned  among  the  several  districts  according  to  the  number  of  white 
inhabitants  and  taxation,  and  are  elected  for  two  years.  The  representa- 
tives and  one  half  the  senators  are  chosen  every  second  year,  in  October. 
The  legislature  meets  annually  in  Columbia,  on  the  fourth  Monday  in 
November.  The  chancellor  and  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  chosen 
by  the  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  Assembly,  and  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior.  Every  free  white  male  citizen  21  years  of  age, 
who  has  resided  in  the  state  two  years  immediately  preceding  the 
election,  and  who  is  possessed  of  a  freehold  of  50  acres  of  land  or  a  town- 
lot,  six  months  before  the  election  ;  or  not  possessing  this  freehold,  who 
shall  have  resided  in  the  election  district  in  which  he  offers  to  vote, 
six  months  before  the  election,  and  have  paid  a  tax  of  three  shillings 
sterling  to  the  support  of  the  government,  has  the  right  of  suffrage. 

The  first  settlement  of  this  state  was  made  at  Port  Royal,  in  1670. 
The  constitution  of  the  United  States  was  adopted  in  convention,  May 
23d,  1788— yeas  149,  nays  73. 

COLUMBIA,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Congaree  river,  immediately  below  the  junction  of  Broad  and  Saluda 
rivers,  130  miles  from  Charleston.  From  the  river  there  is  a  gradual 
ascent  for  one  mile,  reaching  to  a  height  of  200  feet,  where  it  spreads  out 
into  a  plain  of  two  or  three  miles  in  extent,  descending  on  every  side. 
On  this  plain  the  city  is  built.  It  is  regularly  laid  out  into  wide  and 
handsome  streets,  and  extensively  planted  with  trees.  It  has  a  state- 
house  170  feet  long,  60  wide,  and  two  stories  high;  a  court-house,  town- 
hall,  mnrket-house,  two  banks,  a  theatre,  an  academy,  a  female  seminary, 
an  asylum,  6  churches,  and  4,400  inhabitants.  Columbia  is  also  the 


144  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

seat  of  South  Carolina  College,  founded  in  1804,  which  has  a  president 
and  6  professors  or  other  instructors,  150  students,  and  15,000  volumes  in 
its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  first  Monday  in  December. 
Its  buildings  are  commodious,  and  contain  a  philosophical  apparatus  and 
an  observatory.  The  Southern  Theological  Seminary,  founded  in  1831, 
has  two  professors,  16  students,  and  4,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  A 
bridge  here  crosses  the  Congaree  river.  Steamboats  ply  between  this  place 
and  Charleston.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Charleston. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Raleigh  via  Cheraw  ;  3  times  a  week  for  Augusta, 
Ga. ;  for  Greenville ;  forYorkville :  twice  a  week  for Rutherfordton,  JV*.  C. 


CHAKI/ESTON,  the  metropolis,  is  situated  in  32°  46'  33"  N.  lat.,  and  79° 
57'  27"  W.  Ion.,  580  miles  from  Baltimore,  and  765  from  New  York. 
Population  in  1840,  29,261  ;  to  which  may  properly  be  added  the  in- 
habitants of  the  "  Neck"  north  of  the  city,  but  lying  without  its  chartered 
limits,  which  contains  11,876;  these  added  to  the  city  population  make  a 
total  of  41,137  inhabitants.  Charleston  is  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  which  unite  immediately  below 
the  city,  and  form  a  spacious  and  convenient  harbor,  communicating  with 
the  ocean  at  Sullivan's  Island,  seven  miles  southeast  of  the  city.  The 
city  is  defended  by  Fort  Pinckney,  two  miles  below,  and  Fort  Johnson,  4 
miles,  and  by  Fort  Moultrie  on  Sullivan's  Island.  The  ground  on  which 
the  city  is  built  is  elevated  eight  or  nine  feet  above  the  level  of  the  harbor 
at  high  tide.  The  streets  generally  run  parallel  to  each  other  from  east  to 
west,  extending  from  river  to  river,  and  these  are  crossed  by  others,  nearly 
at  right  angles.  The  houses  are  neatly  built,  many  of  them  of  brick,  and 
some  of  wood  neatly  painted,  having  piazzas  extending  to  the  roof,  beau- 
tifully  ornamented  with  vines.  The  houses  in  the  suburbs  have  fine 
gardens  abounding  in  orange,  peach,  and  other  ornamental  or  useful  trees, 
and  a  profusion  of  vines  and  shrubbery. 

The  public  buildings  are — a  city-hall,  an  exchange,  a  court-house,  jail, 
custom-house,  a  state  citadel,  a  guard-house,  two  arsenals,  a  college,  a 
medical  college,  an  almshouse,  an  orphan  asylum,  a  theatre,  7  banks,  26 
churches,  16  academies,  and  2  high  schools. 

The  Charleston  College,  founded  in  1795,  has  a  president  and  four  pro- 
fessors or  other  instructors,  67  alumni,  50  students,  and  3,000  volumes  in 
its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  fourth 
Monday  in  March.  It  has  a  fine  edifice.  The  Medical  College  of  the 
State  of  South  Carolina,  founded  in  1833,  has  8  professors,  and  158 
students.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  second  Monday  in  November. 
It  is  a  highly  respectable  institution. — The  Guard-house  is  a  fine  edifice, 
occupied  by  a  military  company  of  about  100  persons,  some  of  them 
mounted,  who  patrol  the  streets  during  the  night.  The  Citadel,  formerly 
used  for  this  purpose,  is  now  a  military  school,  under  the  patronage  of 


STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA.        145 

the  state.  The  Orphan  Asylum  accommodates  250  orphans  and  des- 
titute children.  The  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  has  a  fine  col- 
lection of  objects  in  natural  history.  The  Apprentices'  Library  contains 
10,000  volumes,  and  sustains  annually  a  course  of  scientific  lectures. 
The  City  Library  contains  about  18,000  volumes.  Sullivan's  Island,  7 
miles  below  the  city,  and  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor,  was  the  scene  of 
important  military  events  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  The  city 
was  founded  in  1680,  and  chartered  in  1783.  Steamboats  arrive  from, 
and  depart  daily  for  Wilmington,  JV.  C. ;  and  there  are  lines  to  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  and  to  St.  Augustine,  Fl.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily 
for  Columbia  ;  for  Mobile,  via  Augusta,  Ga. ;  Atlanta  ;  West  Point ; 
and  Montgomery,  Ala.  ;  and  for  Memphis,  Tenn.,  via  Gunter's  Landing, 
and  Florence.  Stages  leave  for  Georgetown,  forCamden,  and  for  Savannah. 

The  Eutaw  Springs,  50  miles  from  Charleston,  are  more  celebrated  as 
the  scene  of  a  fierce  Revolutionary  battle  than  for  their  medicinal  prop- 
erties. The  water  rises  through  a  small  opening  in  the  earth,  a  few 
inches  in  diameter,  and  immediately  forms  a  basin  a  few  feet  deep  and 
about  300  feet  around  ;  thence  it  percolates  through  a  ridge  of  porous  lime- 
stone, and  at  a  short  distance  bubbles  up  and  forms  the  head  of  Eutaw  creek. 

GEORGETOWN  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Great  Pedee  river,  at 
its  entrance  into  Winyaw  bay,  9  miles  from  the  ocean  and  152  from 
Columbia.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  an  academy,  4  churches,  a 
public  library,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  The  neighborhood  is  the 
scene  of  many  of  Marion's  achievements  ;  and  on  North  Island,  the  sum- 
mer retreat  of  the  city  people,  La  Fayette  landed  on  his  first  visit  to  this 
country.  Steamboats  ply  to  Wilmington,  JV.  C.,  and  to  Charleston. 
Stages  leave  for  Chernw,  and  for  Charleston. 

CHERAW  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Great  Pedee, 
on  a  plain  elevated  100  feet  above  the  river,  03  miles  from  Columbia. 
The  river  is  navigable  to  this  place  for  steamboats.  It  contains  a  town- 
hall,  a  bank,  2  academies,  5  churches,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  Steamboats 
ply  to  Georgetown.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Columbus,  and  for  Raleigh. 

CAMDEN  is  handsomely  situated  on  a  plain,  one  mile  from  the  east 
bank  of  Wateree  river,  and  33  miles  from  Columbia.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  boats  of  70  tons  to  the  town.  Camden  contains  an  elegant 
court-house,  a  city-hall,  an  academy,  four 
churches,  a  bank,  a  Masonic-hall,  a  public 
library,  and  about  2,300  inhabitants.  A  bat- 
tle was  fought  here  Aug.  16,  1780,  between 
the  armies  under  Gen.  Gates  and  Lord  Corn-  , 
wallis;  and  another  April  23d,  1781,  between  ' 
Gen.  Greene  and  Lord  Rawdon.  On  De 
Kalb-street,  opposite  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
is  an  elegant  monument  erected  to  the  memory 

of  Baron  De  Kalb,  the  corner-stone  of  which     ~f^^f^r^^,^J^- 

was  laid  by  La  Fayette  in  1825.  Two  miles  west  from  Camden  is  a  large 
Indian  mound,  supposed  to  mark  the  site  of  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Catawhas.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Columbia  ;  for  Cheraw ;  and  for 
Salisbury,  JV.  C.  ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Charleston. 

CHESTERVILLE  is  situated  57  miles  from  Columbia,  on  a  lofty  and 
beautiful  elevation,  between  Catawba  and  Broad  rivers.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  an  academy,  and  500  inhabitants.  From  its  commanding  and 
secure  position,  the  town  has  been  likened  to  a  fortress  of  the  baronial 
days.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Columbia  ;  and  for  Charlotte,  JV  C. 
7 


146 


STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 


SPARTANBURGH  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Brond  river,  and  contains  a 
court-house,  several  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,000  inhabitants,  Glenn 
Sulphur  Springs,  twelve  miles  southeast  from  Spartanburgh,  have  a 
high  reputation  for  the  cure  of  cutaneous  affections,  and  are  much  fre- 
quented. The  waters  of  Cedar  Spring  are  famous  for  their  medicinal, 
qualities,  particularly  in  rheumatism,  ulcers,  and  even  in  fever  and  ague. 
The  Pacolet  Springs  are  also  much  resorted  to,  as  are  the  Jjimestone 
Springs,  all  of  which  are  in  Spartanburgh  district  ;  and  al-so  the  famous 
battle  ground  of  Cowpens.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Columbia  ; 
for  Greenville ;  and  for  JAncolnton,  .W.  C. 

GREENVILLE  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  gently  undulating  plain,  107 
miles  from  Columbia.  Reedy  river  runs  beside  it,  and  forms  near  it 
several  beautiful  cascades.  The  village  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  is  re- 
markably  healthy.  It  has  a  handsome  brick  court-house,  a  library,  sev- 
eral houses  of  public  worship,  a  male  and  female  academy,  and  1,500  in- 
habitants.  In  the  north  part  of  the  district  are  numerous  picturesque 
spurs  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  cataracts,  &c.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  fur 
Columbia;  for  Jtngustn,  Ga.  ;  for  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  via  Jlshville,  JV. 
C.  :  and  twice  a  icevkftrr  Spartanburgh. 

BEAUFORT  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Port  Royal  river,  75  miles  from 
Charleston.  Its  harbor  is  spacious  and  one  of  the  best  in  the  state ;  it 
has  3  churches,  an  academy,  a  library,  and  1,600  inhabitants.  Steamboats 
ply  to  Charleston,  and  to  Savannah,  Ga. 


GEORGIA  lies  between  30°  30'  and  35"  N.  lat.,  and 
3j  between  80°  50'  and86u  6'W.  Ion.  from  Greenwich,  and 
S  between  3U  52'  and  8«  47'  W.  Ion.  from  Washington. 
It  is  300  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  and  240  broad, 
containing  58,000  square  miles.     Its  population  in  1840 
wa*  091,392;  in  1845, 774,325. 

From  the  ocean  for  a  distance  of  seven  miles,  there 
is  a  chain  of  islands  intersected  by  rivers,  creeks,  and 
inlets,  communicating  with  each  other,  and  forming  an 
inland  navigation  for  vessels  of  100  tons  burden,  along  the  whole  const. 
These  islands  consist  of  salt  marsh,  and  kind  of  a  gray  rich  soil,  winch 
produces  sea-island  cotton  of  a  superior  quality.  The  coast  on  the  mam 
land  for  four  or  five  miles  is  a  salt  marsh.  Back  of  this  there  is  a  narrow 
margin  of  land,  nearly  resembling  that  of  the  islands  ;  these  are  partially 
or  wholly  overflowed  at  the  return  of  the  tide,  and  constitute  the  rice 
plantations.  Then  commence  the  pine-barrens,  which  reach  from  60  to  90 
miles  from  the  coast.  Beyond  this  is  the  country  of  sand  hills,  30  or  40 
miles  wide,  interspersed  with  fertile  tracts,  and  extending  to  the  lower 
falls  of  the  rivers.  The  part  of  the  state  above  the  falls  of  the  rivers  is 


STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 


147 


called  the  Upper  Country,  and  has  generally  n  strong  and  fertile  soil,  often 
inclining  to  a  red  color,  and  further  inland  it  is  mixed  with  a  deep  black 
mould,  producing  cotton,  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  other  kinds  of 
grain.  Black  walnut  and  mulberry  trees  grow  abundantly  in  this  soil 
The  forests  produce  oak,  pine,  hickory,  and  cedar. 

The  rivers  are — the  Savannah,  b'OO  miles  long,  bounding  the  state 
on  the  JXE.,  navigable  for  ships  17  miles  to  Savannah,  and  a  part  of  the 
year  for  steamboats,  250  miles  to  Augusta;  the  Altamaha,  which  is 
navigable  for  large  vessels  12  miles  to  Uarien,  is  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Gconee  and  theOcmulgee,  and  is  navigable  for  sloops  of  30  tons, 
by  the  former,  to  Dublin,  300  miles  from  the  ocean;  the  Ogeechee,  200 
miles  long,  and  navigable  for  sloops  40  miles;  Fliat  river,  which  rises 
in  the  NW.  part  of  the  state,  and  after  a  course  of  more  than  200  miles 
joins  the  Chattahoochee,  forming  the  Apalachicola ;  the  Chattahoochee 
on  the  west  border  of  the  state,  which  is  navigable  300  miles  by  steamboat 
to  Columbus ;  the  St  Mary's  river,  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  state. 

The  first  constitution  of  Georgia  was  formed  in  1777 ;  a  second  in  1785' 
and  the  present  in  1798,  and  amended  in  1839.  The  governor  is  elected  by 
the  people,  and  holds  his  office  two  years.  The  senate  consists  of  47  mem- 
bers, I  for  each  district  composed  of  two  counties,  except  the  county  con- 
taining the  largest  population,  which  elects  1  member.  The  House  of 
Representatives  is  composed  of  130  members  :  the  37  counties  having  the 
largest  number  of  inhabitants  are  entitled  to  2  members  each,  and  the  re- 
mainder 1  each.  The  legislature  meets  biennially  on  the  1st  Monday  in  No- 
vember (odd  years)  at  Milledgeville.  All  the  free  white  male  inhabitants, 
who  shall  have  resided  within  the  county  in  which  they  vote,  six  months 
preceding  the  election,  and  shall  have  paid  taxes  in  the  state  for  the 
year  previous,  have  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  judges  of  the  Superior 
Court  are  elected  for  3  years  by  the  legislature,  and  the  judges  of  the  in- 
ferior courts  and  justices  of  the  peace  are  elected  annually  by  the  people. 

The  colleges  in  this  state  are — the  University  of  Georgia,  at  Athens; 
Oglethorpe  College,  at  Midway;  Emory  College,  at  Oxford  ;  the  Georgia 
Female  College,  at  Macon ;  Mercer  College,  at  Penfield  ;  Christ  College, 
at  Montpelier;  Brownwood  University,  near  La  Grange;  Collinworth 
Institute,  near  Talbotton  ;  and  there  are  180  academies  and  630  schools. 

The  hrst  settlement  in  the  state  was  made  at  Savannah,  in  1733.  In 
convention,  Georgia  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  Jan. 
2cl,  1798,  by  a  unanimous  vote. 

SAVANNAH,  the  metropolis  and  the  largest  ci'y  in  the  state,  is  in  32°  4' 
50"  N.  Int.,  and  81°  &  18"  W.  Ion.,  90  miles  from  Charleston,  120  from 
Augusta,  and  158  from  Milledgeville.  Population  in  1840,  11,214.  It 
is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Savannah  river,  17  miles  fV<-.m  its  entrance 
into  the  Atlantic.  Owing  to  the  safety  of  the  channel  pi 
entering  the  harbor,  it  is  rendered  one  of  the  finest  in  fig 
the  southern  states.  Vessels  requiring  13  feet  of  w" 
load  at  the  wharves  of  the  city.  The  plain  on  which! 
the  city  is  built  is  elevated  forty  feet  above  the  river,  a 
and  is  almost  a  perfect  level,  and  the  streets  cross f 
each  other  regularly  at  right  angles.  Eighteen  public 
squares  nre  laid  out,  and  are  bordered  with  trees,  par  J 
ticularly  the  pride  of  India,  which  add  much  to  thf  [ 
beauty  of  the  place.  The  houses  are  many  of  them  fine  I 
buildings.  The  Pulaski  Monument,  a  beautiful  Doric  obelisk,  standing 
in  the  centre  of  one  of  the  public  squares,  was  erected  in  1825,  to  the 


148  STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 

memories  of  GREENE  and  PULASKI.    It  is  built  of  white  marble,  and  ia 
53  feet  in  height. 

The  city  contains  a  court-house,  an  exchange,  an  arsenal,  a  guard-house, 
the  United  States  barracks,  a  theatre,  an  asylum,  a  widows'  asylum,  13 
churches,  a  market-house,  an  hospital,  several  fine  banking-houses,  3  acad- 
emies, a  public  library,  an  historical  eociety,  several  charitable  societies,  and 
a  number  of  extensive  mills  and  manufactories.  It  is  a  great  cotton  mart. 
The  city  was  founded  in  1733,  and  incorporated  in  1761.  Steamboats  ply 
to  Charleston,  and  St.  Augustine.  Cars  arrive  from.,  and  depart  daily 
for  Atlanta  via  J\Iacon,  from  whence  a  daily  line  of  stages  leaves  for 
Columbus ;  and  for  Augusta,  taking  stages  at  Brinsonville  depot. 
Stages  leave  twice  a  week  for  St.  Augustine,  Ft.,  via  Darien ;  and  for 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

MILLEDGEVILLE,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Oconee  river,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  158  miles  from  Sa- 
vannah. Population  2,100.  The  city  is  built  on  uneven  ground,  with 
streets  running  parallel  with  the  river,  and  crossed  by  others  at  right 
angles.  Tiie  State-house  stands  on  an  eminence  in  a  public  square,  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  river;  it  is  a  tasteful  edifice  of  the  Gothic 
order  of  architecture.  The  Representatives  Hall  is  60  by  54  feet,  and  con- 
tains full-length  portraits  of  La  Fayette  and  Gen.  Oglethorpe  ;  the  Senate- 
chamber  has  portraits  of  Washington  and  Jefferson.  The  other  public 
buildings  are,  a  governor's  house,  3  churches,  3  banks,  an  academy,  a 

•>  market-house,  an  arsenal, 
j  and  a  magazine.  Ogle- 
1  thorpe  College,  founded  in 
1  1836,  is  situated  in  Med- 
I  way  village,  near  the  city. 
I  It  has  a  president,  5  pro- 
•  fessors  or  other  instructors, 
j  125  students,  and  2,000 
I  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  is  on  the  Wednesday  after  the  second  Monday  in  No- 
vember. Stages  leave  MUledgeville  daily  for  Columbus  via  Macon ; 
for  Augusta  via  fVarrenton  ;  and,  for  Savannah,  (from  Emmet  de- 
pot by  railroad ;)  three  times  a  week  for  Madison  ;  and  also  for  Haw- 
kinvvillc. 

AUGUSTA  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Savannah  river,  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation,  127  miles  from  Savannah.  The  city  is  regularly 
laid  out  and  handsomely  built,  chiefly  with  brick,  the  streets  being  orna- 
mented with  trees,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  spacious  and  elegant.  It  con- 
tains a  city-hall,  court-house,  a  theatre,  an  hospital,  a  medical  college, 
a  female  asylum,  an  arsenal,  7  churches,  3  academies,  and  6,500  in- 
habitants. The  Medical  College  of  Georgia,  founded  in  1830,  has  seven 
professors,  115  students,  and  124  graduates.  The  lectures  commence  on 
the  second  Monday  in  November.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily 
for  Atlanta ;  from  thence  by  stage  and  railroad  to  Montgomery,  Ala.  ; 
(see  route  387;)  for  Memphis,  Tenn.,  via  Atlanta,  Giinter's  Landing, 
Ala. ,  and  Tuscumbia.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Savannah  via  Brinsonville  ; 
from  thence  in  railroad  cars  to  Savannah. 

ATHENS  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Oconee  river,  75  miles  from 
Milledgeville,  contains  4  churches  and  about  3,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  Georgia  University,  founded  in  1785,  which  has  a  president, 
6  professors,  515  alumni,  77  students,  19,000  volumes  ia  its  libraries,  and 


STATE  OF  GEORGIA.  149 

R  very  complete  philosophical  apparatus.  The  commencement  is  on  the 
first  Wednesday  in  August.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Jluff-usta.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Covington ;  for  Gainesville  ; 
and  fur  Clarkesville  via  Madison  Springs. 

The  Madison  Springs  are  twenty-five  miles  from  Athens,  on  a  branch 
of  Broad  river.  The  waters  are  strongly  impregnated  with  iron,  and  have 
been  found  efficacious  in  many  complaints.  There  is  here  a  spacious 
hotel  with  good  accommodations. 

CLARKESVILLE,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Chattahoochee  river,  has  a 
court-house,  two  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  300  inhabitants.  The 
Tallulah  Falls,  a  beautiful  cascade,  are  within  twelve  miles  of  Clarkes- 
ville ;  and  the  surrounding  scenery  is  exceedingly  picturesque.  Stages 
leave  3  times  a  week  for  Athens  via  Madison  Springs  ;  for  Madtsonville, 
Tenn.  ;  and  for  rfshville,  JV.  C. 

DAHLONEGA  is  in  a  very  picturesque  situation  between  the  Chestatee 
and  Etowah  rivers.  It  has  a  court-house,  a  branch  of  the  Mint  of  the 
United  States,  and  300  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  twice  a  week  for  Athens 
via  Gainesville. 

ROME  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  point  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Etowah  and  Oostanaula  rivers.  It  has  a  court-house,  two  churches,  an 
academy,  and  400  inhabitants.  In  the  vicinity  of  Rome  are  many  arti- 
ficial mounds  and  excavations,  of  which  there  is  no  authentic  history  or 
tradition.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Gainesville ;  for  Columbus  ; 
for  Montgomery,  Ma.  ;  and  for  Huntsville. 

M  ACON  lies  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  on  Ocmulgee  river,  built  on  both 
sides  of  the  stream,  but  chiefly  on  the  right  bank,  the  parts  being  connected 
by  a  bridge  389  feet  long.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out  and  very  wide. 
It  has  a  large  and  handsome  court-house,  a  market-house,  two  banks,  five 
churches,  a  college,  3  academies,  and  4,000  inhabitants.  A  great  amount 
of  cotton  is  shipped  from  this  place.  In  1822  there  was  but  a  single  house 
standing  where  the  city  is  now  built.  The  Georgia  Female  College, 
chartered  in  1836,  opened  on  the  7th  of  Jan.,  1839,  has  a  president,  four 
professors,  and  several  other  teachers,  and  over  100  students.  The  term 
commences  on  the  first  Monday  in  October,  and  continues  ten  months. 
Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Savannah  ;  for  Memphis  via 
Atlanta,  Gunter's  Landing,  Ma.,  and  Tuscumbia.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Jlugvsta  via  Milledgeville ;  and  for  Columbus ;  three  times  a  week 
for  Madison  ;  and  for  Pensacola,  Fl. ,  via  Albany,  Bainbridge,  and  Chat- 
tahoochee, Fl. 

The  Indian  Springs,  the  most  fashionable  watering-place  in  Georgia, 
are  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Ocmulgee  river,  52  miles  from  Milledge- 
ville.  The  waters  are  sulphurous,  and  have  been  found  efficacious  in 
rheumatic  and  cutaneous  complaints.  There  are  here  ample  accommoda- 
tions for  visitors.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Madison;  and  for  Columbus. 
(See  route  388.) 

COLUMBUS  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Chattahoochee  river,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation,  284  miles  from  Savannah.  The  city  is 
built  on  ground  60  feet  above  the  ordinary  height  of  the  river,  and 
immediately  below  the  falls,  which  are  a  succession  of  rapids,  descending 
111  feet  within  a  few  miles.  Here  are  a  court-house,  4  banks,  a  market- 
house,  5  churches,  an  academy,  five  schools,  a  number  of  mills  and  cotton 
factories,  and  4,000  inhabitants.  Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  in  a 
style  of  superior  elegance,  and  the  prosperity  and  growth  of  the  city  aro 
remarkable.  In  the  year  1827,  it  was  the  council-town  of  the  Cowetas,  an 


150 


STATE  OF  FLORIDA. 


Indian  tribe.  It  has  an  extensive  cotton  trade,  employing  a  large  number 
of  steamboats.  Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Savannah, 
taking  cars  at  Macon  ;  for  Augusta  via  Indian  Springs,  and  Madison  ; 
and  for  Montgomery,  Ala.,  taking  railroad  cars  at  Chehnw. 

LA  GRANGE  is  situated  six  miles  east  of  the  Chattahoochee  rivwr 
on  a  small  stream,  and  121  miles  from  Milledgeville.  The  village 
has  a  court-house,  three  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,000  inhabitants. 
Several  lines  of  stages  pass  through  daily  for  Atlanta  ;  and  for  Mont 
g ornery,  Ma. 

The  White  Sulphur  Springs  are  nine  miles  from  Greenville,  and  35  from 
Columbus.  These  springs  are  situated  in  a  very  picturesque  region,  and 
their  waters  are  various,  "  the  white  sulphur,  the  strong  and  mild  chuly 
beate,"  &c.  Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Columbus  three  times 
a  week ;  and  also  for  Greenville. 


FLORIDA  lies  between  25«  and  31C  N.  lat.,  and  be- 
i  tween  80"  and  87°  35'  WT.  Ion.     It  is  385  miles  long, 
and   from  50  to  250  wide,   containing  56,000  square 
miles.     Population  in  1840,  54,477. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  uneven ;  but  nowhere  ele- 
vated over  300  feet  above  the  sea.  The  whole  extent 
of  the  coast  is  indented  with  bays  and  lagoons.  A 
^  large  portion  of  the  country  is  covered  with  pine 
*-**•  forests,  the  trees  of  which,  standing  at  n  considerable 
distance  from  each  other,  without  brush  or  underwood,  afford  an  oppor- 
tunity for  the  grass  and  flowers  to  spread  with  luxuriance  over  the  surface 
of  the  earth  during  the  whole  year.  The  borders  of  the  streams  are 
usually  skirted  by  hammocks  of  hard  timber,  entangled  with  grape  and 
other  vines.  A  large  portion  of  Florida  consists  of  what  are  usually 
denominated  "  pine-barrens,"  and  much  of  it  is  sterile,  though  there 
are  extensive  tracts  of  table-land,  hammock,  and  swamp,  of  the  richest 
soil,  and  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar,  rice,  cotton,  Indian 
corn,  tobacco,  and  fruits.  A  considerable  quantity  of  the  pine-land 
is  equally  rich,  and  even  the  barrens  afford  extensive  ranges  of  graz- 
ing-land,  usually  intersected  with  streams  of  pure  water.  Many  parts 
of  the  state  abound  in  yellow-pine  and  live-oak  timber.  The  seacoast 
is  generally  healthy,  and  in  many  parts  remarkably  so ;  and  the  in- 
terior is  equally  healthy,  unless  it  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  extensive 
marshes. 

The  peninsula,  which  is  the  southern  portion  of  the  state,  presents  a 
singular  alternation  of  savannahs,  hammocks,  lagoons,  &c.,  called  col- 


STATE  OF  FLORIDA.  151 

•ectively  the  Everglades,  which  extend  into  the  heart  of  the  country  for 
200  miles  north  of  Cape  Sable.  They  are  drained  on  the  north  by  the  St. 
John's  river,  and  on  the  west  by  Macaco,  or  Charlotte  river. 

There  are  many  bays  on  the  western  side  of  the  peninsula,  some  of 
which  form  good  harbors.  They  are  Perdido,  Pensacola,  Choctawhatchee, 
St.  Andrews,  St.  Joseph,  Apalachicola,  Appalachee,  Tampa,  Carlos,  and 
Gallivain's.  On  the  east  coast  of  the  peninsula,  the  inlets  afford  harbors 
for  coasting  vessels.  The  St.  John's  is  the  principal  river  on  the  eastern 
coast.  It  often  spreads  from  three  to  five  miles  in  width,  and  at  other 
places  it  is  not  more  than  one-fourth  of  a  mile  wide.  It  is  exceedingly 
winding,  and  flows  through  a  beautiful  and  healthy  country.  St.  Mary's 
river  rises  in  Okefinokee  Swamp,  Georgia,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  be- 
tween Cumberland  and  Amelia  Islands.  Of  the  rivers  which  enter  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Apalachicola  is  the  principal.  It  is  formed  by  the 
junction  of  Chattahoochee  and  Flint  rivers,  about  100  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  Chattahoochee  branch  of  this  river  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  280  miles  to  Columbus,  Georgia.  The  other  principal  rivers 
are,  Escambia,  Suwanee,  Withlacoochee,  Oscilla,  Ocklockony,  and  Choc- 
tawhatchee. Perdido  river  forms  the  western  boundary  between  Florida 
and  Alabama.  It  is  navigable  about  seven  miles  above  the  bay,  is  a  fine 
mill-stream,  and  its  banks  are  covered  with  superior  yellow-pine  timber. 
There  are  in  this  state  several  streams  of  limpid  water  which  sink  into  the 
earth  and  disappear ;  and  several  which  rise  suddenly  from  the  earth ; 
one  in  particular  (the  Wakulla)  is  navigable  from  its  very  source.  There  is 
no  college  in  this  state.  It  has  20  academies,  and  60  common  schools. 

By  the  constitution  of  the  state,  adopted  in  1838,  the  governor  is  elected 
for  four  years,  and  is  ineligible  for  the  succeeding  four  years.  In  case  of 
vacancy,  the  president  of  the  senate,  or  after  him  the  speaker  of  the  house, 
acts  as  governor.  The  General  Assembly  is  chosen  on  the  first  Monday 
of  October,  and  meets  on  the  first  Monday  in  November  of  each  year. 
Senators  are  chosen  for  two  years,  and  representatives  for  one  year. 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  circuit  courts  are  appointed  by  the 
General  Assembly,  at  first  for  five  years,  and  after  that  term,  during  good 
behavior.  The  right  of  suffrage  belongs  to  every  free  white  male  aged 
21  years  or  upwards,  who  has  resided  in  the  state  for  two  years,  and  in  the 
county  for  six  months,  and  who  shall  be  enrolled  in  the  militia,  or  be 
by  law  exempted  from  serving  therein.  The  state  provides  for  a  regis- 
tration of  qualified  voters.  No  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  no  officer  in  a 
banking  company,  while  he  serves  in  the  bank,  nor  for  twelve  months 
afterwards,  can  be  eligible  for  governor,  senator,  or  representative. 

Florida  was  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  sailing  under  the  English 
flag,  in  1497  ;  but  he  did  not  land  to  examine  the  interior  of  the  country. 
Ponce  deLeon,  a  Spanish  adventurer  from  Hispaniola,  to  some  extent  ex- 
plored the  country  in  1512,  and  a  second  time  in  1516.  In  1539  Hernando 
de  Soto,  who  had  greatly  distinguished  himself  under  Pizarro  in  the  con- 
quest of  Peru,  sailed  from  Cuba  and  landed  at  Tampa  bay,  in  Florida, 
with  an  armed  force,  with  which  he  overran  the  country,  though  his 
followers  were  mostly  cut  off,  and  himself  died.  In  1562  the  French  at- 
tempted  to  establish  a  colony  in  Florida,  which  occasioned  contests  be- 
tween them  and  the  Spaniards,  in  which  the  latter  were  finally  victorious. 
In  1763,  Florida  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  Spain.  The  Spaniards  re- 
conquered it  in  178J,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  them  at  the  peace  of  1783. 
In  1819,  Spain  ceded  it  to  the  United  States,  and  it  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  in  1845. 


152  STATE  OF  FLORIDA. 

TALLAHASSEE,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  a  commanding 
eminence,  210  miles  from  St.  Augustine.  A  fine  mill-stream,  flowing  from 
several  springs,  runs  along  the  east  border  of  the  town,  and  falls  sixteen 
feet  into  a  pool  scooped  out  by  its  action  ;  and  thence,  after  a  short  course, 
it  sinks  into  a  cleft  of  limestone  rock.  The  city  contains  a  state-house,  a 
court-house,  a  market-house,  a  United  States  land-office,  an  academy, 
Masonic-hall,  three  churches,  and  1,800  inhabitants.  It  is  regularly  laid 
out  and  has  several  public  squares.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  St. 
Jlugustine  ;  and  for  Pensacola. 

ST.  AUGUSTINE  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  two  miles  from  the  ocean. 
The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built  is  but  twelve  feet  higher  than  the 
sea.  The  houses  are  mostly  embosomed  in  orange  groves.  The  climate 
is  delightful;  many  winters  pass  without  any  frost,  and  the  air  maybe 
said  to  equal  that  of  Italy  or  the  south  of  France.  In  summer  it  is 
tempered  daily  by  the  sea  breezes,  and  the  land  breezes  render  the  even- 
ings cool  and  pleasant ;  hence  it  is  a  favorite  resort  of  invalids  from  the 
north.  The  city  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  one  mile  long  and 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  though  not  more  than  half  of  this  extent  is 
compactly  built.  Matanzas  Sound  lies  in  front  of  it  on  the  east,  and, 
sheltered  by  Anastasia  Island,  forms  a  capacious  and  safe  harbor.  St. 
Augustine  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  United  States,  having  been  first  settled 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1564.  Many  of  the  streets  are  narrow  and  very 
crooked.  The  old  houses  are  generally  two  stories  high,  and  mostly  built 
of  shell-stone.  A  fine  square  opens  from  Mntanzas  river,  and  around  it 

Imve  been  erected  a  neat 
court-house,  two  churches, 
I  and  several  elegant  resi- 
dences. In  the  centre  of  the 
|  .square  stands  a  monument, 
~  dedicated  to  the  constitution 
of  the  Spanish  Cortex.  The 
I  !;arbor  has  nine  feet  of  water 
<>ver  the  bar  at  its  mouth, 
and  is  completely  guarded 
by  Fort  Marion  opposite  its 
entrance.  The  fort  is  bomb-proof,  and  intended  to  contain  1,000  men 
and  70  pieces  of  cannon,  but  is  at  present  only  used  as  an  arsenal  and 
prison.  The  city  contains  4  churches,  a  United  States  land-office,  ex- 
tensive barracks,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  The  citizens  are  composed  of 
Americans,  Spaniards,  French,  &c.  Steamboats  ply  to  Savannah  and 
Charleston.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Tallahassee. 

JACKSONVILLE  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  of  St.  John's  river, 
30  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  38  miles  from  St.  Augustine.  It  has  a  court- 
house, a  church,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  about  800  inhabitants.  Stages 
leave  twice  a  week  for  Darien,  Ga.,  via  St.  Jllary's  ;  for  St.  Jlugustine ; 
and  for  Tallahassee. 

The  White  Sulphur  Spring  is  80  miles  from  Jacksonville  and  120  from 
Tallahassee.  This  spring,  which  is  a  great  curiosity,  risen  in  a  basin 
10  feet  deep  and  30  in  diameter,  discharges  a  great  quantity  of  water,  and 
after  a  course  of  100  feet  enters  the  Suwanee  river.  It  is  so  strongly  im- 
pregnated with  sulphur  that  its  waters  may  be  distinguished  for  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  its  entrance  into  the  river.  The  waters  have  been 
found  highly  beneficial  in  cases  of  consumption,  rheumatism,  dyspepsia, 
liver  complaints,  &c.  There  are  here  a  large  hotel,  several  boarding- 


STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


153 


houses,  and  a  fine  bathing-house.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for 
TaUaJiussee,  and  for  Jacksonville. 

PENSAOOLA  is  situated  on  Pensacola  bay,  ten  miles  from  the  sea,  on  a 
sandy  plain  40  feet  above  the  water.  It  is  regularly  hud  out,  and  has  two 
public  squares,  two  churches,  a  court-house,  market-house,  a  custom- 
house, and  2,000  inhabitants.  Eight  miles  below  the  city  is  the  United 
States  Navy  Yard,  covering  80  acres  of  ground,  and  enclosed  by  a  high 
brick  wall.  It  contains  houses  for  the  officers,  a  naval  store,  and 
other  buildings  for  naval  purposes.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for 
Mobile,  Ma.;  for  Tallahassee;  and  for  Bainbridge,  Ga. 

APALACHICOLA  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  river,  at  its  en 
trance  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  a  great  cotton  mart,  and  has  u 
court-house,  two  banks,  several  churches,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  ply  on  tlte  river  to  Columbus,  Ga.,  and  also  to  New  Orleans. 


ALABAMA  lies  between  3()u  ICX  and  35W  N.  Jat., 
and  between  8°  and  11°  30'  W.  Ion.  from  Washing- 
',  ton.     It  is  317  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  and 
174  broad,  and  contains  46,000  square  miles.    Popu- 
jj  Jation  in  1840,  590,756. 

The  southern  part  of  this  state,  which  borders  on 
]T  ~  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  the  space  of  50  or  60  miles,  is 
"^-  low  and  level,  and  mostly  covered  with  pines.  In 
the  middle  it  is  hilly,  and  interspersed  with  prairies ; 
in  the  north  it  is  broken,  and  somewhat  mountainous.  The  soil  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  is  generally  sandy  and  barren,  but  throughout  a 
large  part  it  is  excellent.  In  the  northern  and  middle  sections  the 
natural  growth  is  post,  black  and  white  oak,  hickory,  poplar,  cedar,  ches- 
nut,  pine,  mulberry,  &c.  The  Alleghany  Mountains  terminate  in  the 
northeast  section  of  this  state,  sinking  here  to  elevated  hills.  The  climate 
in  the  southern  part,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bottom-lands  on  the 
rivers,  and  near  the  Muscle  Shoals  in  the  Tennessee  river,  is  unhealthy; 
but  in  the  more  elevated  portions  it  is  salubrious.  The  winters  are  mild, 
the  streams  being  rarely  frozen,  und  the  heat  of  summer  is  tempered  by 
refreshing  breezes  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mobile  river  is  the  principal  stream  in  the  state.  It  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Tombigbee  and  the  Alabama,  40  miles  above  the  city  of 
Mobile.  The  Alabama  is  a  large  river,  and  is  navigable  for  vessels  draw- 
ing six  feet  of  water  to  Claiborne,  60  miles  above  its  junction  ;  150  miles 
further  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cahawba,  it  has  4  or  5  feet  of  water ;  and  to 
the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  of  which  it  is  formed,  it  has  in 
shallowest  places  three  feet  of  water.  The  Tombigbee  is  navigable  for 
7* 


154 


STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


schooners  120  miles  to  St.  Stephens,  and  for  steamboats  to  Columbus 
Miss.  It  is  450  miles  long,  and  boatable  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course. 
The  Black  Warrior  forms  a  large  branch  of  it,  and  is  navigable  to  Tusca- 
loosa.  The  Chattahoochee  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
state,  and  the  Tennessee  runs  through  the  northern  part.  Alabama  has 
only  60  miles  of  seacoast.  But  this  includes  Mobile  bay,  which  is  30 
miles  long  and  from  3  to  18  broad. 

The  constitution  of  this  state  was  formed  in  1819.  The  governor  is 
elected  by  the  people  for  two  years,  but  is  eligible  only  four  years  in  six. 
The  senators  are  elected  for  three  years,  and  one-third  are  chosen  every 
year.  Their  number  cannot  be  more  than  one-third  nor  less  than  a  fourth 
of  the  number  of  the  representatives.  The  representatives  are  elected 
annually,  and  are  apportioned  among  the  counties  in  proportion  to  their 
white  population.  They  cannot  be  more  than  100  nor  less  than  60  in 
number.  The  representatives  and  one-third  of  the  senators  are  elected 
annually,  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  and  the  day  following  ;  and  the 
governor  is  elected  biennially,  at  the  same  time.  The  legislature  meets 
annually  at  Tuscaloosa,  on  the  fourth  Monday  in  October.  The  judiciary 
consists  of  a  supreme  court,  a  circuit  court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as 
the  General  Assembly  may,  from  time  to  time,  direct  and  establish.  The 
judges  are  elected  every  six  years  by  the  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of 
the  General  Assembly.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  possessed  by  every  free 
white  male  citizen  21  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  within  the  state  one 
year  next  preceding  an  election,  and  the  last  three  months  within  the 
county,  city,  or  town  in  which  he  offers  his  vote. 

There  are  three  colleges  in  this  state,  viz. :  The  University  of  Alabama, 
at  Tuscaloosa ;  La  Grange  College,  at  La  Grange ;  and  Spring  Hill 
College,  at  Spring  Hill.  There  are  in  the  state  120  academies  and  gram- 
mar schools,  and  650  common  or  primary  schools. 

Alabama  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state  in  1820. 


MOBILE,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Mobile  river,  at  its  entrance  into 
Mobile  bny,  30  miles  from  the  sea,  and  164  from  New  Orleans,  is  pleasantly 
seated  on  an  extended  plain,  15  feet  above  the  highest  tides,  and  has  a 
beautiful  prospect  of  the  bny,  from  which  it  receives  refreshing  breezes. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States  Naval  Hospital,  city  hospital,  3 
banks,  a  theatre.  Burton  Academy,  7  churches,  and  about  13,000  in- 
habitants. The  city  is  supplied  with  excellent  water  brought  in  iron  pipes 
from  Spring  Hill,  two  miles  distant,  and  distributed  through  the  city. 
Next  to  New  Orleans,  it  is  the  largest  cotton  market  in  the  Union.  It  is 
defended  by  Fort  Morgan,  situated  on  a  low  sandy  point  at  the  mouth  of 
the  bay,  opposite  to  Dauphin  Island,  and  the  harbor  has  a  light-house. 
Mobile  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  in  1813.  Spring  Hill 
College,  at  Spring  Hill,  two  miles  from  the  city,  was  incorporated  in  1830 


STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


155 


It  has  a  president  and  three  professors,  70  students,  and  4,000  volumes 
in  its  libraries.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New 
Orleans,  (fare  $5  ;)  for  Montgomery  ;  and  for  Columbus,  Miss. 

MONTGOMERY,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  built  on  a  high  bluff,  on  the 
left  bank  and  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  on  Alabama  river,  338 
miles  from  Mobile  by  the  course  of  the  river.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
7  churches,  two  academies,  and  2,250  inhabitants.  The  cotton  shipped 
from  this  place  amounts  to  40,000  bales  annually.  This  place  has  very 
recently  been  made  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  preparations  are  already 
in  progress  for  building  an  elegant  state-house.  Cars  arrive  from,  and 
depart  daily  for  Charleston,  S.  C.,  via  Jltigusta  and  Atlanta.  Steam- 
boats arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Mobile.  Stages  leave  3  times 
a  week  for  Columbus,  Ga. ;  for  Rome,  Ga. ;  for  Gunter's  Landing ; 
and  for  Tuscaloosa. 

WETUMPKA,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Coosa  river,  15  miles  from 
Montgomery,  contains  4  churches,  an  academy,  the  state  prison,  and 
2,600  inhabitants.  The  Harrowgate  Springs,  in  the  south  border  of 
the  city,  are  much  resorted  to  during  the  summer  months.  The  waters 
contain  valuable  mineral  properties.  (See  route  423.) 

EUFAULA  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Chattahoochee  river,  97 
miles  from  Montgomery.  It  contains  2  churches,  several  extensive  ware- 
houses, and  about  600  inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  to  Columbus,  Ga.  ; 
and  also  to  dpalachicola. 

TUSCALOOSA  is  situated  on  the  southeast  side  of  Black  Warrior  river,  at 
the  lower  falls,  on  an  elevated  plain  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation, 
217  miles  from  Mobile.  It  was  recently  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  con- 
tains a  handsome  state-house,  a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land-office, 
4  churches,  a  Masonic-hall,  an  academy,  an  antheneum  for  young  ladies, 
a  lyceum,  the  Alabama  Institute,  and  2,000  inhabitants.  The  streets  are 
spacious,  regularly  laid  out,  and  neatly  built.  The  halls  of  the  University 
of  Alabama  are  a 
mile  fromthecity 
This  institution, 
founded  in  1828,  j 
has  a  president,  7  < 
professors  or  other  ' 
instructors,  sixty- 
three  alumni,  60  | 
students.and  6,000  ] 
volumes  in  its  li-  ^ 
braries.  The  commencement  takes  place  on  the  Wednesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  December.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Mo- 
bile ;  for  Montgomery ;  for  Huntsville ;  for  Tuscumbia  ;  and  for  Co- 
lumfiu*,  Miss. 

GAINESVILLE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Tombigbee  river,  283 
miles  from  Mobile  by  the  course  of  the  river.  It  is  a  great  cotton  mart, 
and  has  three  churches,  three  academies,  and  about  200  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Columbus,  Miss.,  and  for 
Mobile.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Columbus,  Miss.  ;  for  Jack- 
nun,  Miss.;  and  for  Mobile. 

DEMOPOLIS  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tombigbee  river,  immediately  be- 
low the  entrance  of  the  Black  Warrior,  and  220  miles  from  Mobile.  It 
<-Mht;iins  a  United  States  Land-office,  three  churches,  two  academies,  and 
1,000  inhabitants.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Co- 


156  STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 

lumbus,  Miss.,  and  for  Mobile.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for 
Tuscalcosa,  and  for  Mobile. 

ST.  STEPHENS  is  on  the  right  bank  of  Tombigbee  river,  100  miles  above 
Mobile.  It  is,  next  to  Mobile,  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  and  has  a  United 
States  Land-office,  two  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,000  inhabitants. 
Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Mobile,  and  for  Tuscaloosa. 

CAHAWBA  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Alabama  river,  240  miles 
by  water  from  Mobile.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  now 
contains  a  court-house,  two  churches,  an  academy,  and  800  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  pass  daily  for  Mobile  and  for  Montgomery.  Stages  leave  3 
times  a  week  for  Mobile;  for  Tuscaloosa  ;  and  for  Huntsville. 

SELMA,  sixteen  miles  above  Cahawba,  and  on  the  same  side  of  the 
river,  has  three  churches,  two  academies,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants. 
Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Montgomery  ;  for  Tuscaloosa  ;  and  for 
Columbus,  Miss. 

HUNTSVILLE  is  situated  144  miles  from  Tuscaloosa,  and  10  miles  north 
of  Tennessee  river.  A  copious  spring  comes  out  at  the  foot  of  a  large 
rock  with  a  force  sufficient  to  move  a  forcing  pump,  which  raises  water 
for  supplying  the  village  with  pure  cool  water.  The  village  contains  a 
court-house  of  Grecian  architecture,  a  bank,  of  hewn  stone,  with  an  [onic 
portico  of  costly  and  elegant  workmanship,  a  neat  market-house,  a  United 
States  Land-office,  5  churches,  an  academy,  a  seminary,  and  2,500  in- 
habitants. The  houses  are  neat  and  tasteful,  and  many  of  them  elegant. 
Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Knoxville,  Tenn. ;  for  Nashville ;  for 
Florence;  for  Tuscaloosa;  and  for  Montgomery. 

FLORENCE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Tennessee  river,  imme- 
diately below  the  Muscle  Shoals.  When  the  water  is  not  low,  steam- 
boats ascend  to  this  place,  and  it  has  great  advantages  for  trade.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1818,  on  an  elevated  plain  100  feet  above  the  river:  the  streets 
are  wide  and  handsome.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States 
Surveyor-general's  office,  3  churches,  two  academies,  and  about  2,000 
inhabitants. 

TUSCUMBIA  is  on  the  left  bank  of  Tennessee  river,  four  miles  below 
Florence,  and  346  miles  north  from  Mobile.  It  contains  3  churches,  4 
seminaries,  several  manufacturing  establishments,  and  2,000  inhabitants. 
A  most  extraordinary  spring  here  flows  from  a  large  fissure  in  a  limestone 
rock,  which  discharges  20,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute.  The  in- 
habitants are  supplied  with  water  from  the  spring.  Steamboat,  stage,  and 
railroad  line  to  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  three  times  a  week  via  Gunter'g 
Landing,  Atlanta,  Go..,  and  Augusta;  and  stages  for  Memphis. 
Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Maysville,  Ky.,  via  Nashville, 
Tenn. ;  and  for  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  via  Columbus  and  Jackson. 

La  Grange  College  is  sixteen  miles  southeast  from  Tuscumbia.  This 
institution  was  founded  in  1831,  and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Metho- 
dists :  it  has  a  president,  3  professors,  50  alumni,  106  students,  and  2,200 
volumes  in  its  libraries. 

ATHENS  is  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Tennessee  river,  25  miles  west 
from  Huntsville,  and  has  a  court  house,  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  500 
inhabitants.  There  are  white  sulphur  and  chalybeate  springs  7  miles 
north  of  the  village,  which  are  much  frequented.  Stages  leave  3  times  a 
week  for  Huntsville  and  for  Tuscumbia. 


BTATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI.  157 


MISSISSIPPI  is  situated  between  30°  1(X  nnd 
35°  N.  lat.,  and  between  80°  30'  and  81°  35'  W.  Ion. 
It  is  339  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  and  .150 
broad.  Population  in  1840,  375,651. 

The  southern  part  of  the  state  for  about  100  miles 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  mostly  a  sandy,  level 
pine  forest,  interspersed  with  cypress  swamps,  open 
prairies,  and  inundated  marshes,  and  a  few  hills  of  a 
_  moderate  elevation.    This  region  is  generally  healthy, 

and  by  cultivation  produces  cotton,  Indian  corn,  sugar,  indigo,  &c.  As 
you  proceed  further  north,  the  country  becomes  more  elevated  and  agreeably 
diversified,  and  the  soil  is  a  deep  rich  mould,  producing  abundantly  cot- 
ton, Indian  corn,  sweet  potatoes,  indigo,  peaches,  melons,  and  grapes. 
The  natural  growth  of  timber  consists  of  poplar,  hickory,  black-walnut, 
sugar-maple,  cotton-wood,  magnolia,  lime,  and  sassafras.  The  country 
in  the  north  part  of  the  state  is  healthy  and  productive  ;  and  the  lands 
watered  by  the  Yazoo,  through  its  whole  course  in  the  northwest,  are 
very  fertile.  The  Mississippi  river,  with  its  various  windings,  forms  the 
entire  western  boundary  of  the  state ;  and  its  margin  consists  of  inunda- 
ted swamps  covered  with  a  large  growth  of  timber.  Back  of  this,  the 
surface  suddenly  rises  into  what  are  called  bluffs ;  and  behind  them  the 
country  is  a  moderately  elevated  table-land  with  a  diversified  surface. 
Cotton  is  the  principal  production  of  this  state.  The  Yazoo  is  the 
largest  river  that  has  its  whole  course  in  the  state.  It  rises  in  the  NW. 
part,  and  after  a  course  of  250  miles  enters  the  Mississippi.  The  Pas- 
cagoula  river,  after  a  course  of  250  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
At  its  mouth  it  widens  into  a  bay.  It  is  navigable  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance for  small  vessels.  The  Big  Black  river,  after  a  course  of  200 
miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  just  above  Grand  Gulf.  It  has  a  boat  naviga- 
tion of  50  miles.  Pearl  river  rises  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  and 
passing  through  it  to  the  south,  forming  in  its  lower  part  the  boundary 
between  this  state  and  Louisiana,  enters  Lake  Borgne.  Its  navigation  ia 
much  impeded  by  sand-bars  and  obstructions  of  timber.  Tr\e  Homochitto 
is  a  considerable  river  which  enters  the  Mississippi.  Besides  these,  there 
are  a  few  other  small  rivers  and  creeks.  A  chain  of  low  sandy  islands,  6 
or  7  miles  from  the  shore,  enclose  several  bays  or  sounds,  the  largest  of 
which  are  Pascagoula  Sound  and  Lake  Borgne. 

The  original  constitution  of  this  state  was  formed  in  1817,  and  the 
present  in  1832.  The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  two 
years,  and  cannot  hold  the  office  more  than  four  years  out  of  six;  and  in 
case  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  other  inability,  it  is  provided  that  the 
president  of  the  senate  shall  perform  the  duties  of  governor,  until  another 
shall  be  duly  qualified.  The  senators  are  elected  for  four  years,  one-half 


158  STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

of  the  number  being  chosen  biennially.  They  cannot  be  less  thnn  one 
fourth,  nor  more  than  one-third  of  the  whole  number  of  the  representa 
lives.  The  representatives  are  elected  biennially,  on  the  first  Monday  anrf 
day  following  in  November,  and  each  county  is  entitled  to  one  member. 
The  legislature  meets  biennially  at  Jackson,  on  the  third  Monday  in  No- 
vember, ijvery  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  21  years  of 
age,  and  who  has  resided  in  the  state  one  year  next  preceding  the  election, 
and  four  months  in  the  county,  city,  or  town  in  which  he  offers  his  vote,  is 
deemed  a  qualified  voter. 

The  High  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals  consists  of  three  judges,  elected 
for  a  term  of  six  years,  one  of  whom  is  chosen  biennially. 

There  are  four  colleges  in  this  state,  viz. :  Jefferson  College,  at  Wash- 
ington ;  Centenary  College,  at  Jackson  ;  Oakland  College,  near  Rodney ; 
and  Mississippi  College,  at  Clinton.  There  are  80  academies  and  400 
schools. 

In  1716  the  French  formed  a  settlement  where  the  city  of  Natchez 
now  stands.  This  colony  was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the  Indians 
in  the  vicinity.  In  1763  the  territory  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain.  In 
1817  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state. 
•  JACKSON,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Pearl 
river,  which  is  navigable  to  this  place  for  small  craft.  It  is  built  on  a 
plain,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  river,  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  con- 
tains an  elegant  state-house,  the  governor's  house,  the  state  peniten- 
tiary, a  United  States  Land-office,  two  churches,  the  buildings  of  Cen- 
tenary College,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Centenary  College,  founded  in 
1841,  has  a  president,  5  professors,  and  170  students.  Cars  arrive  from, 
and  depart  daily  for  Vicksburg.  Stages  leave  for  Nashville,  Tenn.,  via 
Columbus  and  Florence,  Ala.',  and  for  Gainesville;  and  3  times  a  week 
for  Natchez. 

NATCHEZ  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  301  miles 
from  New  Orleans  by  the  course  of  the  river.  A  part  of  the  city  is  built 
on  the  margin  of  the  river,  but  mostly  on  a  bluff  elevated  150  feet  above 
the  water.  The  ground  is  somewhat  uneven,  but  the  streets  are  regularly 
laid  out.  The  houses  are-  mostly  of  wood,  many  of  them  elegant,  and 
surrounded  with  gardens  stored  with  fruit  and  finely  ornamented  with  shrub- 
bery. It  has  a  court-house,  four  churches,  three  bunks,  an  academy,  a 
female  seminary,  a  theatre,  Masonic-hall,  an  hospital,  orphan  asylum,  and 
5,000  inhabitants.  The  country  around  contains  fine  cotton-lands,  and  the 
place  is  a  great  cotton  mart,  with  an  extensive  and  increasing  trade. 
Three  miles  from  the  city  is  a  race-course.  Natchez  was  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  Great  Sun,  or  principal  chief  of  the  Natchffi,  with  whose 
permission  the  French  built  Fort  Rosalie  here  in  1716.  The  Indians  sur- 
prised and  murdered  the  garrison,  and  nearly  all  the  persons  in  the  village, 
in  the  year  1729.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New 
Orleans,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  &rc.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week 
for  Jackson  and  for  St.  Francisville,  La.  (See  route  620.) 

GRAND  GULF  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
352  miles  above  New  Orleans  by  the  course  of  the  river.  It  is  on 
a  remarkable  bend  of  the  river,  locally  known  as  the  Grand  Gulf,  and 
has  a  town-hall,  hospital,  a  theatre,  two  churches,  a  cotton  press,  and 
1,000  inhabitants.  Steamboats  arrive  from ,  and  depart  daily  for  New 
Orleans,  &rc.  (See  route  620.) 

WASHINGTON,  six  miles  east  from  Natchez,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
moderately  elevated  site,  and  consists  chiefly  of  some  30  or  40  detached 


STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI.  159 

private  residences,  embosomed  in  the  rich  evergreen  shrubbery  of  the 
south.  It  contains  two  neat  churches  and  the  buildings  of  Washington 
College,  established  here  in 
3802,  and  endowed  by  Con- 
gress with  a  grant  of  land. 
The  college  buildings,  which 
are  of  brick,  contain  a 
brary  of  1,000  volumes,  a™ 
chemical  apparatus,  a 
logical  cabinet,  and  a  collec- 
tion  of  Indian  antiquities,  to-  ^ 
gether  with  the  fossil  remains  " 
of  a  mastodon,  and  other  curious  relics  found  in  this  state.  Attached  to 
the  college  are  about  fifty  acres  of  ground,  one-half  of  which  remains  in 
its  original  forest  state.  The  location  is  healthy,  and  the  vicinity  has 
many  fine  springs  of  water,  one  of  which,  called  Ellicott's  Spring,  is 
within  the  college  grounds. 

PORT  GIBSON  is  prettily  situated  on  Bayou  Pierre,  25  miles  by  the 
course  of  the  stream  from  the  Mississippi,  and  only  eight  from  it  at 
Grand  Gulf.  It  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  500 
inhabitants. 

VICKSBURG  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  r.,  513  miles  from  New 
Orleans  by  the  river.  Though  of  recent  origin,  it  has  become  a  large  and 
flourishing  place.  It  contains  a  court-house,  5  churches,  3  academies,  a 
theatre,  and  4,000  inhabitants.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  shelving  de- 
clivity of  high  hills,  and  the  houses  are  scattered  in  groups  on  the  terraces. 
The  Walnut  Hills  are  just  above  the  town.  The  country  around  is  very 
fertile.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  Orleans,  St. 
Louis,  Cincinnati,  &c.  (See  routes  620  and  621.)  Cars  in  connection 
with  stages  run  to  Maysville,  Ky.t  via  Jackson,  Columbus,  Tuscumbia. 
Ma.,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  Lexington,  Ky. 

YAZOO  CITY,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Yazoo  river,  493  miles  from 
New  Orleans,  has  several  extensive  warehouses  and  700  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  ply  to  New  Orleans.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Holly 
Springs. 

HOLLY  SPRINGS  is  situated  on  a  high  ridge  at  the  head  sources  of 
Yazoo  river,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  delightful  and  fertile  region.  The 
village  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  3  churches,  and  about  1,500 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Memphis,  Tenn. ;  3  times  a  week  for 
La  Grange  ,*for  Tuscumbia,  Ma.  ;  for  Columbus  ;  for  Jackson  ;  for 
Yazoo  City  ;  and  for  Commerce. 

COLUMBUS  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  theTombigbee,  120  feet  above 
the  river,  at  the  head  of  ordinary  steam  navigation,  141  miles  from  Jack- 
son. It  contains  a  court-house,  two  banks,  an  academy,  a  female  semi, 
nary,  a  theatre,  a  United  States  Land-office,  a  market-house,  5  churches, 
and  4,000  inhabitants.  A  fine  bridge  here  crosses  theTombigbee.  Steam- 
boats ply  to  Mobile.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Vicksburg  via  Jackson  ;  for 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  via  Tuscumbia ;  and  3  times  a  week  for  Memphis  via 
Pontotoc  and  Holly  Springs. 


160 


STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 


LOUISIANA  lies  between  29°  and  32°  N.  lat. 
It  is  240  miles  long  from  north  to  south  and  210 
broad,  containing  45,350  square  miles.  Population  ki 
1840,352,411. 

Below  the  mouth  of  Red  river,  the  Mississippi  di- 
vides into  several  branches  or  outlets,  which,  diverging 
f  from  each  other,  slowly  wend  their  way  to  the  Gulf 
|  of  Mexico,  and  divide  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
state  into  a  number  of  large  islands.  The  western  of 
these  outlets  is  the  Atchafalnya,  which  leaves  the  main  stream  at  the 
mouth  of  Red  river,  and  inclining  eastward,  flows  into  Atclmfalayn  bay 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  About  128  miles  below  the  Atchafalaya  is  the 
outlet  of  Plaquemine,  the  main  stream  of  which  unites  with  the  Atcha- 
falaya ;  but  other  portions  of  it  intersect  the  country  in  different  directions. 
Thirty-one  miles  below  the  Plaquemine,  and  82  above  New  Orleans,  is  the 
outlet  of  La  Fourche,  which  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by 
two  mouths.  Below  the  La  Fourche  numerous  other  small  streams 
branch  off  from  the  river  at  various  points.  On  the  east  side  of  the 
Mississippi  the  principal  outlet  is  the  Iberville,  which  communicates  with 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  lakes  Maurepas,  Pontchartrain,  and  Borgne. 
The  whole  territory  between  the  Atchafalaya  on  the  west,  and  the  Iber- 
ville, &c.,  on  the  east,  is  called  the  Delta  of  the  Mississippi,  from  its 
resemblance  in  shape  to  the  Greek  letter  of  that  name.  A  large  extent  ot 
country  in  this  state  is  annually  overflowed. 

The  alluvial  margin  along  the  Mississippi  lias  a  breadth  of  from  one  to 
two  miles,  and  is  of  great  fertility.  To  prevent  the  river  from  inundating 
the  valuable  tracts  in  the  rear,  an  artificial  embankment  has  been  raised 
on  the  margin  of  the  river,  called  the  Levee.  On  the  east  side  of  the 
river  this  embankment  commences  about  forty  miles  below  New  Orleans, 
and  extends  up  the  river  for  a  distance  of  180  miles.  On  the  west  side  it 
continues  with  little  interruption  to  the  Arkansas  line.  Along  this  portion 
of  the  river  there  are  many  beautiful  and  finely  cultivated  plantations, 
and  a  continued  succession  of  pleasant  residences.  The  southwestern 
part  of  the  state  consists  of  sea  marsh,  on  the  margin  of  the  Gulf,  but 
farther  inland,  of  extensive  and  fertile  prairies,  which  contain  many  flourish- 
ing settlements.  This  country  is  elevated  from  ten  to  fifty  feet  above  high 
tide.  The  country  between  the  Mississippi,  Iberville,  and  Pearl  rivers,  in 
its  southern  pnrts,  is  generally  level,  and  highly  productive  in  cotton, 
eugar,  corn,  rice,  and  indigo.  The  northern  part  has  an  undulating  sur- 
face, and  a  heavy  natural  growth  of  white,  red,  and  yellow  oak,  hickory, 
black-walnut,  sassafras,  magnolia,  and  poplar.  In  the  northwestern  part, 
the  Red  river,  after  entering  the  state  by  a  single  channel,  and  flowing 
about  thirty  miles,  spreads  out  into  a  number  of  channels,  forming  many 


STATE  OF  LOUISIANA.  161 

lakes,  islands,  and  swamps,  over  a  space  of  50  miles  long  and  6  broad. 
The  bottoms  on  the  river  are  from  one  to  ten  miles  wide,  and  very  fertile. 
The  timber  on  these  is  willow,  cotton-wood,  honey-locust,  paw  paw,  and 
buckeye;  on  the  rich  uplands,  elm,  ash,  hickory,  mulberry,  black-walnut, 
with  a  profusion  of  grape-vines.  On  the  less  fertile  and  sundy  uplands 
of  the  state  are  white,  pitch,  and  yellow- pines,  and  various  kinds  of  oak. 

The  Mississippi  river  forms  the  boundary  of  the  state  for  a  considerable 
distance,  and  in  its  lower  part  runs  wholly  in  this  state,  where  it  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  by  several  passes.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  size.  Red  river  enters  the  state  near  the  northwest  corner,  and 
passes  through  in  a  southeast  direction,  discharging  a  vast  amount  of 
water  into  the  Mississippi,  236  miles  above  New  Orleans-.  The  Washita 
runs  in  a  south  direction  in  the  north  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  Red 
river  a  little  above  its  entrance  into  the1  Mississippi.  Bayou  La  Fourche 
and  Atchafalaya  are  large  outlets  of  the  Mississippi.  The  other  rivers 
are  the  Black,  Tensaw,  Subine,  Calcasieu,  Mermanteau.Vermilion,  Teche, 
Pearl,  Amite,  Iberville,  &c. 

The  country  was  first  explored  by  the  French,  and  received  its  name  in 
1682  from  La  Salle,  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV.  A  settlement  was  attempted 
in  1684,  but  failed.  In  1699,  a  more  successful  attempt  was  made  by  M. 
Iberville,  who  entered  the  Mississippi  and  founded  a  colony.  His  efforts 
were  followed  up  by  M.  Crozat,  a  man  of  wealth,  who  held  the  exclusive 
trade  of  the  country  for  a  number  of  years.  About  the  year  1717,  he 
transferred  his  interest  in  the  province  to  a  chartered  company,  at  the  head 
of  which  was  the  notorious  John  Law,  whose  national  bank  and  Mis- 
sissippi speculation  involved  the  ruin  of  half  of  the  French  nobility.  In 
1731  the  company  resigned  the  concern  to  the  crown,  who  in  1762  ceded 
the  whole  of  Louisiana  to  Spain.  In  1800  Spain  reconveyed  the  province 
to  the  French,  of  whom  it  was  purchased  by  the  United  States  in  1803. 

The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  are  elected  for  4  years.  Represen- 
tatives are  chosen  for  2  years,  and  senators  for  4  years,  one-half  being 
chosen  biennially.  The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  dis- 
trict courts,  and  in  justices  of  the  peace.  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 
are  appointed  by  the  governor,  and  hold  their  offices  for  8  years.  The 
legislature  meets  biennially.  Every  free  white  male,  who  has  been  two 
years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  attained  the  age  of  21  years,  and 
has  resided  in  the  state  two  years  next  preceding  the  election,  and  the  last 
year  in  the  parish  in  which  he  offers  his  vote,  has  the  right  of  suffrage. 

The  literary  institutions  in  this  state  are — the  Louisiana  College;  Jeffer- 
son College;  St.  Charles  College;  Baton  Rouge  College;  Franklin  Col- 
lege ;  Mandeville  College ;  and  the  University  of  Louisiana.  There  are 
60  academies  and  200  common  schools. 

BATON  ROUGE,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Mississippi,  140  miles  above  New  Orleans.  It  is  mostly  built  on  a  plain 
from  25  to  30  feet  above  high  water,  the  business  portion  being  on  the 
street  along  the  river  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  The  town  contains  a  court- 
house, three  banks,  the  State  Penitentiary,  United  States  Land-office, 
four  churches,  a  college,  an  academy,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Baton 
Rouge  College,  founded  in  1838,  has  a  president,  four  professors,  and 
45  students,  and  1,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  in 
December.  The  United  States  Barracks  are  on  the  river  bank  just  above 
the  town,  and  are  surrounded  by  highly  ornamented  grounds.  Steamboats 
leave  daily  for  New  Orleans,  Vicksburg,  <$-c.  Ji  line  of  stages  runs  to 
JVfew  Orleans,  and  also  to  St.  Francisville. 


162 


STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 


NEW  ORLEANS  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  105 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  latitude  29°  57'  30" 
N.,  and  90°  8'  W.  Ion.  from  Greenwich.  Population  in  1840,  102,193. 
The  city  is  built  on  ground  descending  gently  from  the  river  towards  Lake 
Pontchartrain  in  the  rear ;  so  that  when  the  Mississippi  is  full,  the  streets 
are  three  or  four  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  river.  To  prevent  inunda- 
tion, an  embankment  four  feet  high  and  fifteen  feet  wide  has  been  con- 
structed, called  the  Levee,  extending  from  Fort  Plaquemine,  43  milea 
below  the  city,  to  Baton  Rouge,  120  miles  above  it.  The  position  of  New 
Orleans  as  a  commercial  emporium  is  unrivalled  ;  the  Mississippi  and  its 
numerous  tributaries, — embracing  in  their  course  at  the  south  the  region 
yielding  sugar,  cotton,  and  tropical  productions,  and  northwardly  the 
great  agricultural  and  mineral  riches  of  the  vast  Mississippi  valley, — bring 
to  it,  with  their  fleets  of  steamboats,  an  immense  trade  in  these  great  staples. 
•The  city  proper  is  a  parallelogram,  extending  1,320  yards  on  the  river; 
but  its  whole  length,  including  the  incorporated  fauxbourgs,  is  not  less 
than  five  miles  parallel  with  the  river  ;  and  it  extends  in  breadth  from  one- 
fourth  to  three-fourths  of  a  mile,  and  to  the  Bayou  St.  John,  two  miles. 
The  houses  are  mostly  of  brick,  and  many  of  the  residences  in  the 
suburbs  are  ornamented  with  orange-trees  and  gardens.  The  view  of  the 
city  from  the  river  is  beautiful.  On  entering  the  central  or  lower  part  of 
it,  the  stranger  finds  it  difficult  to  believe  it  an  American  city.  The  popu- 
lation is  nearly  equally  made  up  of  Americans,  French,  Creoles,  and 
Spaniards.  In  the  business  season,  from  November  to  July,  the  river  in 
front  of  the  Levee,  in  its  whole  extent,  is  crowded  with  vessels  of  all 
sizes,  and  from  all  quarters  of  the  world  ;  with  hundreds  of  large  and 
splendid  steamboats,  barges,  flat-boats,  &c. 

The  public  buildings  are :  the  State-house — a  plain  structure,  formerly 
the  Charity  Hospital— the  Court-house,  the  City  Hall,  and  the  United 
States  Branch  Mint,  which  is  an  edifice  of  the  Ionic  order  of  architecture, 
282  feet  long  and  168  deep,  Merchants'  Exchange,  Commercial  Ex- 
change, City  Exchange,  14  churches,  some  of  which  are  elegant  build- 
ings,  four  orphan  asylums,  6  charitable  associations,  a  charity  hospital,  a 
Maison  de  Sante,  two  infirmaries,  two  reading-rooms,  three  theatres,  a 
circus,  an  armory,  several  extensive  cotton  presses,  7  banks,  3  convents, 
and  several  large  and  elegant  hotels. 

By  authority  of  the  state,  the  University  of  Louisiana  is  to  be  estab- 
lished in  New  Orleans,  and  to  consist  of  four  faculties,  viz.,  law,  med 
icine,  the  natural  sciences,  and  belles-lettres;  the  Medical  College  of 
Louisiana,  as  now  organized,  is  to  constitute  the  faculty  of  medicine. 
This  institution  was  founded  in  1835,  and  has  a  fine  building  on  the  corner 
of  Common  and  Philippa  streets  ;  it  has  seven  professors  and  30  students. 


STATE  OF  LOUISIANA.  163 

Lectures  commence  on  the  third  Monday  in  November.  Mandeville  Col- 
f  lege  is  on  the  north  side  of  Lake  Pontchartrain,  35  miles  from  the  city. 
It  has  a  president  and  6  professors.  The  National  Gallery  of  Painting.-* 
has  some  fine  pictures.  The  United  States  Marine  Hospital  is  at 
McDonough,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  Cypress  Grove.Cem- 
etery,  four  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  tastefully  laid  out:  there 
arc  3  others,  '2  Roman  Catholic  and  one  Protestant. 

New  Orleans,  from  its  shape,  is  often  called  the  Crescent  City,  as  those 
streets  which  follow  the  river  make  a  curve  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a 
crescent.  The  vicinity  affords  the  traveller  many  objects  of  interest. 
The  road  to  Carrollton,  six  miles  distant,  is  through  delightful  scenery ; 
and  the  Shell  Road  affords  an  agreeable  ride  to  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
distant  six  miles;  there  is  also  a  railroad  to  the  lake.  There  are  several 
other  points  of  interest,  and  among  them  the  battle-ground,  six  miles  be- 
low the  city,  where  the  American  army  under  Gen.  Jackson  gained  a  signal 
victory  over  a  force  of  8,000  British,  killing  in  little  more  than  un 
hour  2,000  of  the  enemy,  with  the  loss  of  only  7  killed  and  6  wounded. 

Fares  from  New  Orleans  on  steamboat  routes  : — To  Natchez,  $4  to  6 
cabin,  and  $1  to  2  deck ;  to  Vicksburg,  $7  to  10 — $2  to  3  deck;  to  Mem- 
phis, $8  to  10 — $2  to  3  deck  ;  to  Louisville  or  Cincinnati,  $12  to  20 — $2  to 
3  deck ;  to  Pittsburg,  $12  to  20— $2  to  3  deck.  To  St.  Louis,  $12  to  15— 
$2  to  3  deck.  To  Nashville,  $15-$3  deck.  To  Little  Rock,  $12— $3 
deck.  To  Alexandria,  $4  to  6— $1  to  2  deck  ;  to  Natchitoches,  $7  to  10— 
$2  to  3  deck;  to  Shrevesport,  $8  to  12 — $2  to  3  deck  :  from  Shrevesport, 
to  Fort  Towson,  $15.  From  New  Orleans,  to  Plaguemine,  $2  ;  to  St. 
Martin  smile,  (175  miles,')  $6  to  8;  to  Opelousas,  (217  miles,)  $6. 
To  Mobile,  $5  to  8.  To  Galveston,  $15  cabin,  $8  steerage,  and  $4  deck. 

JACKSON  is  situated  on  Thompson's  creek,  12  miles  from  St.  Francis- 
ville.  It  is  the  seat  of  Louisiana  College,  founded  in  1825,  which  has  a 
president,  eight  professors  or  other  instructors,  109  students,  and  about 
2,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednes- 
day in  June.  The  village  has  2  churches,  3  academies,  and  1,000  inhabitants. 

ST.  FRANCISVILLE  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  176 
miles  from  New  Orleans.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  church,  an  acad- 
emy, several  extensive  warehouses,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  great 
cotton  mart.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Woodville — stages  from  thence  to 
Natchez  ;  also  3  times  a  week  for  Liberty,  Miss.,  via  Jackson  and  Clinton. 

DONALDSONVILLE.  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  just  below  the  outlet  of  La  Fourche. 
It  has  a  court-house,  an  arsenal,  a  church,  4  academies,  a  United  States 
Land-office,  and  1,000  inhabitants. 

OPELOUSAS  is  near  the  head  of  Vermilion  river,  217  miles  from  New 
Orleans,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  level  and  pleasant  country.  Franklin 
College,  founded  in  1839,  and  located  here,  bus  a  president,  3  professors 
<ir  other  instructors,  and  70  students  ;  the  commencement  is  on  the  first  of 
November,  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land- 
office,  two  banks,  two  churches,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Steam- 
boats ply  to  New  Orleans.  The  lower  route  to  Houston,  Texas,  via 
Balliew  Ferry,  on  the  Sabine,  is  from  this  place. 

GRAND  COTKAU  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  midst  of  small  elevated 
prairies,  seven  miles  from  Opelousas,  and  has  a  Catholic  chapel  and  some 
20  or  30  dwellings.  Here  is  St  Charles  College,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Jesuits,  which  has  a  president,  ten  professors,  and  70  students.  The 
Convent  or  "  Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart,"  is  near  the  village. 


164 


STATE  OF  TEXAS. 


ALEXANDRIA  lies  on  Red  river,  a  little  below  the  lower  rapids,  320 
miles  by  the  course  of  the  river  from  New  Orleans.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  two  churches,  and  about  500  inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  to 
JVezc  Orleans. 

NATCHITOCHES  is  situated  on  the  left  bnnk  of  Red  river,  414  miles  from 
New  Orleans  by  steamboat,  and  178  miles  from  the  junction  with  the 
Mississippi  river.  The  village  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  bluff,  and  contains 
a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land-office,  3  churches,  3  academies,  and 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  It  has  considerable  trade.  It  was  first  settled  by 
the  French  in  1717,  and  half  of  its  inhabitants  are  of  French  descent. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  JVewj  Orleans.  The  upper 
route  through  Texas  to  the  Rio  Grande  is  from  this  place,  via  Games 
Ferry,  St.  Jlugustine,  Tex.,  Nacogdoches,  Robbins  Ferry,  Bastrop,  and 
San  Antonio. 

SHREVKPORT,  on  the  left  bank  of  Red  river,  500  miles  from  New 
Orleans,  contains  a  court-house,  a  church,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  ply  to  New  Orleans^  to  Fulton,  Fort  Towson,  and  to  Fort 
Washita,  (450  miles.) 


TEXAS,  the  southernmost  state  in   the  Union,  is 
v  situated  between  26°  and  40°  N.  lat.,  and  hetween  94° 
J  and  107°  W.  Ion.  from  Greenwich,  and  contains  324,018 
square  miles,  and  200,000  inhabitants. 

The  general  aspect  of  the  country  is  that  of  a  vast 
inclined  plane,  gradually  sloping  from  the  mountains 
eastward  to  the  sea,  and  traversed  by  numerous  rivers, 
all  having  a  southeast  direction.  It  may  be  naturally 
divided  into  three  regions:  The  first,  which  is  level, 
extends  along  the  coast  with  a  breadth  varying  from 
100  to  30  miles,  being  narrowest  at  the  southwest.  The  soil  of  this  region 
is  principally  a  rich  alluvion,  with  scarcely  a  stone,  and  singularly  free 
from  stagnant  swamps.  Broad  woodlands  fringe  the  banks  of  the  rivers, 
between  which  are  extensive  and  rich  pasture-lands.  The  second  di- 
vision, the  largest  of  the  three,  is  the  undulating  prairie  region,  which  ex. 
tends  for  150  or  200  miles  further  inland,  its  wide  grassy  tracts  alternating 
with  others  that  are  thickly  timbered.  Limestone  and  sandstone  form 
the  common  substrata  of  this  section.  The  third,  or  mountainous  region, 
situated  principally  on  the  west  and  southwest,  forming  part  of  the  Sierra 
Madre,  or  Mexican  Alps,  is  but  little  explored.  At  its  remote  extremity, 
it  consists  of  an  elevated  table-land,  resembling  the  vast  steppes  of  Asia, 
except  in  their  superior  fertility.  The  mountain  sides  are  clothed  with 
forests,  and  there  are  few  if  any  districts  of  country  of  the  same  extent  as 
Texas  with  so  little  unproductive  land. 


STATE  OF  TEXAS.  165 

The  principal  rivers  in  the  state  are  the  Sabine,  Neches,  Trinidad,  Brazos 
de  Dies,  Colorado,  Guadaloupe,  San  Antonio,  Nueces,  and  the  Rio 
Grande.  The  Neches  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  for  more  than  100 
miles,  Trinidad  river  for  three  or  four  hundred  miles,  and  the  Brazos  for 
half  that  distance.  The  Rio  Colorado  is  obstructed  by  a  raft  ten  miles 
from  its  mouth  ;  it  will,  when  removed,  be  navigable  for  steamboats  200 
miles  to  Austin  City.  The  San  Antonio  and  Nueces  are  navigable  for 
only  short  distances  ;  but  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  a  noble  stream,  having 
a  course  of  1,800  miles,  will  most  probably,  though  in  parts  broken  by 
rapids,  become  hereafter  an  important  commercial  channel.  Galveston 
bay,  into  which  the  Trinidad  flows,  is  about  35  miles  in  length,  and  from 
12  to  18  miles  wide. — The  Gulf  of  Mexico  bounds  its  southeastern  border, 
on  which  are  many  bays  and  some  good  harbors. 

The  Texan  year  is  divided  into  a  wet  and  dry  season.  The  former  lasts 
from  December  to  March ;  and  the  latter  from  March  to  December.  Snow 
is  seldom  seen,  except  on  the  mountains.  The  country  is  in  most  parts 
covered  with  a  luxuriant  native  grass,  and  it  is  amply  supplied  with 
timber,  among  which  are  the  live-oak,  white,  black,  and  post  oak, 
hickory,  walnut,  sycamore,  caoutchouc,  &c.,  and  on  the  high  lands  pine 
and  cedar.  The  "  Cross  Timbers"  are  two  lines  of  continuous  forests  of 
great  extent. — Cotton  and  the  sugar-cane  are  the  great  agricultural  staples, 
both  of  which  attain  to  the  greatest  perfection.  The  grains  chiefly  culti- 
vated are  Indian  corn  and  wheat.  Peaches,  melons,  figs,  oranges,  lemons, 
pine-apples,  dates,  olives,  grapes,  &c.,  grow  abundantly.  Great  numbers 
of  cattle  and  horses  are  reared,  and  vast  herds  of  buffaloes  and  wild  horses 
wander  over  the  prairies,  while  deer  and  game  are  abundant. — Among  its 
minerals  are  coal  of  a  superior  quality,  iron  ore,  limestone,  granite,  slate, 
gypsum,  &c.  Silver  mines  have  been  wrought  in  the  mountains,  and 
bitumen  and  salt  are  abundant. 

The  principal  literary  institutions  of  the  state  are  the  University  of  San 
Augustine,  at  St.  Augustine  ;  Wesleyan  College,  do. ;  Rutersville  College, 
at  Rutersville  ;  University  of  Nacogdoches,  at  Nacogdoches  ;  University 
of  Matagorda  ;  University  of  Galveston  ;  University  of  De  Kalb  ;  Trinity 
College  ;  Guadaloupe  College,  at  Gonzales ;  and  a  college  at  Marshall. 
Only  the  first  four  have  gone  into  operation. 

The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years,  but  is  eligible  only 
four  years  in  six.  He  must  be  32  years  of  age,  and  have  resided  in  the 
state  three  years  previous  to  his  election.  The  lieutenant-governor  is 
chosen  in  like  manner  and  for  the  same  time,  and  must  possess  the  like 
qualifications.  He  is  president  of  the  senate,  and  in  case  of  the  death, 
absence,  or  inability  of  the  governor,  exercises  the  duties  of  that  office. 
The  judicial  power  of  the  state  is  vested  in  one  supreme  court,  district 
courts,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  the  legislature  shall  appoint.  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of 
the  senate,  and  hold  office  for  six  years.  The  senators  are  chosen  by 
the  people,  and  act  for  four  years,  one-half  being  elected  biennially. 
They  must  be  32  years  of  age,  and  have  resided  in  the  state  three  years 
next  preceding  the  election.  The  representatives  are  chosen  for  two 
years  by  the  people.  They  must  be  21  years  of  age,  and  have  resided  in 
the  state  two  years  preceding  their  election.  The  legislature  meets  once  in 
two  years. — Every  free  male  person  21  years  of  age  and  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  or  who  was  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  constitution 
of  the  state  of  Texas  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  or  a  citizen 
of  the  Republic  of  Texas,  and  who  shall  have  resided  in  this  state  one 


166 


STATE  OF  TEXAS. 


year  next  preceding  an  election,  and  the  last  six  months  within  the  county 
in  which  he  offers  his  vote,  (Indians  not  taxed,  Africans,  and  descendants 
of  Africans  excepted,)  has  the  right  of  suffrage  ;  but  no  soldier,  seaman, 
or  marine  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  entitled 
to  vote. 

In  1821  the  colonization  of  Texas  was  commenced  by  citizens  of  the 
United  States.  After  three  years  of  struggle  with  the  government  of 
Mexico,  it  finally  became  independent,  April  21st,  1830,  and  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state  in  1845. 

AUSTIN,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Colorado,  200  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  255  miles  northwest 
from  Galveston.  It  is  built  on  a  plain,  elevated  some  thirty  or  forty  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  river.  The  Capitol  is  situated  on  a  hill,  and  from  it 
a  very  commanding  view  of  the  surrounding  country  may  be  obtained. 
The  governor's  house  is  upon  another  eminence,  about  three  hundred 
yards  from  the  Capitol.  Austin  contains  two  churches,  and  about  1,000 
inhabitants.  (See  routes  in  Texas.} 


GALVESTON,  255  miles  from  Austin,  and  350  west  by  north  of  the 
southwest  Pass  of  the  Mississippi  river,  is  situated  on  the  east  end  of  Gal- 
veston Island,  and  is  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  Texas.  It  was 
settled  in  1837,  and  has  forty  to  fifty  stores  and  commission  houses,  three 
cotton  presses,  two  high  schools,  one  university,  shortly  to  be  put  in 
operation,  five  churches,  and  5,000  inhabitants.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  with 
twelve  feet  of  water  over  the  bar  at  low  tide,  and  is  the  most  thriving 
town  upon  the  seacoast,  and  rapidly  increasing  in  commercial  importance. 
There  are  regularly  plying  weekly  between  this  place  and  .ATezo  Orleans 
2  steam  packets,  a  daily  line  to  Houston  ;  also  regular  boats,  running  to 
the  Brazos,  Trinity,  and  Sabine  rivers. 

HOUSTON  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tide-water  on  Buffalo  bayou,  188 
miles  from  Austin  and  85  from  Galveston.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful 
prairie,  and  contains  a  court-house,  four  churches,  several  extensive 
manufacturing  establishments,  and  4,000  inhabitants.  It  is  an  exten- 
sive cotton  mart.  Steamboats  ply  to  Galveston.  Stages  run  to  Wash- 
ington. 

WASHINGTON  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Brazos  river,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigHtion,  except  at  seasons  of  high  floods ;  and  is 
133  miles  from  Austin.  It  contains  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,200 
inhabitants.  Stages  run  to  Houston. 

MATAGORDA,  198  miles  southeast  from  Austin,  is  situated  on  a  plain 
north  of  Matagorda  bay,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  Colorado  river,  35  miles 
from  the  Caballo  Pass.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  custom-house,  cham- 
ber of  commerce,  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  700  inhabitants.  Steam- 
boats ply  to  Galveston  and  New  Orleans. 


STATE  OF  TEXAS.  167 

BRAZORIA  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Brazos  river,  30  miles 
from  the  Gulf,  and  60  miles  from  Galveston.  It  has  a  court-house  and  500 
inhabitants. 

SAN  FELIPE  DE  AUSTIN  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Brazos  river,  120 
miles  from  Austin.  It  contained,  prior  to  the  revolution,  about  600  in- 
habitants ;  it  was  burnt  by  the  retreating  Texan  army  ;  since  that  time  it 
has  been  rebuilt,  and  now  contains  a  court-house  and  1,000  inhabitants 

SAN  AUGUSTINE  is  situated  on  the  Ayish  Bayou,  a.  branch  of  the 
.Neches  river,  360  miles  ENE.  from  Austin,  and  27  from  Gaines'  Ferry  on 
the  Sabine.  It  contains  a  court-house,  two  churches,  and  1,500  in- 
habitants;  it  is  very  healthy,  being  built  on  the  high  rolling  lands,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  Texas.  The  University  of  San 
Augustine,  incorporated  in  1837,  has  a  president,  two  professors  or 
other  instructors  in  the  male  department,  and  three  instructors  in  the 
female  department.  The  session  commences  on  the  third  Monday  in> 
June.  The  Wesley  an  College,  with  a  male  and  female  department, 
has  a  president  and  four  instructors.  The  session  commences  on  the 
first  Monday  in  March.  Stages  leave  for  Natchitoches,  and  for  Nacog- 
doches. 

NACOGDOCHES  is  250  miles  from  Austin,  and  60  west  from  the  Sabine- 
river,  and  is  situated  at  the  head  of  several  small  streams  which  enter, 
after  a  course  of  six  miles,  into. the  R.  Angelina.  It  was  formerly  oc- 
cupied as  a  military  post  by  the  Spaniards  and  Mexicans.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  a  Roman  Catholic  Church,  ten  stores,  and  about  1,000  in- 
habitants. The  University  of  Nacogdoches  was  incorporated  in  1845, 
and  donated  with  four  leagues  of  land.  It  has  a  president  and  two 
professors. 

RUTERSVILLE,  78  miles  from  Austin,  and  five  from  the  Colorado 
river,  is  on  elevated  ground,  and  the  country  in  its  vicinity  affords  many 
views  of  picturesque  scenery.  It  contains  about  200  inhabitants.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Rutersville  College,  established  in  1840,  and  donated  with  four 
leagues  of  land.  The  college,  which  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Metho- 
dists, has  2  professors,  and  a  preceptress.  There  are  terms  of  21  week* 
each:  the  first  commences  on  the  third  Monday  in  January,  and  the 
second  on  the  third  Monday  in  July.  A  new  college  building  has 
been  completed,  which  furnishes  ample  accommodation  for  a  large  number 
of  students. 

SAN  ANTONIO  DE  BEXAR,  90  miles  south  by  west  from  Austin,  is  situ- 
ated near  the  head  sources  and  on  both  sides  of  the  San  Antonio  river, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in  North  America.  The  houses, 
which  are  one  story  high,  with  terraced  roofs,  are  built  mostly  of  stone. 
It  contained,  previous  to  the  revolution,  a  population  of  some  8,000 ;  its 
population  at  the  present  time  is  estimated  at  1,500.  In  its  vicinity  stand 
the  ruins  of  the  Alamo.  This  was  an  oblong  enclosure,  with  walls  about  ten 
feet  high  and  3  feet  thick,  covering  an  acre  of  ground ;  it  has  been  styled 
the  Thermopyla?  of  Texas,  in  commemoration  of  the  heroic  defence  of 
TRAVIS  and  his  brave  comrades. 

CORPUS  CHRISTI,  at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  250  miles 
south  from  Austin,  has  a  court-house,  several  stores,  and  about  700 
inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  to  Galveston  and  to  New  Orleans. 

BASTROP,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado  river,  at  the 
crossing  of  the  Great  San  Antonio  road,  is  surrounded  by  a  highly  fer- 
tile prairie  region.  It  has  a  court-house,  several  stores,  and  about  500 
inhabitants. 


168  STATE  OF  ARKANSAS. 

SANTA  FK  is  situated  at  the  base  of  a  spur  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  12 
miles  east  from  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  on  a  small  branch  of  that 
noble  stream.  It  is  in  lat.  35°  41'  and  106°  W.  Ion.  from  Greenwich,  and 
is  elevated  about  7,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  the  nominal  capital  of 
the  province  of  Santa  Fe,  or  New  Mexico,  although,  according  to  the 
claims  of  the  late  Republic  of  Texas,  it  is  within  the  bounds  of  that 
state.  It  is  1,400  miles  distant  from  the  entrance  of  the  Rio  Grande  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  1,067  miles  by  the  great  caravan  route  from  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  town  does  not  probably 
exceed  3,000,  but  including  the  several  surrounding  villages  embraced 
within  its  incorporation,  they  amount  to  about  6,000.  The  city  is  very 
irregularly  laid  out,  and  most  of  the  streets  are  little  better  than  common 
highways.  The  buildings  around  the  public  square  are  the  Governors 
house,  the  custom-house,  the  barracks,  the  consistorial  of  the  Alcaldes, 
the  military  chape!,  several  private  residences,  and  most  of  the  shops  of 
the  American  traders  ;  these  buildings  are  the  only  ones  which  have  any 
pretensions  to  architectural  regularity,  the  fronts  of  which  are  shaded 
with  portales  of  the  rudest,  description.  The  mountains  about  ten  miles  to 
the  northeast  of  the  town  are  supposed  to  attain  an  elevation  of  12,000 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  their  summits  are  covered  with  perpetual  snows. 
The  silver  mines  are  among  the  mountains  to  the  southeast,  where  are  pro- 
cured washings  to  a  large  amount  annually. 


a& 


ARKANSAS  lies  between  33°  and  36«  30'  N.  lat., 
I  and  between  899  30'  and  94Q  30'  W.  Ion.  It  is  240 
I  miles  long  and  228  wide,  containing  54,500  square 
I  miles.  Population  in  1840,  97,574. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  bordering  on  the 
;  Mississippi,  and  the  large  rivers  which  empty  into  it, 
:  the  country  is  low  and  swampy,  with  a  heavy  growth 
'  of  timber,  and  is  frequently  overflowed.  In  the  cen- 
tral part,  it  is  undulating  and  broken  ;  and  in  the 
northwestern  parts,  the  Ozark  Mountains,  rising  sometimes  to  the  height 
of  1,500  feet,  extend  across  the  state.  The  Washita  Hills,  north  of  the 
Washita-  river,  have  considerable  elevation.  The  soil  is  of  every  variety, 
from  the  most  productive  to  the  most  sterile.  On  the  margins  of  the 
rivcrs.it  is  exceedingly  fertile ;  but  back  of  this  the  land  is  generally 
sterile.  Prairies  are  abundant,  and  of  immense  extent.  In  many  parts 
there  is  a  scarcity  of  water.  Cotton  and  Indian  corn  are  the  staple  pro-- 
ductions  ;  but  the  country  is  well  calculated  for  raising  cattle.  Wild* 
animals  and  fowls,  as  the  buffalo,  deer,  elk,  otter,  beaver,  rabbit,  racoon, 
fcc.,  wild-geese,  turkeys,  and  quails,  are  abundant.  Near  the  centre  of 
the  state  there  are  numerous  hot-springs,  the  temperature  of  which 
limes  rises  nearly  to  the  boiling  point. 


STATE  OF  ARKANSAS.  169 

The  Arkansas,  the  principal  river,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
flows  through  the  state  in  a  southeast  direction.  It  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats 300  miles  to  Little  Rock ;  and  in  time  of  high  water,  350  miles 
farther  to  Fort  Gibson,  in  the  Indian  Territory.  The  St.  Francis,  the 
White,  and  the  Washita,  are  other  important  rivers. 

The  constitution  of  the  state  was  formed  in  1836.  The  governor  is 
chosen  by  the  people  for  four  years,  but  cannot  hold  the  office  more  thun 
eight  years  in  twelve.  The  members  of  the  senate  are  elected  by  the 
people  for  four  years,  and  the  representatives  for  two  years.  The  elections 
are  viva  voce.  The  senate  can  never  consist  of  less  than  17  nor  more  than 
33  members  ;  the  house  of  representatives  of  less  than  54,  nor  more  than 
100  members.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed  for  eight 
years,  and  those  of  the  Circuit  Court  for  four  years.  These  judges  are 
chosen  by  the  legislature.  The  judges  of  the  county  courts  are  chosen 
by  justices  of  the  peace.  The  legislature  meets  once  in  two  years.  Every 
white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  who  has  resided  in  the  state  six 
months,  is  entitled  to  vote. 

There  is  no  college  in  this  stale.  It  has  ten  academies  and  150  com- 
mon schools. 

Arkansas  was  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase.  It  was  made  a  terri- 
tory in  1819,  and  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1836. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated1  on  the  right  bank  of 
Arkansas  river,  905  miles  from  New  Orleans  by  the  course  of  the  rivers. 
It  is  built  on  a  high  rocky  bluff,  150  feet  above  the  water  of  the  river,  and 
is  the  first  place  where  rocks  occur  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  city  has 
a  state-house,  a  court-house,  five  churches,  two  banks,  a  theatre,  an 
academy,  the  State  Penitentiary,  a  United  States  arsenal,  a  United  States 
Land-office,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  to  New  Orleans,  and 
up  the  river  to  Fort  Gibson.  (See  route  441.)  Stages  leave  three  times 
a  week  for  Washington  ;  for  Van  Buren;  for  SI.  Louis  via  Bates- 
vilfe  and  lYederickstown,  Mo. ;  and  twice  a  week  for  Rock  Roe ;  thence  in 
steamboats  to  New  Orleans. 

ARKANSAS  POST,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Arkansas  river,  685  miles 
from  New  Orleans,  is  on  a  high  bluff,  and  contains  a  court-house  and 
200  inhabitants.  Steamboats  ply  to  New  Orleans,  Little  Rock,  frc. 

HELENA,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  con- 
tains a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land-office,  and  500  inhabitants. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  New  Orleans,  St.  Louis,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  Pittsburg,  and  the  intermediate  places. 

HOT  SPRINGS  is  situated  six  miles  north  of  the  Washita  river,  and 
sixty  from  Little  Rock.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  about  100  in- 
habitants. The  Springs  from  which  the  village  derives  its  name  are  about 
fifty  in  number ;  the  waters  rise  from  the  west  base  of  a  mountain  and 
flow  into  a  small  stream,  which  after  a  course  of  six  miles  enters  the 
Washita  river.  The  temperature  of  the  springs  differs,  ranging  from 
110  to  150°  of  Fahrenheit.  The  waters  have  been  found  efficacious  in 
chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  scrofula,  and  cutaneous  affections.  There  are 
here  ample  accommodations  for  visitors.  Three  miles  northeast  are  the 
Chalybeate  Springs,  the  waters  of  which  are  cold,  and  held  in  much  re- 
pute  by  invalids.  Thirty  miles  northwest  are  the  Sulphur  Springs,  but 
recently  discovered.  Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  for  Little  Rock 
three  limes  a  week. 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE. 


TENNESSEE  lies  between  35"  and  36e  30'  N.  lat., 
I  nod  81W  30'  and  90°  10'  W.  Ion.      Its  mean  length  is 
'J 00  miles,  and  its  mean  breadth  114  miles,  containing 
45,600  square  miles.     Population  in  1840,  829,210. 

The  Cumberland  Mountains  extend  through  the  mid- 
die  of  the  state,  in  a  southwest  direction,  dividing  it 
into  two  parts,  denominated  East  Tennessee  and  West 
Tennessee.  The  western  part  of  Tennessee  is  level,  or 
gently  undulating ;  in  the  middle  it  is  hilly.  East 
Tennessee  abounds  in  mountains,  many  of  them  elevated,  presenting  much 
grand  and  picturesque  scenery.  Of  the  mountains,  Cumberland,  or  Great 
Laurel  Ridge,  is  the  most  remarkable.  It  nowhere  has  an  elevation  of 
more  than  1,000  feet.  Stone,  Yellow,  Iron,  Ball,  Smoky,  and  Unika 
mountains,  form  a  chain  in  the  SE.,  and  constitute  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  state.  Northwest  of  these  are  Bay's  Mountain,  Copper  Ridge,  Clinch 
Mountain,  Powell's  Mountain,  and  Willing's  Ridge,  with  valleys  between 
them  from  5  to  10  miles  wide.  Caves  of  great  depth  and  extent  are  found 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

The  soil  is  various,  but  generally  fertile.  The  western  part  has  a  black, 
rich  soil ;  in  the  middle  are  great  quantities  of  excellent  land ;  in  the 
eastern  part  the  mountains  are  mostly  sterile,  but  the  valleys  are  very  fer- 
tile. The  country  has  a  great  profusion  of  native  timber,  poplar,  hickory, 
walnut,  oak,  beach,  sycamore,  locust,  cherry,  sugar-maple,  &c.  There 
are  many  medicinal  plants.  The  soil  produces  abundantly  cotton  and 
tobacco,  the  staple  commodities  of  the  state  ;  also  grain,  grass,  and  fruit. 

The  Tennessee  river  has  its  chief  course  in  this  state.  It  is  1,200  miles 
long,  and  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Florence  in  Alabama,  276  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio  ;  and  from  the  head  of  the  Muscle 
Shoals,  for  boats  250  miles  further.  Cumberland  river,  which,  rising  in 
Kentucky,  runs  mainly  in  Tennessee,  is  navigable  for  steamboats  198 
miles  to  Nashville,  and  for  boats  300  miles  further.  It  enters  the  Ohio 
river  in  Kentucky,  60  miles  from  Mississippi  river.  The  Holston,  Clinch, 
French  Broad,  and  Hiwassee  are  branches  of  the  Tennessee.  Obion, 
Forked  Deer,  and  Wolf  rivers,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  flow  into 
the  Mississippi,  and  are  navigable  for  boats. 

The  constitution  of  this  state  was  formed  in  1796,  at  Knoxville,  and  re- 
vised in  1833.  The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years,  but 
is  not  eligible  more  than  six  years  in  eight.  The  representatives,  who  are 
apportioned  among  the  different  counties  according  to  the  number  of 
qualified  voters,  are  chosen  biennially,  and  their  number  cannot  exceed  75 
until  the  population  is  500,000,  and  can  never  afterwards  exceed  99. 
The  senators  are  chosen  and  appointed  in  like  manner,  and  can  never  ex- 
coed  one-third  the  number  of  representatives.  The  legislature  meeib 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE.  171 

biennially,  at  Nashville,  in  October  following  the  election.  It  can  be 
called  together  by  the  governor  at  other  times,  if  necessary.  The  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed  by  the  joint-ballot  of  both  houses  of 
the  legislature,  and  hold  their  office  for  twelve  years.  Every  white 
person  over  21  years  of  age,  who  is  a  freeholder  in  the  county  where  he 
offers  his  vote,  or  who  has  resided  in  the  county  six  months  immediately 
preceding  the  election,  enjoys  the  right  of  suffrage. 

The  literary  institutions  are :  Greenville  College,  at  Greenville;  Wash- 
ington College,  near  Jonesboro ;  the  University  of  Nashville,  at  Nash- 
ville ;  East  Tennessee  College,  at  Knoxvilie ;  Cumberland  College,  at 
Lebanon  ;  Jackson  College,  near  Columbia  ;  Franklin  College,  near  Nash- 
ville ;  and  the  Southwestern  Theological  Seminary,  at  Marysville.  There 
are  in  the  state  J60  academies  and  1,000  common  schools. 

Tennessee  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state  in  1796. 
NASHVILLE,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  t!ie  loft  bunk  of 
Cumberland  river, 
at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat  navigation,  120 
miles  from  its  June- 
tion  with  Ohio  riv- 
er.  Its  site  is  un- 
duluting,  and  is  ele-  _^ 
vated  from  fifty  to  lfi| 
375  feet  above  Uw|l 
river.  It  contain*  gs 
an  elegant  state-  ~ 
house,  a  court-house,  market-house,  a  lunatic  hospital,  the  State  Peni- 
tentiary, three  banks,  ten  churches,  the  halls  of  Nashville  University,  a 
seminary,  several  other  schools  of  a  high  order,  and  10,000  inhabitants. 
The  Lunatic  Hospital  is  a  large  and  commodious  building,  and  will  ac 
commodate  100  patients.  The  University,  founded  in  1806,  has  a  presi- 
dent, four  professors  and  two  tutors,  291  alumni,  100  students,  and  10,000 
volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  main  edifice  is  200  feet  long,  50  wide,  and 
three  stories  high.  The  commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in 
October.  Stages  leave  daily  for  May  smile,  Ky.,  via  Lexington  ;  for 
Vicksburg,  Miss.,  via  Tuscumbia  and  Jackson;  three  times  a  week 
for  Knoxvilie ;  for  Augusta  via  Atlanta ;  for  Huntsville,  Jlla. ;  for 
Memphis  via  Huntingdon  and  Bolivar ;  for  Columbus,  Ky.  ;  and  for 
Smit/dand.  Steamboats  leave  for  New  Orlmns,  &c.,  via  Smithland. 

MEMPHIS  is  situated  on  a  bluff,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  immediately  below  the  mouth  of  Wolf  or  Loosahatchie  river, 
798  miles  above  New  Orleans.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  six 
churches,  an  academy,  and  10,000  inhabitants.  Memphis  is  the  depot  for 
West  Tennessee,  and  its  commerce  is  extensive,  more  than  120,000  bales 
of  cotton  being  shipped  from  this  place  every  season.  A  United  States 
Navy  Yard  has  lately  been  established  here,  and  the  necessary  buildings 
are  in  course  of  erection.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
New  Orleans ;  for  Cincinnati ;  for  St.  Louis,  &c.  Stages  in  con- 
nection with  steamboats  and  railroad  cars  leave  for  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  via  Tuscumbia,  Ma.,  Gunter's  Landing,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and 
Augusta.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  wrek  for  Nashville ;  for  Jackson, 
Mists.,  via  Holly  Springs  ;  and  also  for  Columbus. 

COLUMBIA.,  42  miles  from  Nashville,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Duck  river,  and  contains  a  court-house,  three  churches,  a  bank,  an 


172 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE. 


academy,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Jackson  College,  in  the  vicinity, 
founded  in  1830,  has  a  president  and  four  professors,  100  students,  and 
1,250  volumes  in  its  libraries.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Nashville. 

CLARKSVILLE,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  river,  65 
miles  from  Nashville  by  the  course  of  the  river,  contains  a  court-house, 
three  churches,  an  academy,  two  banks,  and  2,000  inhabitants.  It  has  an 
extensive  trade  in  cotton  and  tobacco.  Steamboats  leave  for  Nash- 
ville and  for  New  Orleans.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Nashville 
and  for  Smithland. 

FRANKLIN  is  eighteen  miles  from  Nashville,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Big  Harpeth  river,  and  has  a  court-house,  four  churches,  five  acad- 
emies, and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  In  the  vicinity  is  Franklin  Col- 
lege, founded  in  1844,  which  has  a  president,  six  professors,  and  90 
students.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Nashville. 

MURFREKSBORO',  once  the  capital  of  tlie  state,  is  situated  on  a  small 
branch  of  Cumberland  river,  and  contains  a  court-house,  three  churches, 
an  academy,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week 
for  Nashville ;  for  Knoxmlle;  and  for  Hantsville,  Ala. 

KINGSTON,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tennessee  river,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Clinch  river,  contains  a  court-house,  two  churches,  aa 
academy,  and  700  inhabitants. 

KNOXVILLE  is  on  the  right  bank  of  Holston  river,  four  miles  below  the 
^f^-"~  "     7^^IL^^^=^~=L  Junction    of   French    Broad 
j|   river,    and    at    the   head   of 
gL  steamboat     navigation.      It 
Si"  contains  a  fine  court-house, 
3  churches,  two  academies, 
^_  a  male  and  a  female  semi- 
ITnary,  and  1,500  inhabitants. 
3&  The   buildings  of  East  Ten- 
cssee  University  are  located 
n   a  beautiful   eminence  of 
considerable  elevation,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Holston,  half  a  mile  west 
of  the  city.      They  consist  of  a   large  central  edifice,  two  commodious 
halls,  three  stories  Jiigh,  for  study  and   lodging  rooms,  three  professors' 
houses,  &c.    The  University  has  a  president,  four  professors,  100  alumni, 
120  students,  3,800  volumes  in  its  libraries,  and  an  extensive  chemical  and 
philosophical  apparatus,  mi^ralogical  cabinet,  &c.     The  commencement 
is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in%.ugust.     Stages  leave  three  tines  a  week  for 
Washington,  D.  C.,  ma  Abingdon,  Va.,  and  Statin  ton  ;  for  Raleigh,  N. 
C.  ;  for  Charleston,   S.  C.,  via  Warm  Springs,    Greenville,  &c.  ;  for 
\  Charleston  via  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  Augusta ;  for  Savannah  via  Atlanta  ; 
for  Nashville;  and  for  I^cxington,  Kit.,  via  Cumberland  Gap. 

JONESBORO'  is  on  a  small  branch,  and  ten  miles  south  of  Holston  river. 
It  has  a  court-house,  three  churches,  two  academies,  and  1,000  inhabi 
tants.  Washington  College,  in  the  vicinity,  founded  in  1794,  has  a  presi- 
dent, three  professors,  110  alumni,  45  students,  and  1,000  volumes  in  ita 
libraries.  Stages  leave  Jonesboro1  3  times  a  week  for  Knoxmlle ;  for 
Abingdon,  Va.;  and  for  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

MA.RYSVILLE,  18  miles  from  Knoxville,  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Holston 
river,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  church,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  Southwestern  Theological  Seminary,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Presbyterians,  founded  in  1821,  which  has  two  professors,  30  stu- 
dents, and  6,000  volumes  in  its  libraries. 


RAILROAD,  STAGE,  AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTES, 

THROUGH 

THE   SOUTHERN   STATES. 


1339)  F'M  RALEIGH  TO 
BEAUFORT, 
Via  Goldsboro  '   and 
Newbern. 
To  Bus  bee's  Store     1    9 
Smithfield  181  27 

Petersburg  «$•  Roai 
Railroad. 
Jarret's  Depot.  .  11 
Stony  Creek  9 
PETERSBURG..  21 
Proctor's  Creek  11 
RICHMOND  114 
WASHINGTON, 
(see  No.  288)  .  117 

(342)  F'M  RALEIGI 
NORFOLK,  Va. 
Via  Gareysburg 

Raleigh  <Sr  Gaston 
To  Littleton— 
(see  No.  341)  ... 

Gareysburg  .. 

loke 

119 

128 
149 
160 
1714 

2884 

I  TO 

RR. 

78 

D  98 
3103 
2115 
noke 

4129 

d  142 
5147 

;  100 

7177 
1178 

[  TO 

i. 
RR. 

9 
6  15 
0  25 
9  34 
8  42 

5  57 
7   74 
0  84 
0  94 

1  I(N) 

9137 
7144 

Chalk  Level  
Ward's  Bridge  ... 
Castle  Craig  
Yellow  Branch... 
Campbell  C.  H.  .. 
LYNCHBURG  

(344)  F'M  RALEIG 
WYTHEVILLE 
Via  Greensboro* 
Salem. 
To  Moringsville.  . 
Chapel  Hill  
Hillsboro' 

13 
6 
6 
5 
12 

H 

ai 

8 
12 

9 

3 
4 

6 
13 
6 
3 
7 
11 
t> 
3 
S 

11 
22 

9 
13 

H 

MH 
^7 

16 

:•; 
18 
% 
13 

12 
14 
9 

149 

162 
168 
174 
179 
191 

TO 

id 

20 

28 
40 
49 
56 
59 
63 
69 

88 
91 
98 
109 

11:') 

118 
127 
U9 
150 
172 
180 
189 
202 

TO 
1. 
71., 

109 
125 
128 
146 
172 
185 
202 
214 
228 

m 

Boonhill  

10 
15 
26 

12 
8 
16 

28 

H 
W. 

8 
12 
12 
12 

20 
8 
7 
10 

13 
35 

H 
J, 

VL 
I 

6 
11 
11 

13 

10 
11 
n 

37 
52 
78 
106 
118 
126 
142 
170 

TO 

12 

20 
32 
44 
56 
76 
84 
91 
11)1 
113 

12ri 

161 

TO 
Z. 

IR. 

9 
15 

26 
37 
44 

57 
67 

78 
87 

97 

108 

Kingston  

Trenton    

Pollocksville  
NEWBERN  
Cravenville  
BEAUFORT  

(340)  F'M  RALEIG 
PLYMOUTH, 
Via  Washingtc 
To  Eagle  Rock... 
Wakerield  

Mason's  Hall  
Trollinger's  B'dge 
Haw  River.  
Albright's  

Alletnance    .. 

GREENSBORO'  ... 
New  Garden  
Friendship  
Kernersville  
SALEM  ... 

Margaretsville  1 
Portsmouth  <$•  Roa 
Railroad. 
Newson's,  Va  1 
Franklin  1 
Carrsville  

Nasliville.        .... 

Rocky  Mount  — 
Tarboro'  

Oldtown  
Bethma  
Little  Yadkin.... 

Sparta  
Faulkland  

Pactolas  
Washington  
PLYMOUTH  

(341)  F'M  RALEIC 
WASHINGTON 
Via  Richmond, 
Raleigh  $•  Gastor 
To  Huntsville  
Forrestville  
Franklin 

Suffolk  1 
Portsmouth  1 
NORFOLK  

Tom's  Creek  
Mt.  Airy  
New  Grayson.Va. 

(343)  F'M  RALEIGI 
LYNCHBURG,  Vi 

Raleigh  &  Gaston 
To  Huntsville.... 
Forestville  
Newlight  1 

Austinville  

(345)  F'M  RALEIG 
KNOXVILLE,  T< 
Via  Jonesboro,  1 
&  Greenville 
To  SALEM— 
(see  No.  344)  ... 
Panther  Creek  ... 
Huntsville  
Hamptonville  

WlLKESBORO'... 

Reddy's  River  
Jefferson  
North  Fork  
T»ylorsville,Tenn 
Moore's  Iron  W'ks 

Wilton  

Staunton  

Granville  
Stage. 
Oxford  1 
Berea  v.  .  1 
Roxboro'  1 
Leasburg  1 

Henderson  
Ridgewny  

Macon  Depot  
Littleton  ^ 

Greenville  RR. 
Ruland's,Va.  ...110 

Belriekl  Ill 

Milton  1 

DANVILLE.Va  I 

Pittsylvania  C.  H.  1 
Robertson's  Store. 

174 


ROUTES  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Dugger's  Ferry.  .  . 
Elizabethtown  ... 

JONESBORO'  

Leesburg  
Sheatown  

9 
13 

18 

li) 

4 

b 
13 
14 
6 

5 
8 

9 
16 

H 

111 

Va 

7 

id 

4 
12 

It; 
ii 

10 
6 
11 
9 
5 
10 
LO 

•A. 
5 
10 
12 
12 
1! 
10 
16 
•21 
10 
8 
11 

15 
5 

,H 

C. 

23 

2- 

24(5 
259 

277 

282 
21)2 

2(  K; 

302 
315 
32!) 
335 
340 
318 
352 
361 
37  / 

TO 

. 

rm 

20  ' 
27 
34 
46 
56 
til) 
72 

Lib 

12.; 
131 
142 
151 
156 
166 
176 

21  1 
216 
226 

238 
250 
261 
2;  1 
287 
:il4 
324 
332 
343 
358 
363 

TO 

in  tl 

12 
36 

no 
73 

CHER  AW,  S.C.  ..13 
Tiller's  Ferry  \i 

31132 

5il67 
,  11(2 
31225 

I  TO 

52 
eigh 

61 
73 

81 
89 
98 
107 
114 
122. 

URG 

Veio- 

10 

fi  HH 

(352)  F'M  WlLMIN 

TO  WASHINGTON, 
Via  Richmond 
Wilmington  $•  Ra 
Railroad. 
To  Rocky  Mount. 
Bergaw  

3TON 

D.C. 

I 
leigh 

*$ 

7  30 

9  39 
9  48 
8  56 

12   76 
9   85 
11   96 
7103 
6109 
7116 
9125 
8133 
11  144 
11155 
7  162 
5167 
mrg, 

)'l77 
0187 
1198 
9207 
1218 
4229J 
1  240* 
1  26U 
8  269i 
0279* 

i  mi 

2  302i 
7358i 

GTON 
LK. 

15   31 

18  49 

17   66 
22l  88 

GTON 

S.C. 

30 
30160 

TTE- 
JRY. 

la 

9  23 

COLUMBIA  l3 

(348)  F'M  RALEIGI 
WILMINGTON. 

To  Goldsboro'— 
(see  No.  338)  ... 

Wilmington  «&•  Ral 
Railroad. 
Dudley's          .  .    9 

enderson's  Mills 
Greenville 

Gustavus  

Cheek's  X  Roads. 
Morristown... 

S.  Washington... 
Teachy's  
Strickland  

&  Hither  Springs., 
ossy  Creek  
Newmarket  
Strawberry  Plains 
KNOXVILLE  

(346)  F'M  RALEIG 
KNOXVILLE,  Tt 
Via  Salisbury  &r  } 
Springs. 

Warsaw  

Dudley's  ... 
Goldsboro'  

Faison's                12 

Warsaw  8 
Strickland  8 
Teachy's  9 
S.  Washington.    9 

Nahunt.a  
Burden's  
Tossnott  

Ltocky  Mount  
Battles'  

Rocky  Mount  .  .   8| 
WILMINGTON..  14J 

(349)  F'M  GAREYSB 
TO  BEAUFORT 

Via  Plymouth  &r  J 
bern. 

To  Jackson  
Rich  Square  1 

Eniield  

Hackriey'sXR'ds 
Pittsboro'  

Halifax  

WELDON  

St.  Lawrence  
Marley's  Mills.... 

Gareysburg  
Richmond^  Peters 
&r  Potomac  Rl 
Pleasant  Hill....  1 
Belfield                    I 

Ashboro'  

Spencer  

Cotton  Grove  
SALISBURY  
Woodgrove  
Covvansville  
Statesville  
Poplar  Grove  
Hokesville  

Jarrett's.                I 

Britton's  Store 

7   33 
6   59 

Stony  Cieek  

Plymouth  1 
Washington  3 
Swift  Creek  B'dge  ! 

6   75 
110 
s  12* 
7145 

tildl 

fcl84 

Proctor's  Creek.  11 
RICHMOND  1 
Tuylorsville  i 
RutherGlen  
Milford  1 

Eavesville  
Drowning  Creek  . 

MORGANTOWN... 

Locust  Grove  
Pleasant  Garden  . 

Cravensville  1 

(350)  F'M  EDENTO 
NORFOLK,  Va 

To  Hertford  
Wood  vi  lie              1 

NTO 

12 

1  23 
0  33 
2  45 

5   50 

9   72 
4  86 

rTON 

a. 

167 
noke 

2179 

1  !!)3 
3  206 
5:21  1 
3224 
7241 
1  242 

FREDERICKSB'G  1 
Aquia  C'k  Land- 
ing, Va  1 

Swannano  

Steamboat. 
Mt.  Vernon  2 
Alexandria  
WASHINGTON... 

(353)  F'M  WlLMIN 

TO  FAYETTEVIL 
To  Robinson's.... 
Westbrook  
Elizabethtown  ... 
Prospect  Hall  .... 
FAYETTEVILLE  .  . 

(354)  F'M  WlLMIN 

TO  CHARLESTON 
Steamboat. 
ToSmithville....! 
CHARLESTON  1 

(355)  FROM  FAYI 
VILLE  TO  SALISB 
To  Murchison's 
Mills 

ASHVILLE  

French  Broad  — 
Lapland.  ......... 

Elizabeth  City....  1 
New  Lebanon  1 
South  Mills...     . 

Warm  Springs.. 
Newport  
Oak  Grove  
DANDRIDGE  
Tuckahoe  

Lake  Drummond.  1 
Deep  Creek,  Va... 
NORFOLK  1 

(351)  F'M  WlLMINf 

TO  NORFOLK,  V 

To  Gareysburg— 
(see  No.  352)... 

Portsmouth  &  Roa 
Railroad. 
Margaretsville  ] 
Newson's.Va.  ...  1 
Franklin  1 

Mechlenburg  
KNOXVILLE  

(347)  F'M  RALEK 
COLUMBIA,  S. 
Via    Fayetteoille 
Cher  a  to,  S.  C 
To  Middle  Creek. 
Averysboro'  
FAYETTEVILLE  .  . 
Davis'  Springs  .  .  . 

Carrsville. 

Randallsville  
Montpelier  
Laurel  Hill.... 

12 
6 

8 

85 

MM 

Suffolk...               1 

Portsmouth  1 
NORFOLK  .  .  . 

Johnsonville..  .. 

&OUTES  IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


175 


16  39 

18  57 
6  63 

Blairville  

10 

'. 
I 

5 

7 
h 
i 

81 
90 

93 
!« 
105 
111 
117 

Wadesboro'  

6 
1C 

14 

15 
15 
13 
5 
12 
11 
19 
21 

BL 
JN 

e. 

8 
8 
15 
6 
\B 
it; 

9 
11 
22 

if 
15 
llj 

S'l 

VTN 

SI 
{, 

Ch 

30 
38 

:>7 
40 

« 

A 
U 

im 

9 
9 
6 
5 

8 

12 

8 
5 
6 

57 

67 

1 
too 

115 
198 
133 

Ii5 
156 
175 
196 

RY 

18 
26 
34 

49 

89 
98 
112 
134 
151 
169 
184 
200 

•ON 

'  00 

ON 

ar- 

99 
129 
167 
204 
244 

ON 

1). 
sft- 

I. 

62 
bio, 

71 

80 
86 
91 
99 
111 
119 
124 
1HO 

Caledonia  

Pinckneyville  ... 
Mt.  Tabor.  . 

Sugg's  Bridge.... 

Sneedsboro'  
CHERAW,  S.  C... 
Society  Hill  
Darlington  
Mar's  Bluff 

Hill^s  Store  

15  78 
8  86 
8  94 
18112 

BURY 

^a. 
16 
11   21 

16  43 
12   55 
4  59 
lii    69 
12   81 
7  88 
7  95 
20115 

7SJ293 

IYTO 

a. 
1  52 

YJ  lul 
731177 

Decatur  
UNIONVILLE  
Cedar  Grove  
Cross  Keys  

Mt.  Lebanon  
Healing  Springs.. 
SALISBURY  

f33S)  FROM  SALTS 
TO  NORFOLK,  ^ 
To  Cotton  Grove. 
Spencer  

Huntington..  . 

* 
12 
11 

7 
1 
9 

HT 
3 

12 
11 

5 

5 
9 
20 

BT 

S 

a 

8 

8 
10 
11 
6 
3 
1^ 

i.: 

15 
20 
16 
13 
17 
KJ 
33 

BT 

,s 

10 

12 
5 
6 

123 

l.T; 

!^;: 

15V 
159 
168 

RY 

71 

78 
81 
9;] 
104 
109 
116 
121 
130 
150 

RY 
C. 
llll- 

40 

48 

55 
59 

67 

77 
88 

a 

IS 

145 

It;;, 

181 
194 
21  i 
I. 
244 

RY 
.C. 

15 

25 

28 

I 

51 

Jarirey's  Creek... 
Flintville  
Lynch's  Creek  
China  Grove  
GEORGETOWN... 

(365)  FROM  SALIS 

TO  WlLMINGT( 

Via  Fayettevill 
To  Healing  Sp'gs. 
Mt.  Lebanon  
Hill's  Store 

Laurensville  
Waterloo  
Stony  Point  
Deadfall  
Smithville  
ABBEVILLE  

(362)  FROM  SALIS 
TO  COLUMBIA,  S 
Via  Yorkvilh 
To  Yorkville— 
(see  No.  361)  ... 
Guthriesville  
Brattonsville  

Ashboro'  
Lanesville  

Parley's  Mills.... 
St.  Lawrence  
Pittsboro' 

Hackney's  X  R'ds 
Grove  

RALEIGH  
NORFOLK— 
(see  No.  342)...! 

(357)F'MSALISBUI 

LYNCHBURG,  V 
To  Greensboro'  .  . 
Danville,  Va  

Snugg's  Bridge  .. 
Caledonia        

Carthage  

Blackstock's  
Yonguesville  
Albion  

Johnsonville  
Murchinson's  M'ls 
FAYETTEVILLE.. 
Prospect  Hall  
Elizabethtown  ... 
Westbrook- 

Winnsboro'  
Cookham  

(358)  FROM  SALIS 
TO  WYTHEVILI 
To  Lexington  .  .  .  .  1 
Salem   

SURY 

-K. 

1  17 

20  37 

931130 

BURY 

Ga. 

27 

11344 

*  164 
'201 
225 
248 

IYTO 
.C. 

I  52 
J9    H 
33114 
311145 

IYTO 

C. 

York. 

10 
11    21 

12  33 
7   40 
8  48 
8  56 
15  71 

COLUMBIA  

(363)  FROM  SALIS 
TO  CHARLESTON 
Via  Charlotte  £ 
den,  S.  C. 
To  CHARLOTTE, 
(see  No.  361)  .  .  . 
Mt.  Seer  

Robinson's  .  .  . 

WILMINGTON  

(366)  F'M  CHARLE 
TO  GEORGETOV 
By  Stage  .  . 

WYTHEVILLE— 

(see  No.  344)...! 

(359)  FROM  SALIS 

(367)  F'M  CHARLE 
TO  SALISBURY 
Via   Camden  <$r 
lotte. 
To  Sumpterville— 
(s-eNo.  363)... 
CAMDEN  
Lancaster  

ToStatesville.. 
Morguntown  ...  4? 
Ashv'iUe  59 
Wnynesville...  29 
Franklin  37 

Pleasant  Valley, 
S  C.  .. 

Bel  Air  

Cureton's  Store.  .  . 
Lancaster  

Pleasant  Hill  

L  ARKS  VirTLE..  123 
(360)F'MSALISBUI 

GREENVILLE,  S 
To  Lincolnton  
Erwinville  

Flat  Rock  

Charlotte,  N.  C... 

CAMDEN  
Bradford  Springs. 
Sumpterville  
Privateer  

(368)  F'M  CHARLE 

TOKNOXVILLEjl 

Via  Columbia  <$• 
ville,  JV.  C. 

South  Carolina  ., 
ToBranchville... 

BranchvillebCoh 
Railroad. 
Rowe's  Pump  
Orangeburg  
Semerson's  
Lewimlle  
Fort  Motte  
Gadsden  
Hopkins 

Vance's  Ferry  — 
Roadsville  
Inabret's  . 

Spartansburg  
GREENVILLE  

(361)F'MSALISBUI 

ABBEVILLE,  S. 
Via.  Charlotte  <£• 
mile. 
To  China  Grove.. 
Concord 

SoutJi  Carolina  j 
CHARLESTON  .... 

(364)  FROM  SALIS 
TO  GEORGETOWN 
Via  Cheraw 

To  Rockville  
Kendall's  Store... 
iAlbemarle  
Norwood. 

Harrisburg  
CHARLOTTE  
Whitehall  

Ranalesburg  
YORKVILLE,  S.C. 

i  Cedar  Hill  

Woodlands  
COLUMBIA.... 

1  Beverly.... 

176 


ROUTES  IN  GEORGIA. 


Oakville 

Pomariu 

Newberry 

Pagesville 

Huntsvilie 

Holland's 

LAURENSVILLE  .. 

Greenwood 

Fountain  Inn 

plains ;;; 

GREENVILLE 

Traveller's  Rest .. 
Merrittsville... 

Flat  Rock 

Henderson ville  ... 

Mud  Creek 

Limestone 

Ashville 

French  Broad 

Lapland.... 

Warm  Springs.. 

Newport 

Oak  Grove 

Dandridge 

Tuckahoe 

Mechlenburg. ... 
KNOXVILLE 


3  43 

::  56 
4170 

9  1 
J84 

•>    S:» 

9  iyg 

11  209 
821. 
6223 

12235 

10  24a 


10  297 
11308 


8  379 
1   39t 


371)  F'M  CHARLESTON 
TO  SAVANNAH, 

By  Steamboat....!  1110 

372)  F'M  COLUMBIA  TO 
RALEIGH,  N.  C. 

ria  Ca.rn.dtti  <$-  Cher  aw. 

To  CAMDEN ' 

Tiller's  Ferry 

CHERAW 

Laurel  Hill,  N.  C. 

Montpelier 

iandallsville 

")avis'  Spring 

^AYETTEVILLE  . . 

Averysboro' 

Vliddle  Creek 

&ALEIGH 


(369)  F'M  CHARLESTON 
TO  AUGUSTA,  Ga. 

South  Carolina  RR 
To  Mile  Pump  ... 

Sneath's 

Woodstock 

Ladson's , 

Somerville 

ijawrence's 
jnibret's 

Ross's 

St.  George's 

Reeve's 

BRANCHVILLE  .. 
Edisto  Turn-out. 

Midway 

Loury's 

Graham's 

Black  ville 

Williston 

White  Pond 

Windsor 

Johnson's 

Aiken 

Clark's 

Marshes 

Hamburg 

AUGUSTA,  Ga.  . 


4  . 

5  8 

M  ;' 

410 
410 
811 
512 
41& 
4  12 
813 
113 


(370)  F'M  CHARLESTO 
TO  SAVANNAH,  Ga. 

To  Jacksonboro'. 

Blue  House 

Pocotaligo. 14  6 

Grahamsville If,   7 

SAVANNAH,  Ga...J33lll 


58 

35  93 
33126 
8134 
6140 
12  \>- 
lo  l« 
25190 

1222! 


;373)  F'M  COLUMBIA  TO 
SALISBURY, 
Via  Yorkville. 
To  Cookham 


Clarksville,  Ga.  ..fflOl  79 

Nacoochee 13  92 

DAHLONEGA 1211113 

377)  FR'M  ABBEVILLE 
TO  UNION  POINT,  Ga. 
To  Calhoun's  M'ls 
'etersburg,  Ga.  . . 

Danbury  

rVashington 

Tyrone 

Jublic  Square 

UNION  POINT  — 


61 
70 

$78)  FROM  SAVANNAH 
TO  AUGUSTA. 

Central  Railroad. 
To  Brinsonsville— 
(see  No.  379)... 
Stage. 

Waynesboro' 

Richmond  Fact'y 
AUGUSTA 


WinsboroV 

Albion 

Yonguesville 

Blackstock's 

Chester 

Brattonsville 

Guthriesville 

YORKVILLE 

Ranalesburg,  NC. 

Whitehall 

CHARLOTTE 

Harrisburg 

Concord 

China  Grove 

SALISBURY 


9 
5   34 


7 
13 

H  KL 
111 
11 

12  12S 
11  141 
10150 


(374)  F'M  COLUMBIA  TO 
RUTHERFORDT'N, 

To  Maybintown  .1 


. 
Goshen  Hill  ......  |  8 

'" 


Unionvi  le  ........ 

Glenn's  Springs  .. 
Spartansburg  ..... 

HUTHERFORUT'N 


37113 


(375)  F'M  COLUMBIA  TC 

AUGUSTA,  Ga. 
To  Lexington  — 
Leesville  ......... 

Ridge  ............ 

fcklgefield  C.  H.  .  . 
Hamburg  ......... 

AUGUSTA  ........ 


(376)  F'M  GREENVILLI 

TO  DAHLONEGA,  Ga. 

To  Pickensville..     fl 

PickensC.II  .....  18  3 


.     ..... 

West  Union  ......  110   4 

Davis'  Ferry  .....  JlSi  5 


80 

15|ll7 
10J127 

(379)  FROM  SAVANNAH 

TO  MACON. 
Central  Railroad. 
To  Eden  Depot. . . 
Reform. . 
Armenia 


Halcyondale , 

Depot 

Scarboro'  

Brinson  ville 

Mid  ville 

Holcomb 

Depot   ..., 

visbo 


.  50 
10  60 
10  70 


12112 
10122 
13135 
13148 


mvuDoro  

Pennille 

Oconee (Jm 

Emmett 5152 

Kingston 8160 

Gordon 10170 

Larkville 10180 

MACON 10190 


(380)  F'M  SAVANNAH  TO 
MONTGOMERY,  Ala. 

Via  Macon  &  Colum- 
M  bus. 

To  E.  Macon— 
(see  No.  379).. 

Macon 


190 
1  191 
Macon  &  Western  RR. 


Prattsville 

Forsyth , 

Depot 

BARNESVILLE.. 

Union  Hill , 

Thomaston 

Pleasant  Hill..., 
Bellevue. 


BlutfSprings.... 
WaverlyHall... 

Ellerslie 

COLUMBUS 


16207 
8215 
8223 
8231 
6237 

10247 

11258 
5263 
7270 
7(277 
8j285 

16301 


ROUTES    IN    GEORGIA. 


177 


Crawford,  Ala  .  . 
Society  Hill  ..... 

gee  ........ 

Keys  ...... 


Tuske 
Cross 
Cabahatchie  ---- 

Mt.  Meigs  ....... 

MONTGOMERY  .. 


12313  Noah's  Fork.... 

15328   Millersburg 

15343  Murrreeibero'... 


101513  Stone  Mountain 


14527  Decatur 

lOlfi5W      ATT  tv-T 


186)  F'M  AUGUSTA  TO 
NASHVILLE,  Term. 


10|537  ATLANTA 

10^3  NASHVILLE 34571 

jjil^JI  (383)  F'M  AUGUSTA  TO 
13|383i    CHARLESTON,  S.  C.     ||     Oeorifia  Railroad. 

i  To  Hamburg....  I      I    1  To  Atlanta— 
(381)  F'MSAVANNAHTO      e     .,  rnv.ni^.n  pp 
ST.  AUGUSTINE,  Fa.    il    W*  Carolina  RR. 

To  Old  C.  H.... 


.      . 

Riceboro' 

S.  Newport 

DARIE.N 

Bethel 


17  'M-j         , 
34   Clark's 


joiAiken 

i  Johnson's 


,„  i  Windsor 

q?  I  White  Pond.. 


Wayuesville  — 

Langsbury 

Jeffersonton 

St.  Mary's 

Jacksonville,  Fa. 
ST.  AUGUSTINE. 

(382)  F'MSAVANNAHTO  ! Reeve's  . 

NASHVILLE,  Tenn.     I  St.  George" 


23140  Graham's 


,  BRANCHVILLE  .. 


To  E.  Macon— 
(see  No.  379).. 


190 


Ross3 


Inabret's 

MacoV.::: '.'.: : : :i  i  m  &££"&'*•. 

Macon  ^  Western  RR.   - 

Prattsville 

Forsyth... 

gepot 
ARNESVILLE  . 

Miluer 

Griffin 

Depot.... 

Fosterville 

Jonesboro' 7271 

Poolsvillo 10281 

ATLANTA I  11292 


161207  'Woodstock 

8215  jSneath's 

8223  Eight-mile  Pump 
8'231  CHARLESTON... 

7.1 


5.  22 


(se'e'No.  385)..|  1 171 
9  !  West'n  «$-  Atlantic  RR. 
13  To  Chattanooga. 


(see  No.  382).. 
Stage. 


148.319 
141|460 

(387)  F'M  AUGUSTA  TO 
MONTGOMERY,  Ala. 


30  ; NASHVILLE 


56 1  To  ATLANTA— 


100 


4104 
5109 
6  115 
41119 




Jonesboro' 

Fosterville 

GRIFFIN.. 


Stage. 


5129 

8il37 


11  loin  (384)  F'M  AUGUSTA  TO 

8  257  !  ATHENS. 

7  264  iTo  Union  P'nt— I 

(se*  No.  385)... I      I  76 
At/tens  Branch  RR. 


West'n  fr  Atlantic  RR. 
Chattahoochee  R 

Marietta 

Acworth 

Allatoona 

Etowah  River. .. 

KINGSTON 

Williams' 

Oothkaloga 

Oostanaula 

Connasaiiga 

CROSS  PLAINS.. 

Tunnel 

Dogwood 

Tennessee  Line. . 
Chickamiiuga  R. 
CHATTANOOGA.. 

Stage.. 
Lookout  Valley. 

Jasper 

Buttle  Creek.... 

Pelhain 

Hilhsboro' 

Mauciiester 


(see  No.  38 
Macon  Sr  Western  RR. 
11182 
10192 

7199 

15:214 

10246 
10  256 

8264 
10274 

5279 
14293 

7300 
11311 
10321 


Zebulon  ________ 

Flat  Shoals  .....  , 

" 


sjaJ  Mo'untViiie ::;::, 

-'  La  Grange , 

Long  Cane , 

WEST  POINT.., 


Woodville 

Salmonville 


ATHENS  . 


(385)  F'M  AUGUSTA  TO 
ATLANTA. 

Georgia  Railroad. 
To  Belttir.. 


}\  326 

6332 

7339 
13352 

10372 

5377  jBerzeiiaY.""!!!!. 

8385;  Dearing 

7392  Thompson 

7399^  " 
7406 
7413 
6419 
11430 

6436 
21  457 

4461 
25486 

9  495 

8503 


9115 


ville  .. 


Camak., 

imming 

rawfords         .. 
UNION  POINT.., 
Greensboro1  _____ 

Buckhead  ...... 

Madison.. 


Rutledge 

Social  Circle... 

Covington 

Conyers 

Lithonia . 


Cusseta  .........  , 

Mt.  Jefferson  — 
Auburn  .........  , 

Chehaw  ......... 


Montgomery  and  West 
Point  RR. 

Uphawpee 

Fort  Decatur 

Magruders 


Creyons 


101345 
111356 


MONTGOMERY  ..I  101366 
(388)  F'M  AUGUSTA  TO 

MONTGOMERY,  Ala. 

Via  Indian  Springs. 


$ 


To  Madison 

Shadydale 

Monticello 

Planter's 

INDIAN  SPRINGS. 

iUnionville 

IBarnesville 

Union  Hill... 
Thorr 


imaston 

.,  , Pleasant  Hill... 

7il03  Bel  lev  ne.: 

9  ilia   Bluff  Springs... 
7  1119   Waverly  Hall.. 

11   130  Ellerslie 

10  140  .COLUMBUS 


104 
14  118 
8126 
7133 
10143 
11154 
17171 
6177 
10187 
11198 
5203 
7210 
7217 
8!225 
16241 
..i  82,323 


178 


ROUTES  IN  GEORGIA. 


(389)  F'MAUGUSI 
MONTGOMERY 
Via  Milledseville 
con,  &r  Colu.rn.bi 

To  Camac— 
(see  No.  385)  ... 

'A 
C, 

,J 

IS. 

? 

12 
8 
15 
13 

25 
6 
7 
12 
\->, 

TO 

\Ia- 

47* 
51 
60 
72 
80 
95 
108 
125 
150 
156 
163 
175 
187 

Anderson  C.  H. 
Steele's  

5 

8 
7 
8 
8 
13 

75 

vs 
'ei 

e. 

6 
8 
12 
9 
18 
17 
96 

S'S 

9 

14 
6 
12 
4 
5 

ss 
ila 
itt 

20 
9 
10 
10 
19 
17 
12 
Itj 
9 
18 
18 

5 
13 
22 

:P 

VR 

11 

21 

90 
96 
105 
113 
121 
134 

309 

TO 

n. 

10 
16 
24 

36 
45 
153 
80 
176 

TO 

20 
29 

43 

49 
61 
65 
70 

TO 

r's 

43 

H3 
72 

XI 

92 
111 

128 

140 
156 
1H5 
183 
201 

206 
219 
241 

GE- 
KS- 

16 

26 
46 

ATHENS  
Grove  Hill  
Diinielsville  
Madison  Springs 
Carnesville  
Poinsett 

7 
10 
6 
8 
12 
9 
18 

:D< 

KN 

3 
15 

6 
9 

20 
27 
10 
9 

9 
15 

18 
44 
10 

:ix 

BU 

17 
23 
6 
7 
12 
12 
16 
16 

IN 

13 
15 

8 
12 

9 
3* 
ad 

741 

IN 

nn 

9 
6 

S 

5 
10 
20 
5 
15 
15 

73 

83 
89 
97 
109 
118 
136 

JE- 

22 
25 
40 
46 
55 
75 
102 
112 
121 
144 
153 
168 
186 
230 
240 

JE- 

S. 

13 

30 

68 
80 
92 
108 
124 

TO 

17 

30 
45 

53 
65 

74 

77i 

125 

TO 

201 

210 
216 

239 
J50 

305 
320 

Pendleton 

Double  Branches. 
Pickensville  
GREENVILLE  
KNOXVILLE— 

(see  No.  368)...! 

(392)  FR'M  ATHE 
MADISONVILLE,'! 
Via  Clarksvill 

To  Grove  Hill.... 
Danielsville  
Madison  Springs 

CLARKSVILLE.... 

(396)  FROM  MILLI 
VILLE  TO  DARI 
To  Emmett  

Mayfield  

Sparta 

Devereaux's  Store 

MlLLEDGEVILLE. 

Wallace 

Rains'  Store  

MACON  

Knoxville  
Frnncisville  
Union 

Tarversville  
HAWKINSVILLE.. 

Daviston  
Talbotton  

Poinsett  
CLARKSVILLE  

Temperance  
Jacksonville  
Lumber  City  
Box  ville 

Elierslie 

16 
16 

82 

I'A 

Dr. 
nc 
in 
an 

17 
12 

8 
3 
17 

17 

18 
7 
5 
20 
'10 

203 

219 

301 

TO 

on, 
sta- 
ge, 

125 
142 
154 
162 
165 
182 
199 
JIT 
224 
22!  » 
219 

•w 

Nacoochee.  .  .  . 

MADISONVILLE... 

(393)  FR'M  ATHE 
DAHLONEGA. 
To  Jefferson  
Cunningham's 
Store  
Gainesville  
Lucksville 

MONTGOMERY— 
(see  No.  380)  ... 

(390)  F'M  AUGUS' 
PENSACOLA,  Fl 
Via  Warrenton,^ 
Bainbridge,     C 
hoochee,  Q-JLaGr 
Fior. 
To  Macon  — 
(see  No.  379)  ... 
Busheeville  
Perry  

Perry's  Mills  
Surrency  
Fort  Barrington  .  . 
DARIEN  

(397)  FROM  MILLI 
VILLE  TOCOLUM 
To  Wallace  
MACON 

New  Bridge  
Auraria  

Knoxville  

DAHLONEGA  

(394)  FR'M  ATHE 
HUNTSVILLE,  A 
Via  Rome  &•  Gu- 
Landing' 
To  Gainesville— 
(see  No.  393)  ... 
Cummings'  
High  Tower  
Orange     . 

Francisville  
Union  
Daviston  
Talbotton 

Limestone  
Murshallville  
Traveller's  Rest  .  . 
Americus  
Starkville  
Palmyra  

Elierslie  
COLUMBUS  .  . 

(398)   FROM  MAC 
AUGUSTA. 
To  Wallace  

MlLLEDGEVILLE. 

Devereaux'  Store. 

Albany  ... 

Newton 

BAINBRIDGE  

Canton  

Chattahoochee, 

41 
25 
It, 

1* 

25 

90 
FA 

311 

.C 

c. 

•i: 
! 
i 
5 
9 
E 
10 
10 

330 

371 
389 
414 

504 

TO 
1. 

'.«&• 

24 
33 
42 
47 

5(i 
65 
75 

ai 

Cassville  

Mayfield  

Marianna  
Oak  Hill  ... 

MissionaryStation 
Ballplay,  Ala.... 
Gaylesville  
Van  Buren  
Marshall  
Clays  ville,  (oppo- 
site     Gunter's 
Landing)  
Newhope  

Warrenton  
Camac  
Georgia  Railro 
AUGUSTA  14 

(399)    FROM  MAC 
KNOXVILLE,  Te 
To  CROSS  PLAINS 
(see  No.  382)... 
Stage. 
Spring  Place  
Pleasant  Valley.. 
Cleveland,  Tenn. 
Calhoun  

Holmes'  Valley  .. 

Steamboat. 
PENSACOLA  

(391)  F'M  AUGUST 
KNOXVILLE,  T< 
Via  Greenville,  -S 
Askville,  JV. 
To  Hamburg,  S.C. 
Edgefield  
Duntonsville  
Longmire's  Store. 
Winter  Sent  
Fraziersville  
ABBEVILLE  
Temple  of  Health 
Varennes  

HUNTSVILLE  — 

(395)  FROM  MILLI 
VILLE  TO  CL 

VILLE, 

Via  Athens 
To  Cloptonsville  . 
Eatonton  

Mantua  . 

Athens  
Philadelphia  
Blain's  Ferry..,. 

Salem 

l( 
10 

56 
>66 

Campbell's  Sta'n 
KNOXVILLK  

Watkinsville.... 

ROUTES  IN  FLORIDA. 


179 


TO  CHARLESTO 
Via  Macon  Sr  AIL 
ToEllerslie  
Waverly  Hall... 
Bluff  Springs.... 
Bellevue  

N. 

CUS 

8 

7 
5 
11 
11 

6 
i  R 

18 
43 
ona 

171 
Rl 

137 

UMI 
II  . 

n  / 

8 
8 
8 
16 
1 
jad 
10 
10 
10 

I 

12 
13 
10 
12 

15 

10 
10 
10 

!* 

£ 

I'M  I 
N. 

'.    8 
.    7 
.    7 
.    5 
.  11 

ta. 
1« 
24 
31 
38 
43 
54 
65 
71 
R. 
s<i 
132 
1 

303 

440 

JUS 

71 
IR. 
79 
87 
95 
111 
112 

122 

142 
150 
155 
167 
180 

IHII 

302 

207 

232 
242 

252 

3i  d 

JUS 

16 
2-1 
31 

38 

a 

54 

Barnesville  
Union  ville  
INDIAN  SPRINGS.. 
Planter's  . 

t 

17 
11 

10 

7 
8 
14 

M 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2> 
13 
10 

Ml 
L.I 

11 

21 

11 

18 
25 

13 
15 

28 

J 

% 

22 
:D 

VII 

e. 

17 

17 
12 
8 
3 

70 
87 
96 

!OH 
115 
12  i 
137 

3US 

14 

21 

35 
47 

•;2 
r:i 

7h 
84 
89 
101 
103 
133 
146 
156 

JUS 

12 

23 
44 

55 
73 

IN 
12S 
ill 
150 
184 
1% 
•_>!:; 
238 
25* 
2*0 

•JE- 

AS- 

13 

30 
47 

59 
67 
71) 

VILLE  TO  COLU 

S.  C. 

Via  Augusta 
To  Devereaux' 

Store  .  .  . 

Ml 

. 

8 
12 

i 

!! 
9 

4 

10 

l 

20 
9 

7 
M 
18 
12 

JO 

VH 

48 
35 
2(1 
1.; 

12 

27 

6 

16 

VH 

OJ 

\H 

)!,. 

2! 

:'-• 
12 

11 
42 

38 

15 

CO 

ia. 
14 

,E 

15 

IA, 

15 
23 

35 

4« 

)6i 
b'5i 

~t 

95 
96 

116 

125 
112 
142 

160 
172 

us- 

AS- 

24 
72 
107 
127 
142 
154 
181 
187 
194 
210 

\s- 
I. 

26 

\s- 
L. 
21 
42 
67 
79 
33 
135 
173 
180 
195 

LA 
fiO 

74 

TO 

g 

Monticello  
Shadydale  

Sparta.  .  .  . 

Pleasant  Hill.... 
Thomaston  
Union  Hill  
Barnesville  
Jlfaconfy  Wester 

(403)  FROM  COLTJ 
TO  ROME. 
To  Cataula  
Hamilton  
Carlisle 

Mayfield  

Warrenton   
Camac  
Oeorgia  Railro 
Thompson.  .. 

Dearing  

ATLANTA  

LA  GRANGE  

Corinth 

Bell  Air  1 

Georgia  Raid 
AUGUSTA. 

Watson's  
Newnan  

Ferry. 
Hamburg,  S.  C.  .. 
Stage. 
Edgefield  C.  H.  .  . 
Lott's  
Ridge  

(see  No.  385).. 
South  Carolina 
CHARLESTON... 

(see  No.  383).. 

(401)  FROM  COL 
TO  SAVANNA 
To  BARNESV'LE 

(see  No.  400).. 

JWaeon  <£•  Westei 
Depot  ,... 

Lodi. 

Rotherwood  
Carrolltori  
Hickory  Level  
Van  Wert  

Leesville  

ROME  

Lexington  
COLUMBIA  
(407)  FR'M  ST.  A 
TINE   TO  TALL 

SEE. 

ToWhitesville  (or 
Garey's  Ferry)  . 
Newnansville  
Lancaster  

(404)  FROM  COLU 
TO  APALACHICC 
Steamboat. 
To  Ft.  Mitchell  .. 
OrwicheeBend... 
M  'Cloud's  Ferry  . 

Forsyth  
tattsville 

ACON  

EUFAULA  
Ft.  Gaines  
Columbia  

Mineral  Spring  . 
Columbus  

Central  Railr 
Larksville  
Gordon.      .        . 

Madison  

Brown's  Ferry  ... 
CHAT'AHOOCHEE 
Ochessee  
Prison  Bluff  
loin  

Lipona  
Lake  Laura  
TALLAHASSEE  ... 

(408)  FROM  TALL. 
SEE  TO  PORT  LB 
By  Railroad  

(409)  FROM  TALL 
SEE  TO  PENSAC( 
To  Q,uincy... 

Kingston  
Emmet 

Oconee  

Davisboro'  
Depot  

Ft.  Gadsden  
Apalachicola  

(405)   FROMMlLLI 

VILLE  TO  TALL, 
SEE,  Flor. 
Via  Bainbrida, 
To  Wallace  
MACON  
Busbay  ville  
Pe  rry  

Holcomb  
Midville..  
Brinsonville  
Scarboro' 

Chattahoochee  .  .  . 
MariamiR 

Depot  

Halcyondale  
Armenia  

Webbville  

Campbellton  
Almirante  
Milton 

Reform  
Eden  Depot  
SAVANNAH  

(402)  FROM  COL 
TO  MADISO 
ToEllerslie  
Waverly  Hall... 
Bluff  Springs-;,.. 
Bellevue  
Pleasant  Hill  
Thomaston  

Limestone  
Marshnllville  

Floridatown  

Traveller's  Rest.. 
Americns  

17  87 
17  KM 
IX  1_- 
7:129 
5134 
2(1154 
40194 
25219 
10,229 
11240 

(410)  FROM  PENSA 
TO  MOBILE,  A 
ToBlakely  
MOBILE  

(411)  FROM  MOBIJ 
CHARLESTON 
ToBlakely  
Stockton  

Stark  ville...,.:... 
Palmyra  
Albany  

Newton  .    ' 

BAINBRIDGE  
!Q,uincy,  Flor  
Salubrity  
i  TALLAHASSEE  .. 

180 


ROUTEb  IN  ALABAMA. 


Mt.  Pleasant 

Claiborne  

Burnt  Corn 

Greenville , 

Kirkville 

Sandy  Ridge  . . . 
Hickory  Grove . 

PintLala 

MONTGOMERY  . 

West  Point 

Atlanta 

Augusta 

CHARLESTON  .. 


361  65 
18  83 
25108 
57  Ilifi 
11176 
5181 
5  isi; 
1019(5 
13209 
87 '296 
.  10S.404 
.  171  575 
.  137ibl2 


(414)  FROM  MOBILE  TO 
COLUMBUS,  Miss. 

Steamboat. 
To  Ft.  St.  Philip  . 


(412)  FR'M  MOBILE  TO 
MONTGOMERY. 

Steamboat. 
To  Ft.  St.  Philip.) 
Ft.  Stodder 18 


.'ombigbee  River.l  5 
English's  Landing'  9 
bait's  Landing...  25 


James'  Landing-. 
French's  Lauding 
Oliver's  Ferry  ... 

Gosport w 

Turkey  Shoals  ... 


9107 
8115 
13128 


Bell's  Landing  ...  15143 


Lower  Peach-tree. 


Black  Bluff  L'd'g  11 163 


[Jpper  Peach-tree. 

Prairie  Bluff'. 

Canton 

Bridgeport 

Bor  --".'" 

Por 


ogue  Chitto 


Portland 

Centreport 

King's  Landing.. 

CAHAWBA 

Senna  

Frederick's  Land. 
Beuton 


Miller's  Ferry 

Vernon 

Lowndesport 

Washington 

MONTGOMERY  ... 


9  Iti 


13176 
11187 
10197 
3200 
12  212 
5217 
3220 


16256 

9265 


10317 
9326 
12,338 


Ft.  Stodder 

Alabama  River  .. 
Mclntosh  Bluff... 
Crawford's  Land- 


18'  39 
5!  44 
13  57 


Sunflower  Bend.. 
McMillan's  Bluff. 

Shield's  Ferry 

St.  Stephen's 

Stark's  Landing  . 


7  85 
7  92 
8100 
12112 

*  L'O 
13  133 


Shelbyville |  71208 

Fosterville |13  221 

Murfreesboro'. . . .  (12  233 


COFFEEVILLE... 

Turner's  Shoals..,—  .„„ 
Wood's  Bluff....!  7140 
Cades  Landing...  10150 
Nanaf'alia  Bluff..  21  171 
Turkey  Shoals  ...  I4l8o 

Moscow 21206 

DEMOPOLIS 14  2-0 

Tusca lot. sa  River.1  2222 
Buzznrdroust  Bl'ff  28  2»0 

Jones'  Bluff. 14264 

Trussell's  Land's.  .12276 

GAINESVILLE 7283 

.lamestown 12295 

Vieurra 10305 

Fairfield 15320 

Ringo's  Bluff....i  9329 

Pickensville 

Young's  Bluff, 

Miss 8346 

COLUMBUS 23,369 

(415)  FROM  MOBILE  TO 
NEW  ORLEANS, 

By  Steamboat....!    1164 

(416)  FROM  MOBILE  TO 
PENSACOLA. 

ToBlakely  1 14 

PENSACOLA 601  74 

(417)  F'M  TUSCALOOSA 
TO  NASHVILLE, 
Via  Huntsville. 

To  Bucksville.. 

Jonesboro'  

Ely  ton 

Mt.  Pinson 

Village  Springs  ..    _ 

Blountsville !19  __ 

Martin's  Stand....  110105 

Oleander 1 14 119 1 

Lacy's  Springs... jll  130' 

Whitesburg 4134! 

HUNTSVILLE.....  !10 144 

Meridianville 8152; 

Hazel  Green !  6il58i 

Fayettevilie,Tenn  16  174 

Lynrhhnrg 15I18U; 

FlatCieek ItfiHi; 


Stuartsboro' 

Buchanansville... 
NASHVILLE 


14  247 
82.35 
12267 


(418)  F'M  TUSCALOOSA 

TO  CORTLAND. 
To  Northport  .... 


Jew  Lexington  . . 
Idridge.., 

Thorn  Hill 

Camp  Spring 

Moulton 

CORTLAND 


23  24 
28  52 
22  74 
19!  93 
10103 
16119 


(419)  F'M  TUSCALOOSA 
TO  COLUMBUS,  Miss. 

ToCarrolltou  ....!     [42 

Pickeusville Ill  53 

Nashville,  Miss...  10  63 
COLUMBUS  16  79 

(420)  F'M  TUSCALOOSA 
TO  MOBILE. 

To  Demopolis—    I 
(see  No.  413)  ...| 

St.  Stephen's 85  149 

MOBILE 168217 

(421)  F'M  TUSCALOOSA 
TO  MONTGOMERY. 

To  Mars 

Scottsville 

Centreville 


....... 

Randolph  ...  ..... 


...  .....  _. 

Maplesville  .......  10 

Kingston  .........  24    .. 

Coosada  ..........  20106 

Wetumpka  .......  |  4110 

MONTGOMERY  ...  115  125 

(422)  F'M  MONTGOM'RY 

TO  AUGUSTA,  Ga. 

Via  West  Point. 

Montgomery  and  West 

Point  RR. 
ToCreyon's  ...... 


eyon's  ...... 

ider's  ....... 


Uphaupee 

Chehaw 

Stage. 

Auburn 

Mt.  Jefferson.. 

Cusseta 

West  Point !! 

AUGUSTA— 
(see  No.  387)... 279  366 


(423)  FRQM  MONTGOM 

ERY  TO  ROME,  Ga. 
j To  Wetumpka.  ..I     I  1& 
[Eockfotd b!  38 


ROUTES  IN  ALABAMA. 


181 


Sylacauga.. 

Weewokaville  ... 

Mardisville 

Talladega , 

Kelly's  Springs.., 

Fife's , 

Alexandria 

JACKSONVILLE.., 

Ladiga 

BtateLine,  Ga.  ., 

Cave  Spring , 

Vann's  Valley..., 
ROME 


18114 
10  124 
13137 

!.>  1/2 
4  156 
5161 
12173 


(424)  FROM  MONTGOM- 
ERY TO  HUNTSVILLE. 

To  Jacksonville— I    I 
(see  Nb.  423)  ...I    124 

Cove  Creek 13137 

Bennettsville |15  152 

Aurora 10162 

Marshall 17179 

Claysville !  5  184 

HUNTSVILLE 35219 

(425)  F'w  MONTG'MERY 
TO  COLUMBUS,  Miss. 

Via  Selma. 

To  Washington..!    I  10 

Vernon 10  20 

Mulberry 13!  33 

SELMA 18;  51 

Valley  Creek I  3i  54 

Hamburg 15  69 


Marion  . 


.1  7 


Greensboro'  ......  118  94 

Erie  ..............  13107 

Eutaw  ...........  12119 


Sp 
Cli 


712.4 
1130 


._r>ringfield 

Clinton 

Pleasant  Ridge... 

Vienna 

Pickensville 

Nashville,  Miss... 
COLUMBUS 


(426)  FROM  MONTGOM- 
ERY TOTUSCALOOSA. 

To  Wetumpka...      , 

4|  19 


Coosada. . 
Kingston 


Map 
Ran 


plesville 24  63 

10!  73 
14:  87 
8  9') 
6101 
TUSCALOOSA 24 125 

(427)  FROM  MONTGOM- 
ERY TO  MOBILE. 
JToPintLala 


andolph 

Centreville 

Scottsville 

Mars . 




Hickory  Grove... 

Sandy  Ridge 

Kirkville 

Greenville 


28 

33 
11   44 


Burnt  Corn 57J01 

Claiborne 25  12ti 

Mt.  Pleasant 18  144 

Stockton 36il80 

Blakely 15  19=) 

MOBILE 141209 

FR'M  MONTGOMERY  TO 
MOBILE. 
Steamboat. 
To  Mobile— 
(see  No.  412)  ...I    1338 

(428)  F'M  MONTG'MERY 

TO  COLUMBUS,  Ga. 
ToMt.  Meigs. 
Cababachie ... 
Cross  Keys  .... 

Tuskegee 

Society  Hill... 

Crawford 

Gerard 

COLUMBUS  ... 


1  82 


(429)   FROM  SELMA  TO 

HUNTSVILLE. 
To  Wood  lawn... 

L'lantersville 

Maplesville 

Montevallo 

Shelbyville 

Elylon 

HUNTSVILLK— 
(see  No.  427)  ... 


90177 


(430)  FROM  SELMA  TO 
GREENVILLE. 

To  Cahawba 

Barnes 

Pleasant  Hill 

Farmersville 

Bragg's 

Manningham 

GREENVILLE 

(431)  FROM  SELMA  TO 
TUSCALOOSA. 

To  Valley  C  reek.  |, 

Hamburg 

Marion 

Greensboro' 

Havanna 

Carthage ,  _ 

TUSCALOOSA 17i  83 

(432)  F'M  HUNTSVILLE 
TO  KNOXVILLE,  Tenn. 

To  Newmarket, 

Ala 

Salem 

Winchester 

Hillsboro' 

Hickory  Creek... 

McMinnville 

Rock  Island 


SPARTA 

Bonair. 


Railroad  Plains  .. 

Crossville 

Bellville 

I'ost-oak  Springs . 
Kingston 


Wood's  Hill 

Campbell's  Stat'n 
KNOXVILLE 


61116 
61123 
6128 
20148 
5  153 
7160 


i!79 
185 


(433)  F'M  HUNTSVILLE 
TO  NASHVILLE,  Tenn. 


To  Meridianville.l 

Hazel  Green I  . 

Fayetteville,Teun  16 
Mulberry.. 

Lynchburg 

Flat  Creek 12 

Shelby  ville |  7 


Fosterville 13 

Murfreesboro' 12   _ 

Stuartsboro' 14  103 

uchanansville...i  8  111 

ASHVILLE 12123 

(434)  F'M  HUNTSVILLK 
TO  FLORENCE. 

To  Shoal  Ford  ... 

Athens 

Rogersville 

Mason  ville 14   __ 

FLORENCE I  9  71 

(435)  F'M  HUNTSVILLK 
TO  FLORENCE. 

To  Decatur I    !  31 

Tuscumbia  <$r  Decatur 

Railroad. 
Hillsboro'  ., 
Cortland . . . 


12(43 

8  51 

13  64 


10  74 
4!  78 


Leightc.. 

Tuscumbia 

FLORENCE 


(436)  FROM  FLORENCE 

TO  AUGUSTA,  Ga. 
ToMasonvil!e....l    I    9 

Rogersville 12  21 

Athens 23  44 

Shoal  Ford 12|  56 

HUNTSVILLE "" 

Cobb's  Store 

Newhope 

Cottonville 

(Claysville  ( 


ffl 

„  81 
10  91 

7  98 


d'g). 


Gunter'sL 
Marshall.... 
Van  Buren  . 
Galesville.. 

Ballplay 

Missionary  Stat'n,     . 

Ga Ifi!l70 

ROME 12182 

Kingston 18200 


6104 
5,109 
18127 
18145 

91154 


182 


ROUTES  IN  LOUISIANA. 


Allatoona 

Ac  worth 

Marietta 

Atlantn 

Georgia  RR. 

AUGUSTA— 

(see  No.  385).. 


201220 


20260 


171 451 


C437)  F'M  FLORENCE  TO 

NASHVILLE,  Tenu. 
To  Lnwrenceburg     I  36 


Mt.  Pleasant  ..... 

Colunil)ia  ........  151 

Spring  Hill  .......  1-'   Hi 

Franklin  .........  12  93 

-:"-  ">  ^ 


Good  Sf: 

NASHVILLE 113.111 

(438)  FROM  FLORENCE 

TO  MEMPHIS,  Tetm. 
To  Young's 


Roads  . . 


15 

48 

Combs'  Store 

Adamsville 

Purdy .. 

Rose  Creek 10   75 

„.,:..„.  ^2  97 

7104 

.''11190 
.    5125 
.    5130 
4134 
8142 

„ ,, ,  6148 

Raleigh |  7  155 

MEMPHIS 101165 

(439)  F'M  FLORENCE  TO 

COLUMBUS,  Mi 
ToTuscumbia... 

Russellville 

Tollgate 

Pikeville 

Moscow 

Border  Spring, 

Miss 

COLUMBUS 


Bolivar 

Middleburg. 
New  Castle. 

Whitehall.*.'.'.'.' 

Oakland 

Birch  Pond.... 

Morning  Sun 

Green  Bottom — 


100 


17117 


(439J)  FR'M  FLORENCE 

TO  PADUCAH, 
(Moutii  of  Tennessee 

River.) 
Steamboat. 
To   Savannah, 
Tenn  ......... 

Perrysville...  ....  . 

Reynoldsburg 


PADUCAH,  Ken..  10ol276 

DCf*  For  distances  on 
the  Mississippi,  Ohio, 
and  Missouri  R:  " 


(4i0)   F'M  N.  ORLEANS  iCamden.. 


TO  NATCHEZ.         !|  Ft.  Co  u  pee  L'd'g. 
To  La  Fayette  . . .  J    I    2   Lit.  Missouri  Riv. 

Bonnet  Carre 36   38   Hallasport 

Hrinjrier's 20  58  Manchester 


Donadsonville  ...  15  73 

New  River 10,  83 

Iberville 9:  92 


221 70S 
I0!715 
26741 


Manchac 


.  10  102 


Haton  Rouge 10112 


ARCHIDELPHIA  .. 

(443)   F'M  N.  ORLEANS 
TO  SHREVEPORT. 

Steamboat .       | 

-'•        236 


Port  Hudson: ". ". '.'.'.  34  Mti  To  Red  River  L'g 

St.  Francisville...;  2  148,  j  Alexandria 84320 


West  Fdiciana  RR. 
Lmirel  Hill 17 


SHRVVKPORT 86ij 

165' 


Co!d  Spring 15 

iNATCHKZ .20.all 

(441)  F'M  N.  ORLEANS 
TO  FT.  GIBSON,  Ind. 
Ter. 

Steamboat. 


Wood vi lie.'.'.'.  '.'.'.  11  176  (444)  F'M  N.  ORLEANS 
TO  GALVESTOS,  Tex. 
By  Steamboat.'...!  1450 

(445)   F'M  N.  ORLEANS 

TO  MOBILE. 
Steam  ho<it. 
To  Pass  Christian. 


To 


'o    Napoleon,  I 

(m.  of  Arkan-! 

sas  River) !  , 

M'tgomery's  Pt.  20  640 
Post  of  Arkansas  451  685 

D:..«  t>i. .A"  ion!   onr 


I  620 


Pine  Bluff 


120  805 


LITTLE  ROCK  .  10( 
Lewisburg  ....  651  970 
Dardanelte  .....  4511015 
Spadra  Bluff...!  301045 
'  Bluff  61051 


15  10H6 
10  1076 
601136 


Me  Lai  n  as  Bott. 

Ozark 

Van  Buren 

FORT  SMITH... I    91145 

Fort  Coffee !  201165 

Webber's  Falls.    60  1225 
FORT  GIBSON.  .  I  40 1265 

(4410  F'M  N.  ORLEANS 


TO  OPELOUSAS. 
Steamboat. 


100217 


To  Plaquemine. . 
OPELOUSAS 


(442)  F'M  N.  ORLEANS 
TO  ARCHIDELPHIA, 
Ark. 

Steamboat. 

To  Mouth  of  Red 
River 

Trinity  (Washita 


River) 

Harrisonburg 

Columbia 

MONROE  . 


Burk's  Landing, 

Ark 

Benson's  Land.  . 
,,.,Ciiampagnole  ... 

ii  Beach  Hills 


Mississippi  City  .. 
Pascaguuia. . 


14'  '^ 
30109 


MOBILE (55164 

(446)  F'M  N.  ORLEANS 
TO  LOCOPOLIS,  Miss. 

Steamboat.        \    \ 
To  Month  of  Yo- 

zoo  River |420 

Satartia 52472 

YxzooCiTY 21493 

'IVhula '57550 

Marion 33583 

LOCOPOLIS 177.660 

(447)  F'M  N.  ORLEANS 
TO  HOUSTON,  Texas. 

To  OPELOUSAS—  I    I 

(see  No.  44H)  . .  |    |217 
Buchanan's  Ferry  90307 


Billion's  Ferry 

Pattillos,  Texas.. 

Beaumont 

Liberty 

HOUSTON  


3,340 
12352 
50;402 
501452 


(448)  F'MN.  ORLEANS 

TO  AUSTIN,  Texas, 

Via  Natchitoches . 

Steamboat. 

To  NATCHITO- 


CHES— 

(see  No.  443)... 


414 


.—,-.,.    Fort  Jessup 25  439 

22  380    I  >owe's  Ferry  ....  29  468 
6-1444    SM bine  Town 


79  523 


m  r;:>3 


8,073 
10,683! 


Texas '  2  470 


Milan 15 


485 


San  Augustine...  15500 
NACOGDOCHES...  351535 

Douglass 15550 

»lt.  Airy 10,560 


ROUTES  IN  TEXAS  AND  ARKANSAS. 


183 


Crockett 37597 

Cincinnati 30bJ< 

Huntsville 15  W2 

Montgomery 25  66^ 

Husk 

Funthorp' 


!  12  679 
5684 


WASHINGTON  —  18  702 

Independence 11 713 

Mt.  Vernoii 10723 

Shelby's 15738 

Rutersville 19 

La  Grange 5     - 

Plum  Grove 9771 

Mt.  Pleasant 20791 

Bastrop 11802 

Webber's  Prairie.  15  817 
AUSTIN 18.835 

(449)  FR'M  GALVESTON 

TO  WASHINGTON, 

Via.  Houston. 

To  Houston I    I  80 

Myrtle  Turf 30110 


ASHINGTON.. 


>|i45 


(450)  FR'M  GALVESTON 

TO  MATAGORDA. 
To  San  Louis....!  J  28 




Cedar  Grove  .. 
MATAGORDA . . 


.25!  90 


(451)  F'M  VELASCO  TO 
WASHINGTON. 

To  Brazoria  ...... 

Columbia 


!  18 

II       '>U 


Qrozimba 

Sig  Creek  ........ 
.ichmond  ........ 

San    Felipe    de 
Austin  .......... 

Burleigh  ......... 

Travis  ............ 

Cedar  Creek  ...... 

WASHINGTON  — 


(452)  F'M  MATAGORDA 
TO  AUSTIN. 

To  Preston 

Peach  Creek 

Kpypt 

Columbus 

La  Grange 

\USTI! 


(454)  FR'M  GALVESTON 
TO  CORPUS  CHRISTI. 


ToMatngorda.... 
Tex  turn. 
Victoria 
Goiiad 


CORPUS  CHRISTI 


d90 
130 
„•«  154 
:-M  188 
4j  233 


(455)  F'M  SAN  AUGUS- 
TINE TO  BoNHAM. 

JS 

>'  08 

36   74 

23   97 

20  !:£' 
20  152 

n  im 

\  I    IS.'! 

n;  i!»:i 

15214 
15229 

222:- 
22  2J  3 
142*7 

18305 


To  Shelby viile  ... 

Hillyar's 

Klysian  Fields — 

Marshall 

Smithland 

Hughes 

Dai.igerfield 

Weaver's 


UeKalb.. 
Savmmah  . 


Blossom  Prairie.. 


Honey  Grove. ... 
BONHAM  


(456)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  ST.  Louis,  Mo. 


ToSearcyC.  H... 

Batesville 

Reed's  Creek 

Smithville 

Jackson  

Fourche  De'Mas . 

Hicks'  Ferry 

Cane  Creek,  Mo.. 

Greenville 

Fredericktown  ... 
Mine  La  Motte... 

Fiirmington 

35  98  Caledonia 

9107  Porofi 


(see  No.  448)  .,, 


I  40 
8  48 

l-j'  t;u 
0  !KJ 

35J125 

73198 


453)  F'M  LA  GRANGE 
TO  SAN  ANTONIO  DE 
BEXAR. 

ToGonznleg...    I  50 


Old  Mines  ........ 

Glenfinlas  ........ 

Hillsboro' 


I  55 
40  95 
20115 
5120 
15  ia"> 
16151 
H  'f? 

23215 
35250 

4254 
4258 
22280 


9308 
10318 


Clifton 15. 

-volt's    Suip/iur     I 

Springs '  4337 

Jetlersoi i  Barracks  11 1348 

Carondelet 5353 

ST.  Louis !  6,359 

(457)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  FORT  GIBSON. 


To  Lewisburg — 

Pt.  Remove 

Dwight 

Scotia 

Pittoburg 

Clarksville 


j... ......... 

SAN  ANTONIO  DE  Pleasant  Hill 

BKXAR l&lliJOllVan  Buren 


I  45 
6  51 
56  77 
H  83 
8  91 
8  99 
12111 
«:,  i-ji; 
12  188 
231161 


FORT  SMITH 15166 

Kedron 128194 

Mnckey's   Salt      I    I 

Works 18,212 

FORT  GIBSON....  20 232 

(458)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  FORT  TOWSON. 

To  Collegeville. .. 

Renton  

Rockport 

"   ymond  . 


Washington  .... 


47122 




Ultima  Thule.... 

Eagletown 

FORT  TOWSON  .. 


(459)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  NAPOLEON. 

To  Pine  Bluff....  I    150 

Richland  .........  20  70 

Arkansas  Post....  47  117 

Wellington  .......  16133 

White  River  .....  I  6139 

NAPOLEON  .......   9148 

(460)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  HELENA. 


To  Clarendon  ....I 
Lawrence  vi  lie  ----  15 
Big  Creek  ........  28 


........ 

HELENA  ..........  19122 

(461)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  MOUTH  OF  WHITK 
RIVER. 

To  Rock  Roe.... 

Stcaniliont. 
Mouth  of  White 
River  ..........  (140203 

(462)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  MEMPHIS,  Tenn. 

ToCache  ........  |     I  60 

MEMPHIS  ........  |98!158 

(463)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  SHREVEPORT,  La. 

To  WASHINGTON'    1122 
Spring  FHII  .......  25147 

Lewisville  ........  26173 

Belleview,  La.  ...|52225 

SHREVEPORT  —  118  243 

(464)  F'M  LITTLE  ROCK 
TO  BOSTON,  Texas. 

To  WASHINGTON!    1122 
Fulton  ............  15137 

BOSTON  ..........  551192 


184 


ROUTES  IN  MISSISSIPPI. 


(465)  FR'M  VAN  BUREN 
TO  JEFFERSON  CITY, 
Mo. 

To  Fayetteville. . 


Montgomery 

<>anklin 


Bentonville 

Springfield,  Mo.. 
JE 


20   70 
100170 


IEFFERSON  CITY!  401210 

(466)  F'M  NATCHEZ  TO 

CINCINNATI,  O. 
Via  Columbus,   Wash- 

ville,  (V*  Lexington. 
Mississippi  Railroad. 


To  Washington  . 
Malcolm  ... 
Stage. 

Gallatin 

Line  Store 

Newtown 

JACKSON j  10100 

Canton j  23J123 

11141 

6147 
H  l.u 

"192 
217 
.223 

18241 

117  358 


Sharon 

Springfield 

Ot'ahotna 

Hopahka 

Louisville 

Choctaw  Agency 

Shoco  

COLUMBUS 

FLORENCE— 

(see  No.  4    )  .. 
NASHVILLE— 

(see  No.  437)  ..111469 
CINCINNATI— 

(see  No.  478)  ..  1291760 

(467)  F'M  NATCHEZ  TO 

MAYSVILLE,  Ky. 
To  LEXINGTON—  1 
(see  Nos.  466  & 


478) 

Moretand., 
Paris  . 


i 


676 
8684 


8699 
6.05 
S713 


733 




Millershurg 

Forest  Retreat 

Lower  Blue  Lick. 

"day's  Lick 

yVasnington 

MAYSVILLE 


(468)  F'M  NATCHEZ  TO 
LOUISVILLE,  Ky. 

To  NASHVILLE— 

(see  No.  466)  ..        469 
LOUISVILLE— 

(see  No. 481)  ..181650 

(469)  F'M  NATCHEZ  TO 

MEMPHIS, 
Via  Jackson,   Lexing- 
ton, &r  Holly  Springs. 

To  JACKSON—          I 

(see  No.  466)...     llOO 
Canton 23123 


^exington 

Jlackllawk.... 

^arrollton 

Grenada 

Oakachickuma. . . 
Coffeeville 

lagsdale's  Stand 

Oxford 

College  Hill 

Wyatt.. 
Waterford 

Jolly  Springs  ... 
\.  Mt.  Pleasant . 

Jolliersville 

jrerrnantown  .... 
MEMPHIS 


20143 
12  l.V. 

7162 
15  177 
r>  i!i2 
21213 
131226 

41230 
141244 
I6i260 

6266 

8274 
10284 

9293 
15308 
15323 
!  9332 
14346 


;470)  FR'MVICKSBURG 
TO  JACKSON. 

To  Bovina 

Edwards'  Depot.. 

Bolton's 

(Jlinton 

JACKSON 


FACKSON 

NATCHEZ— 
(see  No.  473)  .. 


13 
lit 
,  27 
81  35 
9i  44 

(471)  F'M  JACKSON  TO 
GAINESVILLE,  Ala. 


Po  Brandon 

Uentennary  Coll.. 

Hillsboro' 

County  Line 


475)  FROM  COLUMBUS 

TO  M  E  M  PHI  s ,  Ten  n . 

Via  Pontotoc  $•  Holly 

Springs. 
To  Waverly.... 

Colbert 

Hamilton 

Aberdeen 

Jotton-gin  Port 

PONTOTOC 

Cypress  Creek.. 


Herbert 11   _ 

DeKalb 20106 

GAINESVILLE  ....  32 138 

472)  F'M  JACKSON  TO 

VICKSBURG. 

Vicksburg  and  Clinton 

Railroad. 

To  Clinton 

Bolton's 

Ed  ward's  Depot.. 

Bovina 

VICKSBURG 

(473)  F'M  JACKSON  TO 

NATCHEZ. 

To  Newton I    I  10 

Line  Store 12;  22 

Gallatin 15  37 

Malcolm 331  70 

Mississippi  Railroad. 

Washington 114!  84 

NATCHEZ 1161100 

(474)  FROM  COLUMBUS 
TO  NATCHEZ. 

To  Choctaw  Ag'yl    I  24 

Louisville 25i  4£ 

Hopahka 371  86 

Springfield 14100 

Canton Il8118 


23:141 

iooW 


Cypress  C 
rlilton... 


Waterford 

HOLLY  SPRINGS.. 
MEMPHIS  . 


25104 
16120 
5125 
9134 
53,187 

(476)  FR'M  NASHVILLE 
TO  WASHINGTON,D.C. 

Via  Knoxville. 
To  Green  Hill 
Cedar  Grove.. 

Lebanon  

Three  Forks.. 
Alexandria... 
Liberty... 
Smithville 




Allen's  Ferry 

Sparta. 


. 

10  6*7 
6  73 


Bonair  Springs.. 
Railroad  Plains.. 


Cross  vi 

Belle  ville '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Post  Oak  Springs. 

Kingston 

Wood's  Hill 

Campbell's  Stat'n 

KNOXVILLE 

Academia 

Blain'sX  Roads.. 
Rutledge... 
Bean's  Station  ... 
Rocky  Spring 
Red  Brid 


89 


6|107 
20127 

5132 

7139 
19158 

6164 
15179 
10189 

9198 
14  212 

9221 

4225 


ige 

Rogersville 

Yellow  Store... 
Lyon's  Store ... 
New  Canton . .. 

Kingsport 

Eden's  Ridge... 
BLOUNTSVILLE 
Saplin  Grove... 
ABINGDON,  Va. 

Cedarville 

Glade  Spring I  5318 

Seven-mileFord..  11329 

Marion i  6335 

Pleasant  Hill 11346 

Rural  Retreat....  |  7353 
WYTHEVILLE —  9362 
Draper's  Valley..  18380 

Newbern 11  391 

Ingle's  Ferry i  7398 


10242 
8250 
32>3 
7260 
9269 
6275 
9284 
9293 

13306 
7313 


ROUTES  IN  TENNESSEE. 


185 


Christiansburg . . . 

La  Fayette 

Salem 

Eig  Lick 
isbon 

Liberty 

Otter  Bridge 

New  London 


12410 


1U  ]:;:,, 
440 


8472 
479 


.  11  490 
70  560 


LYNCHBURG  — 

CHARLOTTES- 
VILLE  ...........  ---- 

FREDEKICKSB'RG  85  (545 
AquiaCr'k  L'd'gl4659 

Sttamboat. 
Alexandria  .......  57 

WASHINGTON  —   7i723 

(477)  FROM  NASHVILLE 
TO  MAYSVILLE,  Ky. 

To  Glasgow— 
(see  No.  478)... 

Harrodsburg  .....  . 


.....  ..  _.. 

Lexington  ........  31J20; 

MAYSVILLK  ......  I6H26S 

(478)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  CINCINNATI. 
To  Pleasant  Hill.. 


Hendersonville  ... 

Gallatin 

State  Line 

Icottsville,  Ky.  . . 


_.  - 

13!  72 

12  84 

|13  97 


Lewis  ............ 

GLASGOW  ........ 

Blue  Spi  ing  Grove| 
Three  Springs-..-   4101 
Monroe  ...........  I  6  107 

Greensburg  .......  |11  118 

Campbel!sville...il2130 
Newmarket  ......  12142 

Lebanon  .........    6  148 

Perry  ville  .........  i  18  166 

HARRODSBURG  .  .  10  176 
Shawnee  Run....!  7183 

Nicbolasville  .....  Il2  195 

LEXINGTON  ......  112207 


8215 
4219 


Delphton 

Georgetown 

Williamstown....35254 

Crittenden 11265 

Florence 16281 

Covington 92-40 

CINCINNATI 1291 

(479)  FROM  NASHVILLE 
TO  MAYSVILLE,  Ky. 

To  Lexington— 
(see  No.  478)  . . . 

Moreland 

Paris 

Millersbnrg 

Forest  Retreat.... 


Lower  Blue  Lick 

May's  Lick 

Washington 

MAYSVILLE 


8244 
12256 


4268 


(480)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  SMITHLAND,  Ky. 

Steamboat. 


16: 

12  77 
30107 
12 11B 

16135 

28163 


roClarksville.... 

I'almyra 

Dover 

I'obaccoport 

Danton,  Ky 

Eddy  ville 

SMITHLAND,  (at 
the  mouth  of 
CumberrdRiv.)35198 

(481)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  LOUISVILLE,  Ky. 
To  Pleasant  Hill.. I    i    7 
Mansker's  Creek.!  6  13 
Pyree  Springs....    7.  20 
Mitchell  ville 14  34 


Franklin 

BOWLING  GREEN 
Dripping  Spring..  14 

Three  Forks 8 

Woodson  ville 11 

"     .10 


MumrordsvUe —  .-„ 

..eesville 8116 

.Volen -"'" 

ttlizabethtown  .. 

West  Point 22160 

Saliim 10170 

LOUISVILLE 11 181 

(482)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  SMITHLAND,  Ky. 
To  Mt.  Henry... 
Fredonia 5 


Clarksville 11 

Oak  Grove 12 


Hopkinsville 14j  72 

Cemlian  Spring..  16  £8 

Princeton 10   98 

Fredonia 14112 

Salem 10122 

SMITHLAND !  15 137 

(483)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  COLUMBUS,  Ky. 
To  Chesnut  Grove 

Charlotte 

Batson's 

Waverly - 

REYNOLDSBURG 


Sandy  Hill 

Paris 

Barren  Hill 

Boydsville 


19  88 
12100 
7107 
13120 


oydsvil _. 

Feliciana 16136 

Clinton 11147 

COLUMBUS 12  159 

(484)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  MEMPHIS. 
To  REYNOLDSB'G     I 

(see  No.  483)...        69 
Camden loj  79 


Sandy  Ridge 

HUNTINGDON 

Reullara 

S.  Carroll 

Spring  Creek 


7105 
9114 
7121 
131134 


Jackson +„.„ 

Medon 121146 

BOLIVAR 16  Ifc2 

Middleburg I  7169 

xNewcastle I  5174 

SOMERVILLE 11185 


Whitehall 

Oakland 

Birch  Pond 

Morning  Sun 

Green  Bottom 

Raleigh 


5190 
i  195 
4  199 
8207 
6213 
7  220 
MEMPHIS  ........  10 230 

(485)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  NATCHEZ, 
Via  Columbus  <£•  Jack- 
son. 
To  Good  Spring.. 

Franklin 

Spring  Hill.... 

Columbia 

Mt.  Pleasant  . . 
Lawrenceburg 
FLORENCE,  Alt 

Tuscumbia 

Russellville.... 

Tollgate 

Pikevilie '10J177 

Moscow 19196 

Border  Spr'g, Miss  15211 
COLUMBUS 17°°° 


.36111 
.!  5116 
.  18134 
.  3:1167 


Choctaw  Agency. 


24252 


25  277 
37314 
8322 
6328 
11339 
7346 


Loirsville 

Hopahka 

Ofahoma 

Springfield 

Sharon 

Canton _„ 

"ACKSON 23369 

NATCHEZ—          ' 
(see  No.  473)...  100  469 

(486)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  MOBILE, 
Via  F/orence,  Ma.t  $- 

Columbus,  Miss. 
To  Florence— 

(see  No.  485).. 
Columbus— 


(see  No.  485).. 

Steamboat. 

MOBILE 


117228 
369597 

(487)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  MOBILE,  Ala. 
Via  Hunts-Gill e  $•  Tus- 

caloosa. 

To  Mur frees  boro*.  I    j  34 
Fosterville 1121  46 


186 


ROUTES  IN  TENNESSEE. 


helbyville [13]  59 

lynchburg 19j  78 

ayetteville 15   93 


azel  Green  ...... 

eridianville  ..... 

NTSVILLE  ..... 

hitesburg  ...... 

Lacy's  Springs... 
Oleander 


Mer 

HU 

Wh 


16109 


10133 
4137 

11  148 
Marti 'n  rs  Stand  ". ".  i  I 14  162 

Blountsville 1 10  172 

Village  Springs..  19191 

Mt.  Pinson 8 199 

Elyton 14213 

Jonesboro' 11224 

Bucksville 11235 

TUSCALOOSA 

MOBIL; 


'So. 


(see  No.  420)...  217  484 

(488)  FROM  NASHVILLE 

TO  CHARLESTON,  S.C. 

Via  Augusta,  Ga. 

To  Murfreesboro'. 

Millersburg 10 

Beach  Grove 11 

Manchester 13 

Hillsboro' i  " 

Pelham I  -    __ 

Battle  Creek 25  110 

Jasper I  4114 

Lookout  Valley..  21 135 
CHATTANOOGA...]  6(141 
West'n  d'-  Atlantic  RR. 
Cross  Plains,  Ga. 

Oostanaula 

Kingston 

Marietta 

ATLANTA 

Georgia  Railroad .     \ 
AUGUSTA 11711462 

South  Carolina  RR.    \ 
CHARLESTON  ...I 


(489)  FROM  NASHVILLE 
TO  CHARLESTON,  S.C. 


Newport 18228] 

Warm    Springs, 

N.  C ..27255! 

ASHVILLE 37292 

"IH 

CoTuMBiA ."'.  .^.  .1051459 

Branchville  &•  Columbia 

Railroad. 

Branchville 1681527 

South  Carolina  RR. 
CHARLESTON  ....1621589 

(490)  FR'M  KNOXVILLE 

TO  RALEIGH. 
To  Strawberry 
Plains  . 


12  37 


Newmarket 

Panther  Springs..  _ 
Cheek's  *  Roads.  11   48 

GREENVILLE 27;  75 

Rheutown 110  85 

10,85 

18118 


Elizabethtown  ... 


Moore's 
Works 


Iron 


TAYLORSVILLE... 


9149 


Jefferson,  N.  C.  ..26!  175 

Wilkesboro' 130:205 

Hamptonville 

Hunts  ville , 

Salem 

GREENSBORO'  ... 
Haw  River 


17  206'  Cliapei  "Hill.  '.  '.'.'. 
0=0011 


boro'  . 


.  .  .... 

RALEIGH  ......... 


26231 
18249 

19268 
27295 
23318 
19337 
12349 
28377 


(491)  FR'M  KNOXVILLE 
TO  CINCINNATI,  O. 


Via  Knoxville. 


13  45 

5   50 

7 

Ki 


To  Lebanon 

Three  Forks 

Alexandria 

Liberty 

Smithville 

SPARTA 

Bonair  Springs...    6  9o 

Crossville 12107 

Belleville 120127 

5132 
7139 


Postoak  Springs. . 


Wi 
1 


ood'sHill 19158 


Rutledge... 

Beans'  Station  . . . 

Tazewell 

Cumberland  Gap 
Cumberland  Ford;l5   _. 

Barboursville jl6|  97 

Lynn  Camp 12109 

London 13122 

Mt.  Vernon 19141 

Stanford 23 164 

8172 
8180 
12  192 
12204 

84'288 


Lancaster 

Burnt  Tavern... 
;Nicholasville... 

LEXINGTON 

CINCINNATI— 
(see  No.  478)  . 


)  FR'M  KNOXVILLE 
TO  MEMPHIS, 
Via  Nashville. 


Campbell's  Stat'n  I  6164  To  Cnmpbell' 
KNOXVILLE  ......  jlojl/9  II    Stati 

Dandridge  ........  ISl'SlO,  I  Wood' 


Kingston  ........ 

Jostoak  Springs. 

Belleville 

Jrossyille 

EJonair  Springs.. 

SPARTA 

Smithville 

Liberty 

Alexandria 

Phree  Forks 

V  ASHVILLE 

MEMPHIS— 
(see  No.  483)... 


(493)  FR'M  KNOXVILLE 
TO  HUNTSVILLE,  Ala. 
To  Campbell's  I 

Station |, 

Kingston  . 


Cnmpbell's       I    I 
ation  .........       15 

od's  Hill  ......  i  6  21 


191  40 
7   47 
5  52 
!20   72 
12  84 
.   6!  90 
.22112 
.  10  122 
.!  71129 
.18147 
.32179 


Postoak  Springs.. 

Belleville 

Urossyille 

Bonair  Springs... 


Rock  Island 

McMinnville 

[lillsboro' 

Winchester 

Salem 


Newmarket,  Ala. 
HUNTSVILLE 


90 

103 

116 

138 

Jl56 

10166 
17183 
171200 


(494)  FR'M  KNOXVILLE 
TO  SAVANNAH,  Ga. 

To  Campbell's 
Station 

Blains'  Ferry 

Philadelphia 

Athens _. 

Mantua 10 


104 


Calhoun.. 
Cleveland  .......  jll 

Pleasant  Valley, 

Ga 

Spring  Place |  6110 

CROSS  PLAINS... I  91119 
West' nfr  Atlantic  RR. 
Connasauga  —  7  126 
Oostanaula 8134 


Oothkaloga 

William's 

KINGSTON 

Etowah  river — 

Allatoona 

Acworth 

Marietta 


5139 
10il49 
10159 
13172 
7179 
6185 
14  199 

Chattahoochee  RJ  12211 
ATLANTA |    81219 

Macon  &r  Western  RR. 

MACON 1101320 

E.  Macon I    1321 

Central  Railroad. 
Savannah 11901511 


ROUTES    IN    TENNESSEE. 


187 


(495)  FROM  KNOXVILLE 
TO  CHARLESTON,  S.  C. 

T\^&:\  U 
j&S£.%ZBb» 

South,  Carolina  R-R- 
Charleston 11371527 

(496)  F'M  MEMPHIS  TO 
NASHVILLE. 

To  Raleigh !Q 

Morning  Sun....    la 

Oakland 12 

Whitehall 

SOMERVILLE 

Newcastle 

Middleburg 

BOLIVAR 

Jackson 

S.  Carroll 

HUNTINGTON  — 

Camden 

REYNOLDSBURG. 

Waverly 

Charlotte 

NASHVILLE 


lose  Creek 

Purdy.... 

Adamsville 

bombs'  Store... . 
Savannah 


40 
45 
56 
63 

.  68 
28  96 
20116 
16132 
19  151 
10  161 
9170 
±5  1!IL 
38230 


(497)  F'M  MEMPHIS  TO 

COLUMBUS,  Miss. 
To  Germantown.l 

Colliersville f 

HOLLY  SPHINGS, 

Miss 

Waterfbrd 

Milton 

Cypress  Creek.... 


i 

16   „ 
25108 


PONTOTOC 

Cotton-gin  Port.,1 

Aberdeen j 

COLUMBUS I  28  18 

(498)  F'M  MEMPHIS 
FLORENCE,  Ala. 

To  BOLIVAR I 

(see  No.  496).. I 


__  90  i 
10100! 


Western  fr  Atlantic 
Railroad. 


9109  Etowah  river.... 

4113  Allatoona 

Acworth 


Young's*  Roads   33|150   Marietta". 

FLORENCE I  loiloo  Chattahoochee  R 


499)  F'M  MEMPHIS  TO: 
CHARLESTON,  S.  C. 

Via  Tuscumbia,  Ala., 
Gunter's  Land's,  At- 


lanta, Geo.,  and  Au- 


gusta. 
To  Germantown. 

Jolliersville 

N.  Ml.  Pleasant, 

Miss 

Holly  Springs.... 

Salem 

Ripley 


latchy  Turnpike, 


__ienzi. 

Jacinto 

Cartersville 

Buzzard's  Roost, 


12129 

15  144 

TUSCUMBIA 20  164 

Tuscumbia  fy  Decatur 


Ala. 


14 


131377 

7384 
6390 
14404 
12416 


ATLANTA.. 

Georgia  Railroad. 

Decatur 

Stone  Mountain. 

Lithonia., 

Conyers 


I  Covington 


Railroad. 
Leighton. 


Courtland 

Hillsboro' 

Decatur 

Steamboat. 

Triana 

Whitesville 

*Gunter's  Land'g 
Stage. 

Van  Buren 

Gaylesville 

Geo.  State  Line.. 
Missionary  St'n.. 
ROME. 


10174 


8195 
12207 


18225 


23318 


Social  Circle — 
Rutledge, 

Madison  L 

Buckhead 

Greensboro'.... 
UNION  POINT.. 
Crawfordsville. 

Cumming 

Camak 

Thompson 

Dearing 

Berzelia 

Belain 

AuGUSTi 

Hamburg,  S.  C.. 
South.  Carolina  R.  R. 
CHARLESTON—  I 

(see No.  383.).  136  732 

*From  Gunfer's  Landing 
to  Rome,  Geo. 
Via  Coosa  R. 

Stage. 
To  Double  Sp'gs 

Steamboat. 
Cedar  Bluff... 
i  Missionary  St'n, 


35 


Memphis  Branch  R.  R.\\ Thence  by  Railroad   to 
Kingston I  18I364H  Charleston,  as  in  No.499. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 


THE   PRINCIPAL   CITIES,   TOWNS,   WATERING- 
PLACES,  &c. 


KENTUCKY  is  situated  between  36°  30'  and  39° 
:  JO'  N.  lat.,.and  between  81°  50'  and  89°  20'  W.  Ion. 
'j  Its  length  is  about  400  miles  and  its  breadth  170  miles, 
/containing  40,500  square  miles.  The  population  in 
j  1840,  was  779,828. 

A  tract  from  five  to  twenty  miles  wide,  along  the 
^  Ohio  river,  through  the  whole  length  of  the  state,  is 
hilly  and  broken,  but  has  a  fertile  soil.  The  margin  of 
'  the  Ohio,  for  about  a  mile  in  width,  consists  of  bot- 
.om  lands,  which  are  overflowed  when  the  river  is  high.  Between  this 
tract  of  hilly  country,  the  more  mountainous  eastern  counties,  and  Green 
river,  is  a  fertile  tract,  frequently  denominated  the  garden  of  the  state. 
It  is  about  150  miles  long,  and  from  50  to  100  wide.  The  soil  is  excellent, 
the  surface  is  gently  undulating,  and  the  forest  growth  black-walnut, 
black-cherry,  buckeye,  paw-paw,  sugar-maple,  mulberry,  elrn,  ash,  cot- 
ton-wood, white  thorn,  and  an  abundance  of  grupe-vines.  The  country  in 
the  southwest  part  of  the  state,  between  Green  and  Cumberland  rivers,  is 
called  the  "barrens."  In  1800,  the  legislature  of  the  state  made  a 
gratuitous  grant  of  this  tract  to  actual  settlers,  under  the  impression  that 
it  was  of  little  value  ;  but  it  proves  to  be  excellent  grain  land,  and  also 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  cattle  and  swine.  The  whole  state  below  the 
mountains  has  at  the  usual  depth  of  eight  feet  a  bed  of  limestone,  which 
has  frequent  apertures  through  which  the  waters  of  the  rivers  sink  into  the 
earth,  causing  some  of  them  to  disappear  for  a  time,  and  others  to  be 
greatly  diminished  in  the  summer  season.  The  rivers  have  generally  worn 
deep  channels  in  the  calcareous  rocks  over  which  they  flow.  The  preci- 
pices formed  by  the  Kentucky  are  in  many  places  stupendous,  presenting 
perpendicular  banks  of  solid  limestone  300  feet  high,  above  which  is  a 
steep  and  difficult  ascent  several  times  as  high.  In  the  southwest  part  of 
the  state,  between  Green  and  Cumberland  rivers,  are  several  remarkable 
caves.  One  called  the  Mammoth  Cave,  130  miles  from  Lexington,  on 
the  road  to  Nashville,  has  been  explored  for  a  distance  of  eight  or  ten 
miles. 

Ohio  river,  by  its  various  windings,  borders  this  state  on  the  north  for 
637  miles.    Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers  pass  through  its  western 


STATE  OF  KENTUCKY.  189 

part  as  they  approach  their  entrance  into  the  Ohio.  Cumberland  river 
ri&es  in  the  eastern  part  of  this  state.  The  Big  Sandy  is  250  miles  long, 
and,  for  a  considerable  distance,  forms  the  boundary  between  this  state 
and  Virginia.  It  is  navigable  fifty  miles  for  boats.  The  Kentucky  river 
rises  in  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  and  after  a  course  generally  through 
a  deep  rocky  bed,  falls  into  the  Ohio,  seventy-seven  miles  above  Louis- 
ville. It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  60  miles  to  Frankfort.  Licking, 
Green,  and  Salt,  are  other  considerable  rivers.  The  Mississippi  runs  on 
the  western  border  of  the  state. 

The  first  constitution  was  formed  in  1790,  and  the  present  one  in  1799. 
The  governor  is  elected  for  four  years  by  the  people,  and  is  ineligible  for 
the  next  seven.  A  lieutenant-governor  is  chosen  at  the  same  time,  who  ia 
president  of  the  senate,  and  who,  in  case  of  the  death  or  absence  of  the 
governor,  succeeds  to  his  duties.  The  senators  are  elected  for  four  years, 
one-quarter  of  them  being  chosen  annually.  Their  number  cannot  ex- 
ceed 38,  nor  can  they  be  less  than  24.  The  representatives  are  chosen 
annually,  and  apportioned  every  four  years  among  the  counties  according 
to  the  number  of  electors.  Every  free  white  male  citizen,  who  ia 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  has  resided  two  years  in  the  state, 
or  in  the  counsy  in  which  he  offers  his  vote,  one  year  preceding  the 
election,  has  the  right  of  suffrage.  Votes  are  given  openly,  or  viva  vocc, 
and  not  by  ballot.  The  judges  of  the  several  courts  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior. 

The  colleges  are  as  follows :  Transylvania  University,  at  Lexington ; 
Centre  College,  at  Danville  ;  St.  Joseph's  College,  at  Bardstown  ;  Au- 
gusta College,  at  Augusta  ;  Cumberland  College,  at  Lebanon ;  Georgetown 
College,  at  Georgetown  ;  Bacon  College,  at  Harrodsburg  ;  and  St.  Mary's 
College,  in  Marion  county.  There  is  a  flourishing  medical  department 
connected  with  Transylvania  University,  and  a  medical  institution  at 
Louisville.  There  are  in  the  state  120  academies  and  1,000  common  schools. 

Kentucky  was  first  explored  by  Daniel  Boone,  an  enterprising  hunter,  in 
1770.  The  first  white  family  settled  near  Lexington,  in  1775.  The  state 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1792. 

FRANKFORT,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  22  miles  WNW.  Lexington,  51 
E.  Louisville,  102  SSW.  Cincinnati,  and  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Kentucky  river,  60  miles  above  its  entrance  into  Ohio  river,  on  a  semi- 
circular alluvial  plain,  from  150  to  200  feet  lower  than  the  table-land  in 
the  rear.  The  river  is  here  about  80  yards  wide,  and  after  heavy  rains 
frequently  rises  60  feet.  The  city  contains  a  state-house,  with  a  hand- 
some Grecian  Ionic  portico  in  front,  a  court-house,  the  state  penitentiary, 
a  bank,  an  academy,  a  market-house,  a  theatre,  five  churches,  various 
manufacturing  establishments,  and  2,000  inhabitants.  The  streets  are 
regular,  and  the  houses  are  neat,  and  many  of  them  elegant.  Steamboats 
of  300  tons  come  up  to  this  place  when  the  water  is  high.  The  banks  of 
the  river  here  are  high,  and  a  chain  bridge  crosses  it  to  the  flourishing 
village  of  South  Frankfort,  which  may  be  regarded  as  on  appendage. 
Cars  leave  daily  for  Lexington ;  stages  daily  for  Louisville;  3  times  a 
week  for  Harrodsburg ;  and  for  Madison,  la. 

LEXINGTON  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Elkhorn  river,  84  miles  from  Cin- 
cinnati. It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  and  was  formerly  the  capita], 
and  is  one  of  the  neatest  and  best  built  places  in  the  western  states,  is 
regularly  laid  out,  and  many  of  the  streets  are  bordered  with  fine  shade- 
trees,  and  its  environs  are  ornamented  with  gardens  and  elegant  resi- 
dences. There  is  a  public  square  near  the  centre  of  the  place,  surrounded 


190  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 

by  fine  brick  buildings.  The  city  contains  a  court-house,  a  Masonic-hnll, 
one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  !-tale,  the  Siate  Lunatic  Asylum,  ten 
churches,  two  academies, 
the  Halls  of  Transylvania  •; 
University,  and  8,000  in-  ! 
habitants.  Transylvania  = 
University  was  founded  in  j 
1798,  and  has  a  classical,  \ 
medical,  and  law  depart- 
ment. It  has  a  president  \ 
and  18  professors  or  other  - 
instructors,  and  513  stu. 
dents.  The  classical  department  Ims  295  students,  the  law  78.  and  the 
medical  260  ;  in  all  513.  The  libraries  contain  12,242  volumes.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  August.  The  city  is  more 
celebrated  for  its  intelligent  and  polished  society,  and  as  an  elegant,  place 
of  residence,  than  for  the  bustle  of  business.  The  country  around  the 
city  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  districts  in  the  Union.  Cars  leave  daily  for 
Louisville  via  Frankfort.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Wheeling,  Va.,  via 
Maysville,  and  Zanesville,  O. ;  3  times  a  week  for  Cincinnati  ;  for  Knox- 
ville,  Tenn.,  via  Cumberland  Gap;  and  for  Nashville,  Tenn.,  via  Har- 
rodsburg  and  Bowling  Green. 

COVINGTON  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio,  opposite  to  the 
city  of  Cincinnati,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  steamboat  ferry. 
Jt  has  a  city-hall,  7  churches,  4  academies,  a  bank,  26  tobacco  manu- 
factories, and  4,000  inhabitants.  The  Western  Baptist  Theological  Insti- 
tute is  located  here.  Steamboats  ply  hourly  to  Cincinnati  ;  stages  leave 
3  times  a  week  for  Lexington. 

NEWPORT  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and  Licking  rivers,  and  opposite 
the  city  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  two 
churches,  a  United  States  Arsenal,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  The  Mag- 
nesian  Springs  are  on  the  borders  of  the  village,  where  there  is  a  fine  hotel, 
and  they  are  much  frequented  by  the  citizens  of  Cincinnati. 

MAYSVILLK  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  on  a  narrow 
bottom,  which  lies  between  the  shore  and  hills  in  its  rear,  441  miles  below 
Pittsbur^,  and  55  above  Cincinnati  by  the  river.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  contains  3  churches,  one  academy,  and  2,741  inhabitants.  It  has  a 
good  harbor  for  boats  and  enjoys  an  extensive  trade.  Steamboats  arrive 
from,  and  depart  drily  for  Pittsburgh  Wheeling,  frc.  ;  and  for  Cincinnati, 
Louisville,  frc.  (See  route  620.)  Stages  leave  daily  for  Lexington  via 
Blue  Lick  Springs;  and  for  Zanesville,  O. ;  3  times  a  week  for  Lexing- 
ton via  Flemingsburg  and  Mount  Sterling. 

AUGUSTA,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio,  17  miles  below  Maysville,  has 
a  court  house,  two  churches,  and  800  inhabitants.  Augusta  College, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists,  was  chartered  in  1822;  it  has  a  presi- 
dent, 4  professors  or  other  instructors,  75  students,  and  2,500  volumes  in  its 
libraries.  (See  route  620.) 

The  Blue  Lick  Springs  are  on  the  Licking  river,  37  miles  from  Lexing- 
ton and  24  from  Maysville.  These  waters  have  obtained  a  just  celebrity, 
and  the  locality  of  the  fountains  is  much  frequented,  not  only  for  the 
benefit  produced  by  the  use  of  the  waters,  but  for  the  enjoyment  of  the 
Bcenery  of  this  beautiful  region.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Lexington  and  for 
Maysville. 
.,  GEORGETOWN  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elkhorn  river,  12  miles 


STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 


191 


from  Lexington.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  two  churches,  an 
academy,  and  1,600  inhabitants.  Georgetown  College,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Baptists,  was  founded  in  1829;  it  has  a  president,  five  professors,  132 
students,  and  3,200  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the 
last  Thursday  in  June. 

Great  Crossings  is  3  miles  from  Georgetown,  where  is  the  Choctaw 
Academy,  under  the  patronage  of  the  government.  It  has  a  principal 
and  several  teachers,  and  70  Indian  students.  There  is  an  excellent  white 
sulphur  spring  near  the  academy.  Stages  leave  Georgetown  three  times  a 
week  for  Cincinnati  ;  and  for  Lexington. 

HARRODSBURO  is  situated  eight  miles  south  of  Kentucky  river,  on  a 
small  branch  of  Salt  river,  thirty-one  miles  south  of  Frankfort.  It  was 
one  of  the  earliest  settlements  in  the  state.  It  contains  a  Presbyterian 
and  a  Methodist  church,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  1,500  inhabitants. 
Here  is  located  Bacon  College,  founded  in  1836,  which  has  a  president 
and  seven  professors  or  other  instructors,  203  students,  and  1,200  volumes 
in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Friday  in  September. 
The  Harrodsburg  Springs  are  much  frequented  ;  the  waters  possess 
highly  medicinal  properties,  and  the  Hccornmodations  for  visitors  are 
ample.  The  grounds  in  the  vicinity,  and  especially  the  drives  through  the 
primitive  forest,  are  exceedingly  picturesque.  Stages  leave  daily  in  the 
watering  season  for  Cincinnati  via  Lexington. 

DANVILLE,  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Kentucky  river,  41  miles 
from  Frankfort,  contains  a  court-house,  four  churches,  the  Kentucky 
Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  the  buildings  of  Centre  College,  two 
academies,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Centre  College,  founded  in  1822,  has 
a  president,  4  professors,  185  students,  and  4,000  volumes  in  its  libraries. 
The  commencement  is  on  the  Thursday  after  the  third  Wednesday  in 
September.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  fur  Lexington. 

BARDSTOWN  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Salt  river,  40  miles  southwest 
from  Frankfort.  It  has  a  court-house,  2  churches,  1  academy,  and  1,500 
inhabitants.  St.  Joseph's  College,  in  the  vicinity,  was  founded  in  1819. 
It  has  a  president,  ten  professors,  69  students,  and  7,000  volumes  in  ita 
libraries.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Lexington ;  for  Frankfort ; 
and  for 


LOUISVILLE  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  at  the  head 
of  the  rapids,  633  miles  below  Pittsburg  and  1 ,41 1  above  New  Orleans. 
It  is  built  on  a  gentle  acclivity,  75  feet  above  low-water  mark,  and  regu- 
larly laid  out,  the  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  It  con- 
tains a  city-hall,  court-house,  a  marine  hospital,  a  medical  institute,  city 
prison,  an  hospital,  2  orphan  asylums,  a  Magdalen  asylum,  26  churches, 
three  banks,  two  savings  banks,  four  insurance  companies,  four  markets, 
a  school  for  the  blind,  18  public  schools,  50  select  schools,  and  30,000  in- 
habitants. Water-works  are  in  course  of  construction  to  supply  whole- 
some water,  and  the  city  is  lighted  with  gas.— This  city  is  the  seat  of 
most  of  the  commercial  and  manufacturing  business  of  the  state  and  con- 


192  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 

tiguous  territory.  There  are  300  steamboats  constantly  engaged  in  trans- 
porting to  and  from  the  city,  besides  numerous  flat  and  keel  boats.  The 
Louisville  Medical  Institute,  founded  in  1837,  has  six  professors  and  242 
students.  The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Monday  in  November. 
The  Kentucky  Historical  Society  has  a  large  collection  of  manuscripts 
and  books.  The  Mercantile  Library  has  a  library  of  3,500  volumes,  and 
an  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society  is  established. — The  rapids  at 
this  place  are  caused  by  a  bed  of  limestone  extending  across  the  bed  of  the 
river,  over  which  the  waters  pass  in  tortuous  channels  for  a  distance  ot 
two  miles,  descending  24  feet ;  to  obviate  this  bar  to  navigation,  a  canal 
has  been  constructed  sufficiently  capacious  to  admit  the  passage  of  the 
largest  boats.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Pittsburg  via, 
Cincinnati,  Maysville,  Guyandotte,  Va.,  and  Wheeling ;  for  St.  Louis, 
Mo.  ;  and  for  New  Orleans  via  Smithland,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Vicksburg, 
&c.  (See  route  620.)  Stages  leo.vc  daily  for  Maysville  via  Frankfort 
and  Lexington ;  for  Cincinnati,  O.  ;  for  St.  Louis  via  New  Albany,  la., 
Vincennes,  &c. ;  and  for  Nashville,  Tenn.,  <Scc. 

The  Drennon  Lick  Springs  are  about  25  miles  north  from  Frankfort, 
and  one  mile  from  Kentucky  river.  The  waters  of  the  several  springs 
differ  in  their  properties,  and  have  been  found  highly  beneficial  to  persons 
using  them.  The  accommodations  are  ample.  Steamboats  arrive  from, 
and  depart  daily  for  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  and  Frankfort. 

CLOVERPORT  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  114  miles 
below  Louisville.  It  has  two  churches,  an  academy,  and  400  inhabitants. 
Four  miles  distant  from  Cloverport  are  the  Sulphur  and  Tar  Spring*. 
There  are  here  two  commodious  hotels  and  a  number  of  cottages.  The 
sulphur  waters  are  said  to  equal  the  White  Sulphur  of  Virginia  in  their 
medicinal  properties,  and  the  Tar  water  has  been  found  most  salutary  in 
pulmonary  complaints.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Cincinnati  and  Louisville. 

GLASGOW  is  pleasantly  situated  123  miles  southwest  from  Frankfort, 
on  a  small  branch  of  Green  river.  It  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches, 
an  academy,  and  about  500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for 
Lexington,  and  for  Nashville,  Tenn. 

BOWLING  GREEN  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Green  river,  and  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation,  144  miles  southwest  from  Frankfort.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  a  female  seminary,  5  churches,  and 
1,500  inhabitants.  Tobacco  is  largely  exported.  Stages  leave  for  Mays- 
ville ;  for  Cincinnati  ;  for  Louisville  ;  for  Smithland  ;  for  Columbus  ; 
for  Hickman;  and  for  Nashville,  Tenn. 

SMITHLAND  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  immediately  below  the  mouth 
of  Cumberland  river,  447  miles  by  water  below  Cincinnati,  and  contains  a 
court-house,  3  churches,  an  hospital,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Steam- 
boats arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Cincinnati,  Wheeling,  &c. ;  and 
for  New  Orleans,  St.  Louis,  <§-c.  (See  route  620.)  Steamboats  leave  for 
Nashville ;  stages  3  times  a  week  for  Maysville  via  BowlingGreen  and  Lex- 
ington; and  also  for  Nashville,  Tenn. 

COLUMBUS  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  18  miles 
below  the  entrance  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  has  several  extensive  ware- 
houses,  and  about  800  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Lex- 
ington via  Bowling  Green,  and  for  Nashville. 

HICKMAN  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  15  miles  below 
Columbus,  and  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  and  about  500  inhabi 
tants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Nashville. 


STATE  OF  INDIANA. 


INDIANA  lies  between  37°  45'  and  41°  52'  N.  lat. 
and  between  84°  42'  and  87°  49'  W.  Ion.  It  has  a 
mean  length  of  260,  and  a  mean  breadth  of  140  miles, 
containing  36,000  square  miles.  The  population  in 
1840,  was  685,866. 

There  are  no  mountains  in  this  state,  but  the  country 
bordering  on  the  Ohio  is  hilly.  A  range  of  hills  runs 
parallel  with  the  Ohio,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Miami,  to  Blue  river,  alternately  approaching  to 
within  a  few  rods,  and  receding  to  the  distance  of  two  miles.  Below 
Blue  river  the  hills  cease,  and  there  is  an  immense  tract  of  level  land, 
covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber.  Bordering  on  all  the  principal 
streams,  except  the  Ohio,  are  strips  of  bottom  and  prairie  land,  from 
three  to  six  miles  in  width.  Remote  from  the  rivers  the  country  is  broken, 
and  the  soil  light.  Between  the  Wabash  and  Lake  Michigan,  the  country 
is  generally  level,  interspersed  with  woodlands,  prairies,  lakes,  and  swamps. 
On  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  are  sand-hills  210  feet  high,  back  of 
which  are  sandy  hillocks,  with  a  growth  of  pine.  The  prairies  bordering 
on  the  Wabash  have  a  soil  from  two  to  five  feet  in  depth. 

The  Ohio  river  washes  the  entire  southern  border  of  this  state,  and 
furnishes  great  facilities  for  trade.  The  Wabash  is  the  largest  river  in  the 
etate,  being  500  miles  in  length.  It  rises  in  Ohio,  and  passes  westwardly 
and  eouthwestwardly  through  the  state,  forming  its  western  boundary  for 
a  distance  of  120  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  La  Fayette, 
300  miles,  a  part  of  the  year.  White  river,  200  miles  long,  is  its  largest 
branch,  and  is  navigable  on  its  west  fork  for  steamboats  to  Indianapolis, 
in  seasons  of  floods.  It  consists  of  an  east  fork  and  a  west  fork,  which 
unite  about  30  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Wabash.  The  White 
Water  river  runs  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  the  Great 
Miami.  Lake  Michigan  touches  this  state  on  the  northwest. 

The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  three  years,  and  may  be  once 
re-elected.  At  every  election  of  governor,  a  lieutenant-governor  is  elected, 
who  is  president  of  the  senate,  and  discharges  the  duties  of  the  governor, 
in  case  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  removal.  The  senators  and  represen- 
tatives are  apportioned  among  the  counties  according  to  the  number  of 
White  male  inhabitants  over  21  years  of  age.  There  can  never  be  fewer 
than  36  nor  over  100  representatives :  and  the  number  of  senators  can 
never  be  less  than  one-third,  nor  more  than  one-half  the  number  of  the  repre- 
sentatives. The  representatives,  and  one-third  of  the  senators,  are  elected 
annually  by  the  people.  The  legislature  meets  annually  in  December,  at 
Indianapolis.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  and  circuit  courts  are  appointed 
for  the  term  of  seven  yenrs.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  senate  ;  the  chief  justices 


194  STATE  OF  INDIANA. 

of  the  circuit  courts  by  the  legislature  ;  and  the  associate  judges  by  th« 
people.  The  right  of  suffrage. is  enjoyed  by  all  male  citizens  over  21  years 
of  age,  who  have  resided  in  the  state  the  year  preceding  the  election. 

The  literary  institutions  are :  Indiana  University,  at  Bloomington ; 
Hanover  College,  at  South  Hanover;  Wabash  College,  at  Craw  ford  s- 
ville;  the  Indiana  Ashbury  University;  the  University  of  Notre-dame-du- 
Lic,  at  South  Bend  ;  Franklin  College,  at  Franklin ;  and  St.  Gabriel 
College.  Tnere  are  60  academies  and  1,600  common  schools  in  the  state. 

Indiana 'w.as  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state  in  1816. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  west  fork  of  White  river,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  and  122 
miles  from  Cincinnati.  An  elegant  bridge  crosses  the  river  at  this  place. 
It  was  selected  for  the  capital  of  the  state  while  it  was  covered  by  a  dense 
forest,  and  laid  out  in  1821.  On  a  circular  area,  from  which  spacious 
streets  diverge,  stands  the  governor's  house  on  a  rise  of  ground  in  the 
centre.  It  is  a  handsome  edifice.  The  State 
[  House  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  buildings 
i  the  west.  It  is  180  feet  long  by  80  feet 
\  wide  and  45  high,  with  an  appropriate  dome. 
j  It  is  built  after  the  model  of  the  Parthenon 
j  at  Athens,  with  a  portico  on  each  front, 
1  having  ten  Doric  columns,  and  has  elegant 
1  halls  for  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature,  a 
1  court- room,  and  rotunda.  The  city  con- 
!  tains  a  court-house,  the  state  prison,  deaf 
and  dumb  asylum,  lunatic  asylum,  ten  churches,  a  female  institute,  a 
seminary,  and  8,000  inhabitants.  Stages  in  connection  with  railroad 
cars  leave  daily  for  Madison.  Stapes  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati  ;  for 
Wheeling,  Va.,  via  Dayton,  O.,  Columbus,  and  Zanescille;  and  for  St. 
Jjouis  via  Tcrre  Haute;  3  times  a  week  for  Cincinnati  via  Lawrence- 
bur g ;  'fur  Vevay  ;  for  New  Albany  ;  for  Fredonia  ;  for  Comneton  ; 
for  I. a  Fayette  ;  for  South  Bend  via  Logansport ;  and  for  Fort  Wayne 
via  Muncie  and  Winchester. 

LAWRENCEBURG  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio 
river,  one  mile  below  the  entrance  of  the  Great  Miami  river.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  4  churches,  a  seminary,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3 
times  a  week  for  Cincinnati,  O.  ;  for  Madison  ;  and  for  Indianapolis. 

MADISON  is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  Ohio  river,  89  miles  below 
Cincinnati,  by  the  river.  The  village  is  built  on  ground  above  the  reach 
of  the  highest  floods.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  and  several  of 
them  paved  ;  and  it  has  a  wharf  for  the  landing  of  steamboats.  It  is 
handsomely  built,  mostly  of  brick,  and  has  a  court-house,  market-house, 
ten  churches,  a  bank,  with  a  neat  edifice,  a  savings  bank,  and  about 
4,000  inhabitants.  In  the  rear  of  the  village  are  hills  250  feet  high, 
which  afford  a  delightful  prospect.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart 
daily  for  Pittsburgand  the  intermediate  places,  and  also  for  JVezc  Orleans. 
Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Indianapolis  ;  stages  leave  three 
times  a  week  for  Frankfort,  Ky. ;  for  Cincinnati;  and  for  Louisville. 

NEW  ALBANY  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  two  milea 
below  the  foot  of  the  falls,  and  140  below  Cincinnati.  It  Is  the  largest 
place  in  the  state,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  nine  churches,  a 
male  and  a  female  seminary,  a  lyceum,  a  theological  college,  4  schools, 
and  4,500  inhabitants.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  and  are  froir 
70  to  100  feet  wide.  Here  are  extensive  ship-yards,  where  are  built  an- 


STATE  OF  INDIANA.  195 

nuaily  from  ten  to  fifteen  steamboats,  besides  sloops  and  schooners. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  the  ports  on  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers.  (See  route  620.)  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis 
via  Vincennes ;  3  times  a  week  for  Indianapolis  ;  and  for  Madison. 

EVANSVILLE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  at  the  great 
northern  bend,  323  miles  below  Cincinnati  by  the  river.  It  has  an  elevated 
situation,  and  contains  a  brick  court-house,  a  bank^  ten  churches,  an 
academy,  several  extensive  manu-  H 
factories,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  | 
The  Pigeon  Springs  are  one  mile  | 
west  from  Evansville.  The  waters  I 
contain  muriate  of  soda,  bicarbon-  [ 

ate  of  iron,  bicarbonate  of  mag- ! 

nesia,  carbonic  acid  gas,  carbureted  hydrogen  gas,  and  nitrogen  pas. 
They  are  aperient,  alterative,  diaphoretic,  and  diuretic.  The  accommoda- 
tions are  ample,  and  the  vicinity  affords  much  sport  in  fowling  and  fishing. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  all  the  principal  places 
on  the  Ohio  river.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Vincennes. 

BLOOMINGTON  is  situated  at  the  head  of  a  small  branch  of  White  river, 
49  miles  from  Indianapolis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  five  churches, 
Jie  buildings  of  the  Indiana  University,  an  academy,  and  1,700  inhabi- 
tants. The  Indiana  University  has  a  president,  five  professors,  174  stu- 
Jents,  and  2,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the 
last  Wednesday  in  September  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  In- 
dianapolis ;  for  New  Albany  ;  for  Terre  Haute  ;  and  for  Crawfordsville. 

VINCENNES  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  Wabasn  river,  197  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  the  Ohio.  It  has  a  fertile  prairie  of  several  thousand  acres 
on  the  north,  east,  and  south.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  having 
been  established  as  a  trading  post  by  the  French  in  1730.  It  contains  a 
brick  court-house,  a  bank,  a  seminary,  a  female  school,  conducted  by  the 
Sisters  of  Charity,  6  churches,  a  public  library  of  1,600  volumes,  and 
2,000  inhabitants,  one  fifth  of  whom  are  of  French  descent.  St.  Gabriel's 
College  was  established  in  1841 ,  and  has  a  president,  five  professors,  and 
75  students.  Steamboats  ply  on  the  river.  Stages  leave  daily  for  JV.  Jttban  y  ; 
and  for  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  3  times  a  week  to  Terre  Haute  and  to  Evansville. 

TERRE  HAUTE  is  situated  on  beautiful  high  ground,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Wabash,  73  miles  west  from  Indianapolis.  The  National 
road  here  crosses  the  river  on  a  fine  bridge.  The  town  contains  a  brick  court- 
house, six  churches,  a  bank,  a  market-house,  a  seminary,  and  2,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  commands  the  trade  of  an  ex- 
tensive and  fertile  country.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Indianapolis  ;  for 
St.  Louis  ;  for  Shawneetown  ;  and  for  Danville,  III. 

CRAWFORDSVILLE  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Rock  rivpr.  45  mileg 
from  Indianapolis.     It  contains 
a  court-house,  7  churches,  the  ? 
buildings  of  Wabash  College,  « 
seminary,  and  about  2,000  in- 
habitants.    Wabash  College  wai 
founded  in  1835,  and  has  a  presi-  .1 
dent,  four  professors,  128  stu 
dents,  and  4,500  volumes  in  its  -3 
libraries.     Stages  leave  3  times  \ 
a  week  for  Indianapolis ;   and 
for  Peoria ;  twice  a  week  for  La,  Fay  ette  andforVincenncs.  (See  route  524.) 


196 


STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


LA  FAYETTE  lies  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Wabash  river,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation,  310  miles  from  its  mouth  by  the  river.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  a  bank,  an  academy,  7  churches,  and  2,000  inhabitants. 
The  Wabash  and  Erie  canal  connects  this  place  with  Lake  Erie.  Stages 
leave  3  times  a  week  for  Indianapolis  ;  and  for  Logansport. 

LOGANSPORT  is  situated  on  Wabash  river,  at  the  junction  of  Eel  river, 
72  miles  from  Indianapolis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  seven 
churches,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  A  fine  bridge  here  crosses  the 
Wabash,  and  another  Eel  river.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  canal  passes 
through  it,  and  it  is  well  situated  for  manufacturing  purposes,  possessing 
a  fine  water-power.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Indianapolis  ;  three 
times  for  Niles  via  South  Bend;  and  for  Lafayette. 

FORT  WAYNE  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Maumee  river. 
ft  is  incorporated  as  a  city,  and  contains  a  court-house,  five  churches, 
four  academies,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  The  Wabash  canal  con- 
nects it  with  Lake  Erie,  and  it  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  fertile  country. 
Stages  leave  twice  a  week  for  Indianapolis  and  for  South  Bend. 

SOUTH  BEND  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high  bluff,  on  the  south  side  of 
St.  Joseph  river,  and  has  a  great  water-power.  It  is  137  miles  north 
of  Indianapolis,  and  contains  a  brick  court  house,  four  churches,  and 
1,000  inhabitants.  The  University  of  Notre-dame-du-lac  was  established 
here  in  1844,  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  It  has  a 
president,  several  professors,  and  65  students.  Stages  leave  three  times 
a  week  for  Indianapolis  ;  for  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  for  Michigan  City. 

MICHIGAN  CITY  is  situated  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  at 
the  mouth  of  Trail  creek,  and  was  laid  out  in  1835.  It  is  the  only  Jake 
harbor  in  the  state,  and  the  location  is  well  adapted  for  trade.  It  contains 
a  bank,  three  churches,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a 
week  for  Niles,  Mick. ;  for  South  Bend;  and  for  Chicago,  III. 


MICHIGAN  consists  'of  two  peninsulas,  and  con- 
|  tains  about  66,000  square  miles.  Its  population  in  1840 
|  was  212,267 ;  in  1845,  304,285. 

The  surface  of  the  lower  or  southern  peninsula  ia 
generally  level,  having  few  elevations  which  may  be 
denominated  hills.  The  interior  is  gently  undulating, 
rising  gradually  from  the  lakes  to  the  centre  of  the 
peninsula-  This  central  region  may  be  regarded  as  a 
table-land,  elevated  about  300  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  lakes,  covered  with  fine  forests  of  timber,  oak  plains,  and  beautiful 
prairies.  Along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  are  sand-hills 
thrown  up  by  the  winds  into  fantastic  forms,  generally  quite  barren  and 
naked.  The  part  lying  between  Lake  Huron  and  Saginaw  bay  ia  low 


STATE  OF  MICHIGAN.  197 

and  swampy.    No  part  of  the  United  States  is  better  supplied  with  fish, 
aquatic  fowl,  and  game. 

Of  the  northern  peninsula,  Mr.  Schoolcraft  says — "  Portions  of  it  are 
the  mere  development  of  sublime  scenery,  which  pertains  to  that  com- 
paratively elevated  portion  of  the  continent.  Mountains  and  lakes,  plains, 
rivers,  and  forests,  spread  over  it  with  a  boldness  of  outline  which  may  be 
said  to  constitute  almost  a  peculiar  type  of  North  American  geography.  This 
division  embraces  the  mineral  region.  It  is  of  little  value  for  the  uses  of 
agriculture.  The  interior  abounds  in  small  lakes.  On  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  are  several  large  bays  and  good  harbors.  Recent  explorations 
here,  have  discovered  immense  deposites  of  rich  copper  ore. — On  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  is  a  series  of  lofty  bluffs,  and  isolated 
rocks,  having  the  appearance  of  ruins,  4 
tottering  walls,  and  caverns.  La  Chapelle,* 
or  the  Arched  Rock,  is  a  beautiful  speci-^ 
men  of  this  character,  as  are  the  Pictured  , 
Rocks,  &c.  There  are  also  several  pic  ^ 
turesque  cascades. 

The  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  is! 
dfained  by  several  large  rivers,  and  numer-f 
ous  smaller  streams,  which,  rising  in  the? 
interior,  pass  off  in  easterly,  westerly,  and** 
northerly  directions  into  the  lakes.  Raisin  and  Huron  rivers  flow  into 
Lake  Erie ;  Rouge  river,  into  Detroit  strait ;  Clinton  and  Black  rivers, 
into  the  strait  of  St.  Clair.  Saginaw  river,  formed  by  the  junction  of 
Titibawassee,  Hare,  Shiawassee,  Flint,  and  Cass  rivers,  enters  Saginaw 
bay.  Thunder  Bay  and  Cheboigan  rivers,  and  some  smaller  streams,  fall 
into  Lake  Huron.  St.  Joseph,  Grand,  Kalamazoo,  and  Maskegon  rivers  flow 
into  Lake  Michigan.  Many  small  lakes  of  pure  water,  stocked  with  fish 
of  fine  quality,  are  found  in  the  interior.  Michigan  lake  is  the  largest 
wholly  within  the  United  States,  being  360  miles  long  and  60  broad. 

The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  are  chosen  at  the  same  time,  for 
two  years,  by  the  people.  The  senators  are  chosen  for  two  years,  one- 
half  of  them  annually,  and  their  number  must  be  one  third  that  of  the 
representatives.  The  representatives  are  chosen  annually,  and  their 
number  cannot  be  less  than  48,  nor  more  than  100,  and  are,  with  the 
senators,  apportioned  among  the  counties  according  to  the  number  of 
white  inhabitants.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed  by 
the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  for  the  term  of 
eeven  years.  Judges  of  inferior  courts  are  elected  by  the  people  for  four 
years.  Every  white  male  citizen  over  21  years  of  age,  who  has  resided 
six  months  next  preceding  an  election  in  the  town  where  his  vote  is  offered, 
has  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  legislature  meets  annually  at  Detroit. 

The  Michigan  University,  at  Ann  Arbor,  has  departments  of  literature, 
science,  law,  and  medicine ;  and  has  several  academic  branches  situated 
in  most  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  state.  St.  Philip's  College,  near 
Detroit,  is  a  Catholic  institution.  There  are  25  academies  and  1,000  com- 
mon schools. 

The  French  built  a  fort  and  made  a  settlement  at  Sault  St.  Marie  in 
1647,  and  subsequently  at  Mackinaw.  By  the  treaty  of  peace  between 
Great  Britain  and  France  in  1763,  this  country  came  into  the  possession 
of  the  English.  The  post  at  Detroit  was  resigned  to  the  United  States 
by  the  English  in  1796.  In  1805  this  state  was  ejected  into  a  distinct 
territory  and  in  1836  admitted  into  the  Union. 


198  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


orr 

DETROIT,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Detroit  strait,  seven  miles  below  Lake  St.  Clair  and  18 
above  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie,  and,  by  steamboat  route,  327  miles 
from  Buffalo.  The  site  is  a  plain  30  feet  above  the  river,  sloping  gently 
to  the  water,  and  the  city  extends  for  the  distance  of  a  mile  along  the 
stream  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  back.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid 
out,  though  not  all  crossing  at  right  angles,  a  part  of  them  diverging  from 
a  large  area,  and  forming  noble  avenues  200  feet  wide.  There  are  several 
public  squares,  of  which  Campus  Martius  is  the  principal.  The  city  con- 
tains the  State-house,  from  the  dome  of  which  a  fine  view  is  obtained  of 
the  city  and  vicinity,  the  City-hall,  a  market-house,  11  churches,  four 
banks,  a  United  States  Land-office,  3  markets,  a  theatre,  a  museum,  a 
public  garden,  government  magazine,  Masonic-hall,  two  orphan  asylums, 
several  literary  and  scientific  societies,  three  female  institutes  of  a  high 
order,  and  also  several  for  boys,  and  10,000  inhabitants.  Detroit  is  among 
the  earlier  settlements  of  North  America,  having  been  founded  by  the 
French  from  Canada,  in  1683.  It  is  admirably  situated  for  trade,  and  is 
becoming  a  great  commercial  emporium.  The  first  steamboat  arrived  at 
Detroit  in  August,  1818  ;  now,  numbers  arrive  and  depart  daily  during 
eight  months  of  the  year.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for 
Kalamazoo  via  Ann  Arbor,  Jackson,  and  Marshall ;  thence  stages  to  St. 
Joseph's  ;  and  also  for  Pontiac  ;  thence  stages  to  Saginaw.  Stages  leave 
daily  for  Toledo,  O. ;  three  times  a  week  for  Port  Huron,  and  to  Howell ; 
thence  to  Grand  Rapids  via  Lyons.  Steamboats  for  Buffalo,  JV*.  Y.,  via 
Sandusky,  O.,  Cleveland  and  Erie,  Pa.  ;  for  Chicago,  III.,  via  Mack- 
inaw, Milwaukee,  frc.  (See  routes  547  and  548.) 

MONROE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Raisin  river,  two  alid  a 
half  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  and  37  miles  from  Detroit. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  two  banks,  a  United  States  Land-office,  seven 
churches,  a  branch  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  two  academies,  a 
reading-room,  and  library  of  1,500  volumes,  several  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, and  2,000  inhabitants.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Hillsdale 
via  Adrian,  thence  stages  to  Niles ;  stages  daily  for  Toledo,  O.,  and  for 
Detroit. 

ANN  ARBOR  lies  forty  miles  west  from  Detroit,  on  both  sides  of  Huron 
river,  which  divides  it  into  the  upper  and  lower  towns.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out  on  elevated  ground,  and  contains  a  court-house,  bank,  6  churches, 
several  mills,  factories,  &c.,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  The  University  of 
Michigan,  founded  in  1837,  has  3  professors,  75  students,  5,000  volumes  in 
its  libraries,  and  a  choice  museum,  embracing  the  collections  of  the  state 
geologists,  &c.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Detroit,  and  for 
Kalamazoo,  &c.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Howell. 

YPSILANTI  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Huron  river,  and  contains 
four  churches,  an  'academy,  several  mills  and  factories,  and  about 
1,500  inhabitants.  The  river  here  affords  good  water  power.  Cars 


STATE  OF  MICHIGAN.  199 

arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Detroit,  and  for  Kalamazoo.    Stages 
leave  daily  for  Adrian. 

ADRIAN  is  prettily  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Raisin  river, 
67  miles  from  Detroit.  It  has  a  court-house,  four  churches,  an  acad- 
emy, several  manufacturing  establishments,  and  2,500  inhabitants.  Cars 
arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Toledo,  O. ;  for  Monroe,  and  for 
Hillsdale — thence  stages  to  Niles.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Detroit  via 
Ypsilanti. 

JACKSON  is  situated  79  miles  west  from  Detroit,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Grand  river.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  four  churches,  the 
state  penitentiary,  a  branch  of  Michigan  University,  a  seminary,  and 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  There  is  a  fall  of  eight  feet  in  the  river 
here,  affording'  an  extensive  water-power,  already  employed  in  mills, 
factories,  &c.  Cars  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Detroit,  and 
for  Kalamazoo.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Adrian  and  for 
Centreville. 

MARSHALL  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Kalamazoo 
river,  at  the  confluence  of  Rice  creek,  113  miles  west  from  Detroit.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  four  churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  several  mills 
and  factories,  and  2,000  inhabitants.  Car*  arrive  from,  and  depart 
daily  for  Detroit,  and  for  Kalamazoo.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for 
Centreville. 

KALAMAZOO  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Kalamazoo  river,  146  miles 
west  from  Detroit,  and  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  a  United  States 
Land-office,  three  churches,  a  branch  of  the  University  of  Michigan, 
the  Huron  Literary  Institute,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  Cars  arrive 
from,  and  depart  daily  for  Detroit.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Joseph's  ; 
three  times  a  week  for  Niles ;  for  Mottville ;  and  for  Mlegan. 

ST.  JOSEPH  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  St.  Joseph's  river,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Michigan,  200  miles  west  from  Detroit.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  important  places  on  the  west  side  of  the  state,  has  a  good  harbor, 
and  commands  a  pleasant  view  of  the  lake.  It  contains  a  court-house,  3 
churches,  a  bank,  and  700  inhabitants.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and 
depart  daily  for  Chicago.  Stages  leave  daily  in  connection  with  railroad 
cars  for  Detroit.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Chicago  via  Michigan  City ; 
and  three  times  a  week  for  Niles. 

MACKINAO  is  situated  on  the  southeast  extremity  of  an  island  of  the 
game  name,  and  contains  a  court-house,  two  churches,  a  school  of  the 
American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  a  Roman  Catholic  missionary 
school,  a  branch  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  500  inhabitants.  Fort 
Mackinac  stands  on  a  rocky  eminence,  150  feet  immediately  above  the 
village,  which  it  commands.  The  harbor  is  safe  and  spacious,  capable  of 
accommodating  150  vessels.  Over  3,000  barrels  of  trout  and  white-fish 
are  annually  exported,  and  it  is  the  seat  of  an  extensive  fur-trade.  (See 
route  203.) 

GRAND  HAVEN  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Grand  river,  at  its  en 
trance  into  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  eas> 
shore  of  the  lake,  and  contains  a  court-house,  two  churches,  an  academy 
and  about  700  inhabitants.  (See  route  548.) 

SAULT  DK  ST.  MARIE  is  situated  on  a  pleasant  elevation  on  the  right 
bank  of  St.  Mary's  strait,  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  and  contains  a  court- 
house, 3  churches,  Fort  Brady,  the  trading  house  of  the  American  Fur 
Company,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  Vessels  come  up  to  the  foot  of 
the  rapids. 


200 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


ILLINOIS  lies   between  3?^  and  4-2°  30'  N.  lat., 
\  and  between  87°  17'  and  91°  5(X  W.  Ion.    It  is  350 
miles  long  and  180  broud,  containing  50,000  square 
'  miles.     Population  in  1840,  476,183. 

The  surface  of  the  state  is  generally  level.  It  has 
no  mountains,  though  the  northern  and  southern 
parts  are  hilly  and  broken.  The  portion  of  the  state 
south  of  a  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Kaskaskia,  is  generally  covered  with 
timber,  but  north  of  this  the  prairie  country  predominates.  The  eye 
sometimes  wanders  over  immense  plains  covered  with  grass,  with  no 
other  boundary  of  its  vision  but  the  distant  horizon,  though  the  view  is 
often  broken  by  occasional  woodlands.  The  dry  prairies  are  generally 
from  30  to  100  feet  higher  than  the  bottom-lands  on  the  rivers,  and  very 
fertile.  A  range  of  bluffs  commences  on  the  margin  of  the  Mississippi,  a 
short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and  extends  north  beyond 
the  Des  Moines  rapids,  sometimes  rising  abruptly  from  the  water's  edge, 
but  generally  a  few  miles  distant  from  it,  leaving  between  the  bluffs  and 
the  river  a  strip  of  alluvial  formation  of  inexhaustible  fertility.  The 
banks  of  the  Illinois  and  Kaskaskia,  in  some  places,  present  sublime  and 
picturesque  scenery. 

The  Illinois  is  the  largest  river  in  the  stale.  Fox  and  Des  Flames 
rivers,  its  two  largest  branches  from  the  north,  rise  in  Wisconsin,  and, 
with  Kankakee  river  from  Indiana,  form  the  Illinois,  which,  after  a  course 
of  400  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi,  twenty  miles  above  the  Missouri.  It 
is  navigable  a  distance  of  about  250  miles.  Rock  river  rises  in  Wisconsin, 
and  after  a  course  of  300  miles,  mostly  in  Illinois,  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  Kaskaskia  rises  near  the  middle  of  the  state,  and  after  a 
southwesterly  course  of  250  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  63  miles  below 
the  Missouri.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  150  miles.  The  Wabash  forms  a 
part  of  the  east  boundary.  The  Little  Wabash,  after  a  course  of  130 
miles,  enters  the  Wabash  a  little  above  its  junction  with  the  Ohio. 
Peoria  lake,  through  which  the  Illinois  river  flows,  about  150  milea 
from  its  mouth,  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  twenty  miles  long  and  two 
broad. 

The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  four  years,  but  is  eligible  only 
four  years  in  eight.  A  lieutenant-governor  is  elected  at  the  same  time, 
who  is  president  of  the  senate,  and  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation, 
or  absence  of  the  governor,  discharges  his  duties.  The  senators  are 
elected  for  four,  and  the  representatives  for  two  years.  The  repre- 
sentatives can  never  be  less  than  27,  nor  more  than  36,  until  the  in- 
habitants exceed  100,000.  The  number  of  senators  can  never  be  Jess 
than  one-third,  nor  more  than  one-half  the  number  of  representatives. 
The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed  by  the  joint-ballot  of  both 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


201 


houses  of  the  legislature,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior. 
The  right  of  suffrage  is  universal.  All  white  male  inhabitants,  21  years  of 
age,  who  have  resided  within  the  state  six  months  preceding  an  election, 
have  the  right  to  vote. 

Ths  literary  institutions  are :  Illinois  College,  at  Jacksonville,  founded 
in  18-29 ;  Shurtleff  College,  (Baptist,)  in  Upper  Alton,  in  1835 ;  McKen- 
dree  College,  (Methodist,)  in  Lebanon,  in  1834;  McDonough  College,  at 
Macomb,  in  1837.  There  are  in  the  state  50  academies  and  1,300  common 
schools. 

Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state  in  1818. 

SPRINGFIELD,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  95  miles  from  St. 
Louis,  and  near  the  centre  of  the  state.  It  lies  four  miles  south  of 
Sangamon  river,  on  the  border  of  a  rich  and  beautiful  prairie.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1822,  and  in  1823  contained  but  30  families,  living  in  log  cabins. 
It  now  contains  a  state-house — an  elegant  edifice — a  court-house,  a 
market-house,  a  bank,  a  United  States  Land-office,  eight  churches,  three 
high  schools,  several  extensive  manufactories,  and  4,005  inhabitants. 
Cars  leave  daily  for  Meredosia — thence,  in  stages  to  Quincy.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  St.  Louis,  and  for  Chicago  via  Peoria  and  Ottawa  ;  three 
times  a  week  for  La  Fayette,  la. ;  for  Terre  Haute  ;  for  Shawneetown 
via  Vandalin.  and  Salem  ;  for  Burlington,  Io.,  via  Rushville  ;  for  Lewis- 
town  ;  and  for  Bloomington. 

JACKSONVILLE  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  in  the  midst  of  a  delight, 
fill  prairie,  which  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  33  miles  from  Springfield. 
It  contains  a  spacious  court-house,  a  market-house,  a  lyceum,  a  Me- 
chanics' Association,  two  academies,  seven  churches,  several  manufac- 
tories, and  2,500 
inhabitants.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Illinois 
College,  founded 
in  1829,  which  has 
a  president,  and, 
in  its  academica^ 
and  medical  de- 
partments, 8  pro- 
fessors and  96  stu- 
dents. There  are  2,500  volumes  in  its  libraries,  and  it  has  a  very  com- 
plete philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus.  The  commencement  is  on 
the  last  Thursday  in  June.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Springfield  and  for 
Meredosia. 

ALTON  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Mississippi  river,  two  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  Missouri  river,  21  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Illinois  river, 
and  twenty  miles  from  St.  Louis.  It  is  regularly  and  handsomely  laid 
out,  and  contains  a  bank,  a  lyceum,  a  Mechanics'  Association,  six 
churches,  a  number  of  schools,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  As  a  com- 
mercial city  its  advantages  are  very  great.  It  has  the  best  landing  for 
steamboats  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  A  flat  rock,  level  with 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  forms  an  excellent  natural  wharf.  Timber, 
freestone,  limestone,  and  bituminous  coal  exist  in  great  abundance  near 
the  town.  Steamboats  ply  to  St.  Louis  and  to  all  the  principal  ports 
on  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Missouri  rivers.  (See  routes 
JVos.  594.  620,  621,  and  622.)  Stages  leave  for  Vincennes  via  Carlylc  ; 
and  for  Jacksonville. 

KASKASKIA  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Kaskaskia  river,  142  miles 
9* 


202 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


from  Springfield,  and  seven  from  ita  junction  with  the  Mississippi.  It  hat 
a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land- office,  a  church,  a  nunnery  and 
female  boarding-school,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French  about  Itj83,  and  its  inhabitants  are  now  mostly  of  French  descent. 
(See  route  621.)  Stages  leave  fur  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and.  fur  Vincennes, 
la.,  via  Salem. 

SHAWNEKTOWN  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  ten  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Wabnsh  river,  and  195  from  Springfield.  The 
bank  of  the  river  haa  a  gradual  ascent,  hut  not  sufficient  to  prevent  inun- 
dation in  extreme  high  floods.  The  town  haa  a  bank,  a  United  States  Land- 
office,  two  churches,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  It  wa?  laid  out  in  1814.  and 
is  one  of  the  most  commercial  places  in  southern  Illinois.  Stages  leave  3 
times  a  week  for  fincennes,  la. ;  for  Springfield  via  Salem ;  for  St. 
Louis,  Mo. ;  and  for  Cape  Oirardeau. 

VANDALIA,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  Kaskaskia  river.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  streets  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States 
Land-office,  two  churches,  several  manufacturing  establishments,  and 
800  inhabitants.  The  national  road  extends  to  this  place.  Stages  lenne 
d  lily  for  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  for  Terre  Haute,  la. ;  3  times  a  week  fur 
Sprinpfield  ;  and  also  for  Shawneetown. 

PKORIA  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Illinois  river,  at  the 
outlet  of  Peoria  lake,  and  70  miles  from  Springfield.  The  first  bank  of 
the  river  gradually  rises  from  six  to  twelve  feet  above  high-water  mark, 
and  extends  back  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  river  to  the  second  bank, 
where  it  rises  five  or  six  feet,  forming  a  terrace  extending  back  to  the 
bluffs,  which  are  from  60  to  100  feet  high,  by  a  steep  ascent,  and  present 
from  their  summit  an  extensive  and  beautiful  prospect.  The  town  con- 
tains a  court-house,  an  academy,  six  churches,  several  factories,  and 
1,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Chicago  via  Ottawa  ;  and  also 
for  St.  Louis  via  Springfield ;  three  times  a  week  for  Burlington,  la.  ; 
for  Galena  via  Dixon ;  for  Madison,  tVis.  ;  and  for  Indianapolis* 
Steamboats  on  the  Illinois  river.  (See  route  594.) 


CHICAGO  is  situated  on  the  SW.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  head 
of  lake  navigation.  The  city  is  built  on  a  level  prairie,  handsomely  ele- 
vated above  the  water,  and  lies  on  both  sides  of  Chicago  river,  between 
the  junction  of  the  north  and  south  branches,  and  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
from  its  entrance  into  the  lake.  By  the  construction  of  piers,  an 
artificial  harbor  has  been  made  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  city  con- 
tains the  county  buildings,  a  United  States  Land-office,  eight  churches, 
an  academy,  and  11,000  inhabitants.  Back  of  the  town,  for  three  or  four 
miles,  is  a  fine,  elevated,  and  fertile  prairie,  and  to  the  north,  along  the 
lake  shore,  are  extensive  bodies  of  fine  timber.  Numerous  steamboats 
and  vessels  ply  between  this  place  and  Buffalo,  and  the  intermediate 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI* 


plncrw   on   tho    npprr    l;iK,  ••;.      If    i*    rnltniralilj   -i(n:il<.l    f.'i 

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J\li/triinltt'r.  \r. 

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jusi  id,.,  x,  !(,,  iintniiici  ••!'  U.Tk  nv.  i.  rimlnim  n 
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lat.,  and  between  wr  .....I  !>,-  :io  \\     i t  i*  987 

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UttCt  of  I"W    m.'irHliv    .-..nniiv.  :,!.,. im.l.iijJ!    ill  Idkod,   fttld    liolllr    I,,    inniiiln 

tl.MI.        |l:irk    «•«'   Illl-s   II      l.lllV     .-.MIIlllV     .   xlru.h     ir       I:,,      M         III-       (),(,»,-      iu.-r. 

Thin  M-  li. .n  i-  n.  li  in  iiiiiii-i!il-i.  Tin.  I,M,|  i,Tion  ,-ov,  i-.  .-MI  MUM  oT  n,,.,.- 
tlmn  :«,<>(l(l  Mijunri!  mil.  .  In  Si  rnn.-iv  riMinly  IM  tin-  rt'lrlirnlfd  "lion 
Moiintiiin."  ,-l.-xMl.,l  :ill(l  I,, -i  nliox.  Ilin  mirrniiniliiiK  pluin.  mid  IN  n  miln 
nml  n  luillM.  I,,-H  it  .xuiimnl.  mill  IIIIN  H(J  p.  t  ,-,  nl  of  il  m:r  |Mirn  Iron,  PlV« 

mil.    .li  i.-ini  i    tin  IM. .i  KIM.I..  :«nif.  .t  i, !••!,.  mi, i  XMIII  n bane  a  mile  and  a 
n  ,  m-nmii  MM.-,-,  oi  ii.<-  -mi.  -t"<"    <>f  > idi  ore.    Between  th« OuBft 


204 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


and  Missouri  rivers,  is  a  tract  of  country  very  fertile  and  agreeably  diver- 
sified with  woodland  and  prairie,  and  abounding  with  coal,  salt,  &c. 
The  country  north  of  the  Missouri  is  emphatically  "the  garden  of  the 
West."  There  is  no  part  of  the  world  where  a  greater  extent  of  country 
can  be  traversed  more  easily,  when  in  its  natural  state.  The  surface  is 
for  the  most  part  delightfully  undulating,  and  variegated,  sometimes 
rising  into  picturesque  hills,  then  stretching  away  into  a  sea  of  prairie,  oc- 
casionally interspersed  with  shady  groves  and  shining  streams. 

The  Mississippi  winds  along  the  entire  eastern  boundary  of  the  state,  for 
a  distance  of  400  miles,  and  receives  in  its  course  the  waters  of  the  Great 
Missouri,  which,  indeed,  deserves  to  be  regarded  as  the  main  stream. 
Through  the  central  and  richest  part  of  the  state,  the  Missouri  rolls  its  im- 
mense volume  of  water,  being  navigable  four  or  five  months  of  the  year 
for  steamboats,  1,800  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi.  The 
La  Mine,  Osage,  and  Gasconade  on  the  south,  and  the  Grand  and 
Chariton  on  the  north  side,  are  navigable  tributaries  of  the  Missouri. 
Maramec  river  runs  through  the  mineral  districts  is  a  navigable  stream, 
and  enters  the  Mississippi  eighteen  miles  below  St.  Louis.  Salt  river, 
which  is  also  navigable,  enters  the  Mississippi  85  miles  above  the  Mis- 
souri. The  White  and  St.  Francis  drain  the  southeast,  and  the  tributaries 
of  Neosho,  the  southwest  part  of  the  state. 

The  constitution  of  the  state  was  formed  in  1820.  The  governor 
is  elected  by  the  people  for  four  years,  but  is  ineligible  for  the  next  suc- 
ceeding four  years.  A  lieutenant-governor  is  chosen  at  the  same  time, 
and  for  the  same  term,  who  is  president  of  the  senate.  Every  county  is 
entitled  to  send  one  representative,  but  the  whole  number  can  never 
exceed  100.  The  senators  are  elected  every  four  years,  one-half  retiring 
every  second  year ;  and  their  number  can  never  be  less  than  14,  nor  more 
than  33,  chosen  by  districts,  and  apportioned  according  to  the  number  of 
free  white  inhabitants.  The  elections  for  senators  and  representatives  are 
held  biennially  in  August.  The  legislature  meets  once'in  two  years  in  the 
month  of  November,  at  Jefferson  City.  Every  white  male  citizen  over 
21  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  one  year  in  the  state,  and  three  months 
in  the  county  in  which  he  offers  his  vote,  has  the  right  of  suffrage.  The 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  chancellor  are  appointed  by  the  gov- 
enor,  with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behavior,  or  until  65  years  of  age. 

The  literary  institutions  are  as  follows :  The  University  of  St.  Louis,  at 
St.  Louis  ;  St.  Mary's  College,  at  Cape  Girardeau  ;  Kemper  College,  near 
St.  Louis ;  Masonic  College,  near  Palmyra  ;  Missouri  University,  at  Co* 
lumbia  ;  St.  Charles  College,  at  St.  Charles ;  and  Fayette  College,  at 
Fayette.  There  are  in  the  state  50  academies  and  650  schools. 

Missouri  was  originally  a  part  of  Louisiana,  which  was  purchased  from 
France  in  1803.  It  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent 
state  in  1821. 

JEFFERSON  CITY,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  Missouri  river,  on  elevated  and  uneven  ground,  128  miles  from  St. 
Louis.  It  contains  a  state-house,  a  governor's  house,  which  is  large  arid 
elegant,  a  state  penitentiary,  an  academy,  250  dwellings,  and  about  1,500 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis  :  three  times  a  week  for 
Caledonia  ;  for  Springfield  via  Warsaw  ;  for  Independence  via  Booneville, 
I,exington,  $-c.  (For  steamboat  routes,  see  620.) 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


205 


ST.  Louis  is  situated  on  the  right 
tank  of  the  Mississippi,  18  miles  below 
the  junction  of  the  Missouri.  It  is  in  38"  37'  28"  N.  lat.,  and  90°  15'  39" 
W.  Ion.  Population  in  1845,  35,000. — Its  situation  is  pleasant  and 
healthy  ;  standing  on  a  limestone  bluff.  The  ground  rises  gradually  from 
the  first  to  the  second  bank  of  the  river ;  and  on  the  second  bank,  which 
is  about  forty  feet  higher  than  the  first,  the  city  is  chiefly  built.  Viewed 
from  the  opposite  shore,  or  as  it  is  approached  from  the  river,  it  presents 
a  beautiful  nppearance.  The  compact  part  of  the  city  extends  about  one 
and  a  half  miles  along  the  river,  with  suburbs  to  the  north  and  east, 
making  its  whole  extent  five  miles.  It  is  elegantly  built,  the  more  recent 
houses  being  constructed  of  brick,  others  of  stone,  and  some  have 
spacious  and  beautiful  gardens  attached  to  them. 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  City-hall  and  the  Catholic  Cathe- 
dral are  the  most  noticeable.  The  Cathedral  is  one  hundred  and 
thirty-six  feet  long  and  eighty-four  wide,  with  walls  forty  feet  high.  The 
front  is  58  feet  high,  and  rising  above  this  is  a  tower  with  a  spire  terminating 
in  a  gilt  cross.  The  steeple  contains  a  peal  of  six  bells,  the  largest  of 
2,600  pounds  weight.  There  are  also  in  the  city  a  United  States  Land- 
office,  an  elegant  theatre,  a  concert-hall,  a  bank,  six  insurance  com- 
panies, and  a  United  States  Arsenal. 

There  are  several  literary  and  benevolent  institutions  in  the  city 
The  St.  Louis  University, 
under  the  direction  of  the 
Roman  Catholics,  has  15 
instructors,  130  students,  and  ^ 
7,900  volumes  in  its  libraries,  i 
It  has  a  spacious  building  in 
ilic  city.  The  commence-  ] 
ment  is  on  the  15th  of  July.  * 
Keniper  College,  which  is  "i 
under  the  direction  of  the 
Episcopalians,  is  five  miles  distant  from  the  city,  on  a  beautiful  eminence ; 
the  buildings  are  of  brick.  The  principal  edifice  is  a  building  70  feet  long 
and  four  stories  high,  with  wings  of  equal  length,  three  stories  high.  It 
has  nine  professors  or  other  instructors,  and  about  4,000  volumes  in  its 
libraries.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  of  July.  It  has  a 
medical  department,  and  a  building  within  the  city  where  lectures  are 
delivered  during  the  winter.  There  are  two  medical  schools,  the  one 
attached  to  the  St.  Louis  University,  the  other  to  the  State  University; 
the  former  has  56,  the  latter  80  pupils.  Lectures  in  both  these  schools 
commence  on  the  first  Monday  of  November  and  terminate  on  the  last  of 
February.  They  have  spacious  buildings  for  lecture-rooms,  laboratories, 
&c.  The  Western  Academy  of  Sciences  has  an  extensive  museum  of 


206  STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 

natural  history  and  mineralogy.  There  is  also  a  museum  of  Indian 
curiosities,  antiquities,  fossil  remains,  &c.  The  Convent  of  the  Sucred 
Heart  is  an  institution  of  nuns,  for  conducting  female  education.  The 
Protestant  ladies  conduct  an  orphan  asylum,  and  there  are  three  orphan 
asylums  conducted  by  Roman  Catholics.  A  female  asylum  is  attached 
to  the  Convent  of  the  Sucred  Heart.  The  Jefferson  Barracks  are  eleven 
miles  below  the  city.  In  the  north  part  of  the  city  there  are  two  tumuli, 
or  mounds,  on  the  lower  of  which  the  city  has  constructed  a  reservoir, 
into  which  water  is  raised  by  steam-power  from  the  river,  and  conveyed 
through  iron  pipes,  affording  a  supply  to  the  citizens. 

The  city  was  first  settled  in  1664,  by  a  company  of  merchant  traders. 
It  is  most  favorably  situated  for  commerce,  and  is  destined  to  be  one  of 
the  principal  cities  of  the  west.  Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily 
for  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  Wheeling \  Pittsburg,  &cc.,  on  the  Ohio  river ; 
New  Orleans  and  the  intermediate  places  on  the  Lower  Mississippi  ;  Fort 
Snellivg  and  the  intermediate  places  on  the  Upper  Mississippi;  and 
also  the  principal  places  on  the  Missouri  river.  (See  routes  620—622.) 
Stages  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  Cincinnati  via  Terre  Haute, 
Indianapolis,  &rc. ;  for  Louisville  via  Vincennes,  New  Albany,  $-c. ; 
for  Chicago  via  Springfield,  Peoria,  Ottowa,  &c.  ;  for  Fort  Leaven- 
worth  via  St..  Charles,  Columbia,  Glasgow,  and  Liberty  ;  3  times  a  week 
for  Shawneetown,  III.;  for  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  via  Caledonia,  &c.  ;  for 
New  Madrid  via  Cape  Oirardeau  ;  for  Independence  via  Jefferson  City, 
Booneville,  Lexington,  &rc.;  for  Burlington,  Io.,  via  St.  Charles, 
Bowling  Green,  Palmyra,  &rc. ;  for  Van  Buren,  Ark.,  via  Caledonia, 
Steeleville,  Springfield,  and  Fayetteville,  Ark. 

ST.  CHARLES  lies  twenty  miles  northwest  from  St.  Louis.  It  is  built 
on  an  elevated  and  handsome  situation  on  the  left  bank  of  Missouri  river. 
The  shore  is  here  rocky,  the  alluvial  land  commencing  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  town.  The  town  extends  one  and  a  hulf  miles  along  the  river,  and 
contains  a  court-house,  a  brick  market-house,  two  churches,  a  nunnery, 
and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  St.  Charles  College,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Methodists,  is  located  here.  It  was  founded  in  1839,  and  has  a  presi- 
dent, three  professors,  and  about  104  students.  The  Missouri  river  is 
here  crossed  by  a  ferry.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis  and  for 
Jefferson  City  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Burlington,  Io.t  via  New  London, 
Palmyra,  «$-c. 

PALMYRA  lies  eight  miles  from  Missouri  river,  and  129  miles  from  St. 
Louis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  three  handsome  brick  churches,  a 
United  States  Land-office,  and  above  800  inhabitants.  Masonic  College, 
twelve  miles  from  Palmyra,  was  founded  in  1831.  It  has  a  president,  four 
professors,  and  45  students.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday 
in  September.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  St.  Louis,  and  for 
Burlington,  Io. 

FULTON  is  situated  on  Riviere  au  Vases,  12  miles  north  of  Missouri 
river,  and  twenty-two  miles  northeast  from  Jefferson  City.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  two  churches,  two  academies,  and  500  inhabitants.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  St.  Louis  ;  for  Fort  Leavenworth  ;  and  for  Jefferson  City. 

COLUMBIA,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  Missouri  river,  contains  a  court- 
house and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the  seat  of  Missouri  University, 
founded  in  1840,  which  has  a  president,  3  professors,  and  45  students. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis. 

BOONEVILLE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Missouri  river,  173  miles 
from  St.  Louis.  Its  foundation  is  limestone  rock.  It  has  a  hand* 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI.  207 

Bomo  court-house,  three  churches,  two  academies,  and  1,200  inhabitants. 
Considerable  trade  is  carried  on  here  in  cattle  and  provisions.  (See  steam- 
boat route  622.)  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Jefferson  City  ;  for  In* 
dependence  ;  and  for  Columbia. 

GLASGOW,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  river,  172  mile* 
from  St.  Louis,  has  two  churches,  several  extensive  warehouses,  and  800 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis ;  and  for  Fort  Leaven- 
worth  ;  3  times  a  week  for  Hannibal.  (See  route  622.) 

INDEPENDENCE,  six  miles  south  of  Missouri  river  and  292  from 
St.  Louis,  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  the  starting  point  for  the  Santa 
Fe  traders,  who  obtain  here  many  of  their  supplies.  It  has  a  court- 
house and  about  500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for 
St.  Louis  via  Booneville,  Jefferson  City,  &t-c.  (See  routes  618  and  622.) 

LIBERTY  is  situated  three  miles  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  river, 
and  276  from  St.  Louis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  five  churches, 
two  academies,  and  1 ,500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis 
via  Glasgow,  Columbia,  Fulton,  &rc. ;  and  for  Fort  Leavenworth  ;  three 
times  a  week  for  St.  Joseph.  (See  steamboat  route  622.) 

ST.  JOSEPH,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  river,  478  miles 
from  St.  Louis,  has  several  extensive  warehouses  and  about  1,000  inhabi- 
tants. (See  steamboat  route  622.)  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week 
for  Liberty. 

SPRINGFIELD  is  situated  on  the  head  branches  of  James'  fork  of  Whito 
river,  258  miles  from  St.  Louis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  United 
States  Land-office,  2  churches,  and  500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times 
a  week  for  Jefferson  City ;  for  St.  Louis  via  Caledonia ;  and  for  Van 
Uurcn,  Ark. 

CAPE  GIRARDEAU  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river. 
132  miles  by  the  river  below  St.  Louis.  It  contains  about  500  inhabitants. 
It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Mary's  College,  founded  in  1830,  which  has  a 
president,  five  professors  or  other  instructors,  and  2,500  volumes  in  its 
library.  The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  August.  Stages 
leave  3  times  a  week  for  Jefferson  City  via  Fredericktown,  Caledonia,  and 
Sleeleville ;  and  for  New  Madrid.  (See  route  621.) 

NEW  MADRID  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  247 
miles  below  St.  Louis.  The  river  here  makes  a  bend,  and  its  bank  in 
somewhat  elevated,  but  is  being  undermined  by  the  current.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  a  church,  and  500  inhabitants.  (See  steamboat  route 
620.)  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Cape  Girardeau. 

HANNIBAL,  116  miles  north  from  St.  Louis,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  It  contains  a  church,  several  extensive  ware, 
houses  and  manufacturing  establishments,  and  800  inhabitants.  Stages 
leave  three  times  a  week  for  St.  Louis ;  for  Burlington,  lo. ;  and  for 
Glasgow.  (See  route  621.) 

POTOSI,  67  miles  from  St.  Louis,  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  one  of  the 
richest  mineral  regions  in  the  United  States,  abounding  with  lead,  iron, 
and  copper  ores.  It  has  a  court-house,  an  academy,  4  churches,  and  700 
inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  St.  Louis ;  for  Jefferson 
City;  and  for  Cape  Girardeau. 

LEXINGTON  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  river,  124  miles 
from  Jefferson  City.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States  Land- 
office,  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  1,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  three 
times  a  week  for  St.  Louis  via  Jefferson  City;  and  als9  for  /nek. 
pendence. 


208 


WISCONSIN* 


WISCONSIN  lies  between  42°  30'  and  49°  30'  N. 
'  lat.,  and  between  86°  50'  and  96°  W.  Ion.,  being  600 
liles  long  and  150  broad.     It  contains  about  90,01)0 
,  square  miles.  Its  population  in  1840  was  30,945 ;  in  1845, 
[  150,000. 

The  surveyed  part,  south  of  Green  bay,  Fox,  and 
j  Wisconsin  rivers,  is  composed  of  timbered  and  prairie- 
!  lands,  with  some  swamps  and  wet  prairies,  having  a 
vegetable  soil  from  one  to  ten  feet  deep.  North  of  the 
Wisconsin  river  commences  a  hilly  region,  swelling  as  it  proceeds  north 
into  a  mountainous  country,  with  a  rugged  and  broken  surface,  creating 
many  rapids  and  falls  in  the  streams,  and  affording  many  wild  and 
picturesque  views.  Near  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  is  an  elevated 
table-land  abounding  with  lakes  and  swamps ;  in  the  former  of  which  fish 
are  abundant,  while  wild  rice  grows  in  the  latter.  Bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Wisconsin  rivers,  the  soil  is  rich  and  the  land  generally 
heavily  timbered.— The  principal  rivers  are  the  Mississippi,  washing  its 
western  border ;  the  Wisconsin,  500  miles  long,  a  large  tributary  of  the 
Mississippi ;  the  Chippeway,  which  enters  the  Mississippi  further  north- 
west, and  is  a  large  river  ;  Rock  river,  which  rises  and  runs  partly  in  this 
state  ;  Neenah  or  Fox  river,  which  runs  so  near  the  Wisconsin,  that  at 
times  of  high  water  the  country  between  them  is  often  overflowed  and  can 
be  passed  in  boats.  The  Neenah  passes  through  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
enters  Green  bay  ;  though  obstructed  by  rapids,  it  is  navigable  for  boats  180 
miles. 

Wisconsin  was  organized  as  a  territorial  government  in  1836.  The 
governor  is  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  United  States,  with  the  ad. 
vice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  and  is  ex-officio  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs.  The  Legislative  Assembly  consists  of  a  council  of  13  members, 
elected  for  four  years,  and  a  house  of  representatives  of  26  members, 
elected  for  two  years. 

No  college  has  been  established  in  this  territory.  It  has  several  acad- 
emies and  100  common  schools. 

MADISON,  the  capital,  is  159  miles  from  Chicago,  and  beautifully  situa. 
ted  on  a  peninsula  between  two  lakes,  on  a  gentle  swell  of  ground  from 
which  there  is  a  regular  descent  each  way  to  the  water.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  with  a  large  central  square,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  the  State 
House,  a  spacious  stone  edifice  with  a  handsome  dome  The  town  has 
several  places  of  worship  and  500  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  three  timts  a 
week  for  Milwaukee ;  for  Rockfordt  III. ;  for  Galena  ;  and  for  Fbrt 
Winnebago. 

MILWAUKEE  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Milwaukee  river,  near  its  on. 
trance  into  Lake  Michigan,  97  miles  from  Chicago.  It  contains  a 


STATE  OF  IOWA. 


209 


court  house,  a  United  States  Land-office,  eight  churches,  and  7,500  in- 
habitants.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  has  an  extensive  water-power,  and 
is  rapidly  growing  into  commercial  importance.  Steamboats  ply  con- 
stantly beticten  it  and  Chicago,  Buffalo,  and  the  intermediate  places. 
(See  route  548.)  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Chicago,  III.,  and  for 
Madison. 

PRAIRIK  DU  CHIEN  is  situated  on  the  east  hank  of  Mississippi  river, 
four  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Wisconsin  river  and  248  miles  below 
the  falls  of  St.  Anthony.  The  prairie  is  ten  miles  long  and  three  wide. 
The  village  contains  a  court-house,  three  churches,  an  academy,  and 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  Numerous  mounds  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  are 
to  be  found  in  the  vicinity.  Fort  Crawford,  a  United  States  military  post, 
is  situated  a  little  south  of  the  village.  (For  steamboat  route  see  621.) 
Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Galena. 


IOWA  is  situated  between  41T  30'  and  4.r  JO'  i\.  lat., 
and  between  90°  20* and  96"  50'  W.  Ion.     It  is  about 
256  miles  long,  and  its  mean  breadth  198  miles  con- 
I  mining    50,600    square    miles.      Population   in   1844, 
78,819. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  moderately  uneven,  with- 

Jout  any  mountains  or  high  hills.  There  is  a  tract  of 
elevated  table-land,  which  extends  through  a  con- 
siderable  part  of  the  territory,  dividing  the  waters 
which  fall  into  the  Mississippi,  from  those  which  fall  into  the  Missouri. 
The  margins  of  the  rivers  and  creeks,  extending  back  from  one  to  ten 
miles,  are  generally  covered  with  timber,  while  beyond  this  the  country  ia 
an  open  prairie  without  trees :  by  the  frequent  alternations  of  these  two 
descriptions  of  land,  the  country  is  greatly  diversified.  The  prairies 
cover  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  surface  of  the  territory,  and,  although 
they  are  destitute  of  trees,  present  a  great  variety  of  aspect.  Some  have 
a  level  and  others  a  rolling  surface  ;  some^ire  covered  with  a  rich  coat  of 
grass,  well  suited  for  grazing  ;  in  others  this  is  interspersed  with  hazel 
thickets,  and  sassafras  shrubs,  and  in  season  superbly  decorated  with 
flowers.  The  soil,  both  on  the  bottom  and  prairie  land,  is  generally  good, 
consisting  of  a  deep  black  mould,  intermingled,  in  the  prairies,  with  sandy 
loam,  and  sometimes  with  red  clay  and  gravel. 

The  Mississippi  borders  this  territory  for  its  whole  length  on  the  east, 
and  is  navigable  in  time  of  high  water  for  steamboats  to  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Peter's.  The  Des  Moines  river  runs  in  the  southern  part  of  the  territory, 
and,  forming  a  part  of  the  southwest  boundary,  enters  the  Mississippi. 
In  high  water  it  is  navigable  for  steamboats  100  miles,  and  for  keel.boutx 


210  STATE  OF  IOWA. 

at  all  times.  Checauque  or  Skunk  river,  after  a  course  of  150  miles,  enters 
the  Mississippi.  Iowa  river  is  300  miles  long,  and  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats 12  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi,  and  for  keel-boats  to 
Iowa  city.  Red  Cedar  river,  the  main  branch  of  Iowa,  is  navigable  for 
keel-boats,  in  high  water,  100  miles  above  its  junction.  The  Wapsipinecon 
has  a  winding  and  rapid  course  200  miles,  to  its  entrance  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  Makoqueta  bounds  the  mineral  region  on  the  south,  and 
enters  the  Mississippi,  furnishing  in  its  course  the  best  water-power  in  the 
territory.  Turkey  river,  after  a  course  of  150  miles,  enters  the  Mis- 
eissippi.  It  is  not  navigable.  Sioux  river  enters  the  Missouri,  and  forma 
part  of  the  west  boundary. 

The  governor  is  elected  for  four  years.  He  must  be  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  and  have  resided  for  two  years  next  preceding  his  election 
•within  the  state,  and  have  attained  the  age  of  30  years.  The  legislative 
authority  is  vested  in  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives  which  meet 
biennially  on  the  first  Monday  in  January.  Representatives  are  chosen  for  2 
years ;  they  must  be  free  white  citizens  of  theUnited  States,  and  have  attained 
the  age  of  21  years, — have  resided  within  the  state  one  year  next  preceding 
the  election,  and  thirty  days  within  the  county  or  district  for  which  they 
may  be  elected.  Senators  are  chosen  for  four  years,  at  the  same  time 
of  electing  representatives.  They  must  be  25  years  of  age,  and  possess 
the  qualifications  of  representatives.  The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a 
supreme  court,  district  courts,  and  such  other  inferior  courts  as  the 
legislature  may  establish.  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  elected  by 
the  legislature,  and  hold  their  office  for  six  years.— Every  white  male 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  21  years  of  age,  who  shall  have  resided 
within  the  state  six  months  next  preceding  the  election,  and  20  days  in  the 
county  in  which  he  claims  to  vote,  enjoys  the  right  of  suffrage. 

The  University  of  Iowa,  at  Mount  Pleasant,  in  Henry  county,  has  been 
chartered.  Seven  academies  have  been  incorporated,  and  there  are  about 
100  common  schools. 

IOWA  CITY,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  thirty-one  miles  from 
Bloomington,  on  the  left  bank  of  Iowa  river,  which  is  navigable  to 
this  place.  The  situation  is  dry  and  pleasant.  It  contains  a  state-house, 
court-house,  several  churches,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  The  Capitol 
is  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order  of  architecture,  and  has  a  dome  supported 
by  22  Corinthian  columns.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Burlington  ; 
and  for  Rock  Island,  III. 

BURLINGTON  is  handsomely  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  222  miles  above  St.  Louis.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills,  to 
which  the  ground  rises  by  a  gentle  acclivity.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and 
has  a  court-house,  several  commodious  churches,  a  United  States  Land- 
office,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  St. 
Louis ;  and  for  Dubuque  via  Bloomington.  Steamboats  ply  to  all  the 
principal  places  on  the  Mississippi  river.  (See  route  621.) 

DOBUQUE  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Mississippi  river,  426 
miles  above  St.  Louis,  and  306  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  It 
is  built  on  a  table  area,  or  terrace,  which  extends  along  the  river  for 
several  miles.  It  contains  a  United  States  Land-office,  five  churches, 
a  bank,  an  academy,  a  lyceum,  and  1,500  inhabitants.  Lead  ore  is 
found  in  abundance  here,  and  for  miles  around  on  every  side.  Steam- 
boats ply  to  all  the  principal  places  on  the  Mississippi.  (See  route  621.) 
Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Galena ;  and  for  Burlington  via  Daven- 
port and  Bloomington. 


RAILROAD,  STAGE,  AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTES, 

THROUGH 

THE   WESTERN   STATES. 


TO  KNOXVILLE 
To  Nicholasville 
Burnt '" 


t  Tavern 
Lancaster 
Stanford 
Mt.  Vernon 


12  Crittenden 
04  Florence. . 


own  
istown  ... 
en  

4' 

3:. 

II 

12 

47 
56 

Mt.  Zion  

SHAWNEETOWN, 

1C, 

I 

74 

83 

84 

(506)  FR'M  LEXIN 
TO  SMITHLAN] 

on  

fATI  

an.  v  union 6oootf~m,v,     T  To  Nicholasville  . 

London  191  82  ^(J6)  rR  M  .LEXINGTON  ohawnee  Run 

Lynn  Camp '.'.'.'.'.'.  13i  95  !       To  MADISON,  la.      j  Harrodsburg 

sr»  .  K.  -~u__  m    -»T        •>.  ,    ,  jo  Perryville 


Barboursville 12107  To  Versailles ,    ,  ^  T    -.- 

Cumberland  Ford  16  123   Frankfort 12  24  Lebanon.     

Cumberland  Gap  15  138  Laputa 10  34  £ewm.nr.ket..-, 

Tazewell 12  150  Newcastle 15  49  Campbellsyi 

Beai 


.........  ........ 

ns'  Station  ...12162  Campbellsburg... 


...  ...    ___  ... 

Rutledge  .........  \  9171   Bedford  ..........  10  65  £1,onr(°,e-r-  •••  ..... 

Blam'sX  Roads..  14185  Milton  ............  11   76   Blue  Spring  Grove 

KNOXVILLE  ......  i!9204  [MADISON  .........  I  11  77  S^ASG<)W.  ........ 


.Three  Forks .'.'.'.'.'. 
(501)  FR'M  LEXINGTON  (504)  FR'M  LEXINGTON' ^grippmg  Spring.. 


TO  WHEELING,  Va. 

To  Moreland , 

7  15 


Millersburg 

Forest  Retreat.... 
Lower  Blue  Lick. 

May's  Lick 

Washington 

MAYSVILLE 

Aberdeen 

West  Union..... 

Dunbarton 

Locust  Grove  . . . 
Sinking  Spring.. 

Cynthiana 

Bainbridee 

Bourneville 

Chillicothe 

Kingston 

Tarlton. 


8  23 'To  Versailles 

6  29  Frankfort 

8  37  Bridgeport 

12  49  'Hardinsville 

8  57|  Clay  Village 

4   61   Shelby  ville 

1  62  Simpson ville 

17  79  I  Long  Run 


TO  LOUISVILLE, 
1  Via  Frankfort. 


10  89  iMiddletown  ...... 

6  95!  LOUISVILLE  ...... 

6101! 


! Bowling  Green... 

8.  Union 

iRussellville 


41250 
71257 


12 
12  24 

7  31 
0  41 


12  Elkton 15 

24  Hopkins  ville 20 

~   Cerulean  Spring..  If 


17112 

"124 

134 


14156 


14184 


33  Princeton.. 


11)2 


41   Fredonia 14  259 

47   Salem 10269 

55  ;SMITHLAND 15284 

66  (507)  FR'M  LEXINGTON 
78  I    TO  COLUMBUS,  Ky. 


(505)  FR'M  LEXINGTON 


TO  SHAWNEETOWN. 


To  Louisville— 


10111 

5116 

11127  , 

13140       (see  No.  504)  ... 
10150  Salina 

9159  !  West  Point 

16175  IGarnettsville 

9184  Brandenburg 

8192   Hardinsburg 

10202  |Cloverport 


|  To  Hopkinsville— 


10212 


Lancaster 

Rushville 

Somerset 

Fultonham 

ZANESVILLE 

WHEELING— 

(see  No.  323)... 
(502)  FR'M  LEXINGTON 

TO  CINCINNATI,  O.  _  o  1M 1I10 

To  D jlphton I    I    8  iMorganfield 


Hawsville 

Yelvington 

Owensboro' 
Richland . 


Henderson .'.'_. ^ 

Smith's  Mills 12234   Glasgow 


(•Bellevue  . 

Cadiz 

78  Canton 

89  Aurora 

Wadesboro' 


8107  Mayfield 

11118  Milburn 

24142  COLUMBUS 

11 153 


219 
10229 
12241 


20290 
21311 

"1319 


9162  !(508)  FR'M  LEXINGTON 
21183  I  TO  NASHVILLE,  Tenn. 
10  193  To  Harrodsburg—  I 
12205!  (see  No.  £06)...  31 
™  Three  Springs....  75106 
17123 
25148 


12246,iScottsville.. 


212 


ROUTES  IN  KENTUCKY. 


Gallatin  ..........  331181'j  Woodsonville  ....  10 


..........  .... 

NASHVILLE  ......  201207  j!  Three  Forks  ......  11    96 

j!  Dripping  Spring..    8104 

(509)  FR'M  LEXINGTON  BOWLING  GREEN  14  118 
TO  KNOXVILLE.        (Franklin  .........  22140 


85 


Lancaster 8  32 

Stanford '  8  40 

Mt.  Vernon 23,  63 

London 19<  82 

Lynn  Camp 13^95 


Mansker's  Creek  . 

Pleasant  Hill 

NASHVILLE 

NATCHEZ— 


7183 


(see  No.  485)... 469 652; 


arboursville       .  12107  (513)  FR'M  LOUISVILLE' 
n    Ford  1   123 


TO  MAYSVILLE. 


. 

Cumberland  Ford  16  123  j 
Cumberland  Crap  lo  loo  i  ™    »*-,,,  . 
Tazeweil  .........  121-50  jT°  Middletown  . 


:  \  14  1&5  ? 


a 


TO  NATCHEZ ,  M iss.     1  i  Ver^ailfesR r. ! '. '. '. '.  12  66 

Via  Lexington,  Nash-   LEXINGTON 12  78 

vilLe,  &cc.  I  MAYSVILLE—        |    ' 

4      (see  No.  501)  ...  61 139 

*! 


To  Washington  .  . 
May's  Lick  ...... 

Lower  Blue  Lick. 
Forest  Retreat  ____ 


Millersburg  ....... 


Paris 
Moreiand 
LEXINGTON 
Nicholasville 
Shiwnee  Run 

Ul.rr,  rl-hnrtr 


,§!  J2  '(513)  FR'M  LOUISVILLE 
'*:  ^  j    TO  COLUMBUS,  Ky. 
6|  38  |To  Bowling  Green 


(515)  FR'M  LOUISVILLE 
TO  ST.  JOSEPH'S, 
Mich. 

To  Paoli— 
(see  No.  514).. 

Orleans. 


Spring  MilU '.'.'..'. 
Sinking  Spring.. 

Bedford 

Marysville , 

BLOOMINGTON ...  14  -_ 

Martinsville 21110 

INDIANAPOLIS  —  ilo  125 
ST.  JOSEPH— 

(see  No.  522  Jc! 

523) 174299 

(516)  FR'M  LOUISVILLE 
TO  MEMPHIS,  Tenn. 

To  NASHVILLE— 

(see  No.  511) . . . 
MEMPHIS — 

(see  No.  484)... 230  413 

(517)  FR'M  SMITHLAND 
TO  MAYS 


183 


LEBANON — , — 

Newmarket 1  6126 

Campbellsviile...  12;i3S 
Greensburg 12150 


(see  No.  511)  . 

S.  Union 

Russellville 

...  12  73  ;Elkton 

12i  85  HOPKINSVILLE. 
"i  7i  M-2  •  i  COLUMBUS— 
:'.J10;102      (see  No.  506)...  11 


.YSVILLE,  Ky. 

To  Salem |  15 

i  Fredonia 10  25 

Princeton. 14  39 

Cerulean  Spring  .  10  49 
118   HOPKINSVILLE...  16  65 

14132   Elkton 20  85 

14  146  !  Russellville 15 100 

15161  IS.  Union 14114 


Monroe 11161 

Three  Springs....    6  167 i  To  New  Albany.. 

Blue  Spring  Grove   4  171  Greenville 

GLASGOW 13184  Palmyra 

Lewis 12196  Fredericksburg. 

Srottsville 13209  Hardinsburg  ... 

State  Line 9218  jPaoli 

Gallatin 24242  Columbiaville.. 

.  10252  Mt.  Pleasant  ... 


)|l81  !  BOWLING  GRKEN14128 
Dripping  Spring..  14142 
Three  Forks... ...  8150 

.jGlasgow 10160 

(514)  FR'M  LOUISVILLE   Blue  Spring  Grove  13  173 
TO  ST.  Louis,         i  Three  Springs....    4177 
Via  New  Albany,  la.  &   Monroe, 




Greensowrg IJL 

'' 


Henderson  ville . 
Pleasant  Hill.... 

NASHVILLE 

NATCHEZ— 


I  Greensburg 

4!! Campbellsviile  ... 


i  Newmarket 

Lebani 


'  (aee  No.  485)... 469^737 

(511)  FR'M  LOUISVILLE 
TO  NATCHEZ, 
Via  Nashville. 

ToSalina 

West  Point 

Elt7.abethtown...l22  43 

Nolen 

Leesville 

Mumtbrdsville  ...   875 


7,268   Berry  ville [7,96 

VINCENNES 


Perry  ville 

34   HARRODSBURG  . 
4^5   Shawnee  Run... 

(M  !  Nicholasville 

74  i  LEXINGTON 

OQ  I  MAYSVILLE— 
1     (see  No.  501)  . . 


.  :18|242 
.  10  252 
.  7259 
.  121271 
.112283 

.I61344 


Olney — 

Maysville 25 


140          ™  X" 
165  To  Salem  . 


Cato 18  183  i  Fredonia 

SALEM 18  201    Princeton 

Carlyle '26 227   Cerulean  Spring 

Shoal  Creek 92&5  i  HOPKINSVILLE.. 

Aviston i  6242  Oak  Grove 

Lebanon Ill  253  Clarksville 

Rock  Spring '  4  257  •  Fredonia 


82»r,|Mt.  Henry'.'.'. 


I  15 

.0  25 

A>    OQ 


79 

12  91 
11102 
5107 


ST  Lons  .......  142/9  NASHVILLE !30137 


ROUTES  IN  INDIANA. 


213 


f5I9)  FROM  COLUMBUS 
TO  NASHVILLE. 

ToClinton I    |  12 

Feliciana 11  23 

Boydsville. 16 


Barren  Hill 113 


PARts.. 17 

Sandy  Hill 112 

Reynoldsburg |19 

Waverly !  9   - 

Btitson's 12111 

Charlotte 10  121 

Chesn  ut  Grove...  18139 
NASHVILLE 20159 

FROM    HICKMAN  TO 
NASHVILLE. 

To  Totten  Wells . 

Gardnersville 

Dresden 


Irvin's  Store 


.  24 

12  36 


Mt.  Holyoke 

PARIS 

NASHVILLE— 
(see  No.  519)...  100 160 

(520)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  COLUMBUS,  O. 


To  Cumberland.. 

Philadelphia 

Greenfield 

Charlottesville 

Knightstown  ....'. 

Ogden 

Lewisville 

Dublin 

Cambridge ,  _ 

CENTREVILLE  ...  10 
Richmond.. 


New  Westville,O.  6  79 

EATON 10  89 

W.  Alexander...    6  95 

Liberty 13jl08 

DAYTON 7i115 

Fairrield 

Enon 

SPRINGFIELD  ... 


.... 
Brighton  Centre.. 

La  Fuyette 

W.  Jefferson 

Alton 

COLUMBUS 


7133 
7140 


10150 
10160 
8168 
5173 
9182 


(521)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  GREENVILLE,  O. 

ToNoblesville... 

Strawtown 

Andersontown  ... 

Mill  Creek 

Yorktown 

Muncie 

Smithfield... 

Windsor 

Macksville 


Winchester 

Randolph 

GREENVILLE 


7 
14102 


522)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  MICHIGAN  CITY. 


To  Augusta 

Eagle  Village.... 
Northfield 


'sX  Roads... 
Michigantown  ... 

Middle  Fork 

Burlington 

arroll 


6  48 

5  53 

6  59 


LOGANSPORT  ....  13  72 

Metea 12  84 

Rochester Ill   „ 

_~ ,  icy 110  105 

Plymouth 8113 

Laporte 30J143 

MICHIGAN  CITY.. I  6149 

(523)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  ST.  JOSEPH'S, 
Mich. 

To  Plymouth—      I    | 
'see  No.  522)...      113 

./hitehall 14127 

I  10  SOUTH  BEND  ....  10137 

Niles,  Mich |12149 

Berrian  Springs  . .  [10 159 

_„   Royalton 12171 

33  ST.  JOSEPH'S  ....!  3174 


(524)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  LA  FAYETTE. 


To  Clermont 

Brownsburg 

Jamestown 

New  Ross 

Crawfordsville  . . . 

Wea 

LA  FAYETTE  — 


15  60 
13  73 


(525)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  PEORIA,  111. 


To  Crawfordsv 
(see  No.  524) 
Waynetown  .. 
Hillsboro' 
Cole's  Creek 
Covington.. 
Danville 
Union 
Urban  a 
Mahomet 
Santa  Anna..  . 
Leroy 

Bloomington  .. 
Wilkesboro' 
Mackinaw 
Trernont 
PEORIA 


iJle 


. .  20  106 
..14120 
...13133 
...14H47 
...10157 
...1151172 
...10182 
...  101192 
...I  7ll99 
...13212 


(526)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  SPRINGFIELD,  111. 

Via  Terre  Haute. 


To  Bridgeport 

Plainrield 

Belleville  

Stilesville 

Mt.  Meridian 

Putnamville 

Manhattan 

Harmony 

Van  Buren 

TERRE  HAUTE  .. 

Elbndge 

Paris 

Embarrass  Point. . 

Oakland 

Hermitage 

Livingston 

Decatur 

Mt.  Auburn 

Rochester 


ejif 

5   20. 


43 

4  46 
8  54 

7i  61 

12:    73 

111  84 

10  103 
7110 

18128 
16!144 

20164 
18182 

SPRINGFIELD  — 110204 


(527)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  ST.  Louis,  Mo. 

TOTERRE  HAUTE 

(see  No.  526)  ... 


Livingston,  111.... 
Marshall 


13  86 

41  90 


Martinsville 12102 

Casey 6108 

Greenup 10118 

Wood  bury 

Ewington 

Freemanton 

Howard's  Point.. 

Cumberland .. 

VANDALIA 

Mulberry  Grove  .. 

Greenville 

Hickory  Grove... 

Collinsville < 

ST.  Louis.. 


125 
18143 

5148 
9157 
7:164 
6170 
9179 
8187 
9196 
25221 
116237 


(528)  F'M  INDIANAPOLIS 
TO  LOUISVILLE,  Ky. 

Via  New  Albany. 

To  Martinsville  ..1 

Bloomington 21 

Marysville 14 


Bedford 

Sinking  Spring.. 

Spring  Mill 

Orleans 

PAOLI 

Hardinsburg  .... 
Fredericksburg. . 

Palmyra 

Greenville 

New  Albany  .... 
LOUISVILLE.... 


101 
8109 
12 121 
4125 


214 


ROUTES  IN  INDIANA. 


(529)  F'M  INDIANAF 
TO  FREDONIA. 

To  Paoli— 
(see  No.  528)  .  .  . 
Valerie                     ] 

OLIS 

79 
0  89 
5  94 
3107 

OLIS 

10 
0   20 
0   30 
LI   41 
pulis 

!}U 

7   55 

533)  F'M  INDIANA? 
TO  VEVAY. 

'o  Napoleon  — 
(see  No.  531)  .  .  . 
Versailles  1 

3LIS 
73 

0  81 
0  93; 
4   97 
8  105 
3108 

*  TO 

volis 

12 

8   20i 
8  28 
7  35 

W 
4  42 

1  53 

0  63 
0  73 
LO  83 

ILLE 

r, 

^erre 
te,Sr 

\  10 
20  30 
4  34 
8  42 
12  54 
15  69 
8  77 
12  89 
9  98 
8106 
7113 
7120 
9129 
6135 
10145 

^ 
518 

8180 
6186 
21*8 
5193 
8201 
11212 
7219 
422: 
7230 
6236 
3239 
5244 
7251 

(536)  F'M  EVANSV 
TO  CHICAGO,  I 
To  Covington— 
(see  No.  535)... 
DANVILLE,  III  '] 
North  Fork  

r, 

172 

2184 

12222 
12234 
28262 
6268 
102-  8 
20298 
53W 
8311 
4315 
61321 
4J325 
131338 

H  OF 
IVER 

1  29 
19  48 
32  80 
10  90 
2  92 
15107 
18125 
111136 
24  160 
16176 
11187 
24  211 
5216 
11227 
10237 
10  247 

16284 
13297 
13310 

IIGAN 
ATI, 

is. 

30  36 
8:  44 
10  54 
11  65 
12  77 
13  90 
6  96 
5ilOl 
6:107 
10117 
12129 
5134 
6140 
9149 

105254 

Proctorsville  
FRKDONIA  .3 

(530)  F'M  INDIANA! 
TO  MADISON. 

To  Greenwood... 
Franklin 

Jross  Plains  1 

Miltord  \ 

It.  Sterling  
VEVAY  

534)  F'M  MADISOI 
INDIANAPOLIS. 
Madison  fr  Indian  a 
Railroad. 
\>  Dupont  
Vernon  

Iroquois 

Julbonus  Grove.. 
Rockville              .: 

Wilmington  

Lockport.  .  .  . 

Edinburg  

Ues  Plains  ... 

Madison  fr  Indiana 
Railroad. 

^lag  Creek  , 

Clifty  1 
Eliznbethtown  ... 
gcinio   

Scipio  
Slizabethtown  ... 
Clifty.           .  .         4 

537)  FROM  Moui 
THE  WABASH  R 
TO  LA  FAYETTE 

Steamboat. 
To  Grand  Chain. 
Slew  Harmony  ... 
Coffee  Isl.  Rapids 
Mt  Carmel.  .     . 

Vernon....;  81  62 

8!  71 
12  83 

POLIS 
1, 

14  Z 
12  34 

6  40 
11   51 
10   61 
12  73 
6  79 

Edinbuf^*            1 

(531)  F'M  INDIANA 

TO  ClNCINNAT 

Via  Napoleon 
To  Bethel 

Franklin  1 

Jreenwood  
ND1ANAPOLIS  ] 

(535)  F'M  EVANSV 

TO  LOGANSPOR 

Via   Vincennes,  '. 
Haute,  La  Fayei 
Delphi. 
To  Sandersville  .. 
Princeton  
Patoka  

Grand  Rauids... 
St.  Francisville.  .. 
VINCENNES  
Russellville  

Pleasant  View  
Brandy  wine  
Shelby  ville  
St   Omar 

Merom    .  . 

York  

Greensburg  
NAPOLEON  

TERRE  HAUTE... 
Harrison  

Laugherty  

4  83 

7   90 

Dicksburg  
VINCENNES  

Montezuma  
Westporl  
Perry  ville  
Covington  
WILLIAM  SPORT.. 
La  Grunge  

Lawrenceburg  ... 
Elizabethtown.O. 
Cleves 

10100 
610b 
4110 
4114 
4118 
4122 

POLIS 
I, 

e. 

lo 

11   2b 
14   4 

7   4 
4   5 
6  5 

5i  b* 
7   tt 
7   7 
5  8 
6  8 

W.  Union  
Carlisle  
Merorn  

Dry  Ridge  

Furmim's  Creek.. 
Prairie  Creek  ! 
I'rairieton  
TERRE  HAUTE... 
Otter  Creek  
Clinton 

CINCINNATI  
(532)  F'M  INDIANA 

TO  ClNCINNAT 

Via  Brookvili 

To  Sugar  Creek.. 
Morristown  

LA  FAYETTE  

(538)  FROM  MICI 
CITY  TO  CINCINJ 
Via  Indianapot 
To  Laporte  

Highland  

Newport  

Perry  ville  

CoVINOTON  
Portland  

Sidney  

Rochester  
Metea  

gushville  
ew  Salem,  

Wllliamsport  
Attica  
Slmwnee  Prairie.. 
West  Point  

LOGANSPORT  
Carroll  
Burlington  

Andersonville  
laurel  
Metamora        .... 

Middle  Fork  
Michigantown  ... 
Kirk'sX  Roads.. 
Northlield  
Eagle  Village.... 
Augusta 

BROOKVILLE  — 
Cedar  Grove  
New  Trenton  
Harrison  O 

LA  FAYETTE  — 
Battle  Ground  
Americus  
DELPHI  .  . 

Clark's  Store  
Miami 

4  9 
4  9o 

Tiptonport  
Ijockport. 

INDIANAPOLIS 
CINCINNATI— 
(see  No.  532)... 

Cbeviot  

610 
410 

Amsterdam  

LOGANSI'ORT  .... 

CINCINNATI  

ROUTES  IN  MICHIGAN. 


215 


(539)  F'M  DETROIT 
PORT  HUKON. 
ToRoseville  ! 
Mt.  Clemenos  1 
New  Haven  
Columbus  il 

TO| 

L   18 
•1  25 
2!  37 
L   48 

L!  59 

1  TO 

RR. 
14 

5   19 

6  25 

7  32 
5  37 
7  44 
5  49 
4  53 
8  61 
4  65 
7   72 
3  85 
12  97 

r  TO 

13 

3  16 
4   20 
5   25 

4   29 
6   35 

iJ 

3  51 

8  59 
12  71 
15  86 
25111 
7118 
10128 
7ia5 
10145 
10155 
7162 
2518? 
12199 

T  TO 

rfctf, 

id. 

\  10 
5   15 
8  23 
7   30 
101  4f 
6  4f 

Dexter    

6  52] 
7   59i 

Calumet,  111  I241267 
CHICAGO  11212/9 

-v         T  nkp 

8  67 
4   71 

8   79 
6   851 
7   92 
5  971 
3100 
8108 
5113 
7120 
5  12.-, 
8133 
4137; 
5142 
4146 

18164 
8172 

8180 
10  190 
10200, 

IT  TO 

30 
5  35 
5  40 
5   45 
7   52 
5  57 
9  66 
7  73 
6  79 
9  88 
4  92 
5  97 
7104 
6110 
3113 
4117 
4121 
5126 
5131 
4135 
5140 
8148 
6154 
6160 
7167 
51172 
3175 
i  7il82 

)IT  TO 

182 
.141% 
.   5201 
13214 
.  12  22t 
.  17  243 

(545)  F'M  DETROIT 
TOLEDO. 

To  Truago  

P  TO 

13 

8  21 
4  25 

3  38 
5   43 

5i  48 
5  53 
9  62 
3  65 

r  TO 

fa 

5  57 

LO!  67 

r  TO 

75 

10  85 
20105 
27132 
30162 
#192 
14206 
30236 
30266 
16282 
15  327 

T  TO 

72 
75  147 

7f.  2'Jii 

80302 
6r  367 
034D 
?,(!  620 
2  ,  645 
136/8 
57715 

)E  TO 

ad. 

112 
6  18 
4  22 
12  34 
7   41 
10  51 
6   57 
5  62 
6  68 

I  eoni 

T    rK«;oN 

Barry  

St.  Clair  1 
PORT  HURON....  1 

(540)  F'M  DETROII 
SAGINAW. 
Detroit  $•  Pontiac 
To  Royal  Oak.... 
Birmingham  

Albion  
Waterburg  

Brownstown  
Bre^t                       1 

Vlurengo  
MARSHALL  

MONROE  

LaSalle  

Battle  Creek  
Charleston  

Manhattan,  O....; 

Galesburg  
Comstock  
KALAMAZOO  
Stage. 
Pawpnw  
Kendall  
Keelersville  ..  . 

(546)  F'M  DETROU 
ADRIAN. 

To  Clinton— 

(see  No.  543)  ... 

Staff  e. 
Watertbrd  
Springfield  
Grovel  and  

Grand  Blanc  

Bainbridpe  
ST.  JOSEPH'S  .... 

(543)  F'M  DETRO 

NlLES. 

To  Ypsilanti— 
(see  No.  542)... 
Pittsrield  
Saline  
Benton  
Clinton  

ADRIAN  1 

547)  F'M  DETROI 
BUFFALO. 

Steamboat. 
To  Sandusky,  O.. 

Genesee  

Thettbrd  . 

Bridgeport  

SAGINAW            •  •  1 

(541)  F'M  DKTROI 
GRAND  HAVEN 
Via  Ionia. 
ToRedford  I 

Black  River  
JLEVELAND  
Grand  River  

Ashtabula 

Livonia  
Farmington  
Novi  
Hicksville  
Kensington  

Cambridge  
Woodstock  
Somerset  
Moscow  

Jonneuut  
ERIE,  Pa  
Portland,  N.Y.  .. 
Dunkirk  
BUFFALO  

Brighton  
Genoa  

HOVVELL  

Cedar  
Phelnstown  

Sylvanus  
Quincy  
(COLD  WATER  ... 
Brunch  

(548)  F'M  DETROI 
CHICAGO. 

To  Ft.  Gratiot.  .  . 
Point  au  Barques 
Thunder  Bay  Is  . 
Presque  Iste  

DeWitt  
Lyons  

1  Batavia  
Bronson's  Prairie. 
Prairie  River  .... 
!  Freedom  

IONIA  

Boston 

Flat  River  
Ada  

Sherman  
W.  Sherman  
White  Pigeon... 

MOTTSVILLE  

Manitou  Islands.  ] 
Milwaukie,  Wis.  1 
Racine 

GRAND  RAPIDS  .  . 

South  port  

Port  Sheldon  
GRAND  HAVKN... 

(542)  F'M  DETRO 
ST.  JOSEPH'S 
Via  Jackson,Mar 
&  Kaiamazoo 

Central  Railro 
To  Dearbornville. 
S.  Nankin  
S.  Plymouth  
Ypsilanti  

Adamsville.  .  . 

CHICAGO,  111.  ... 
(549)  FR'M  MONRC 

NlLES. 

Southern  Railrc 
To  Ida  

Edwardsburg.  ... 
Dover          

NlLES 

(544)  F'M  DETRC 
CHICAGO. 

To  Niles- 
(see  No.  543)  .  . 
Terre  Coupee,  la 
Hudson  
Laporte  
MICHIGAN  CITY. 
!  City  WTest  

Somerfield        .  .. 

Deerfield  ......... 

ADRIAN  ..;...;... 
Dover 

Hudson  
Pittsford  
Florida  

HlLLSDALE  

ANN  ARBOR  
Scio.... 

1216 

Stage. 

Sylyanus 

duincy 

Cold  Water 


ROUTES  IN  ILLINOIS. 


8  76 

71  :: 

6i  89 


(550)  F'M  TOLEDO,  O., 

TO  NlLES. 

Erie  <Sr  Kalamazoo  RR. 
To  Whiteford.... 


.... 

Blissford,  Mich... 
almyra 


ADRIAN 

NlLES— 


_. 
61  33 

I 


(see  No.  549)... 127 160 

(551)  FROM  ADRIAN  TO 

JACKSON. 
To  Tecumseh .... 

v  Clinton 

Manchester 

Elba 

Napoleon 


Michigan  Centre. 
JACKSON 


i  FROM  MARSHALL 
i  MICHIGAN  CITY, 


To  Cedar  Lake... 

Newton 

Athens 


Sherwood  ........ 

Port  Pleasant  ..... 

Nottaway  ........ 

CENTREVILLE  ... 
Mottville  ......... 

Bristol,  la  ........ 

Elkhart 


MUhawaka  ...... 

South  Bend  ...... 

Big  Springs.  ..... 

MICHIGAN  CITY.. 


a 

R  42 


30117 
12U29 


(553)   F'M  KALAMAZOC 
TO  GRAND  KAPIDS. 


ToRichland 

Fulton 

Yankee  Springs.. 

Middleville 

Ada , 

GRAND  RAPIDS... HO' 


(554)  F'M  KALAMAZO 
TO  GRAND  HAVEN. 

To  Plainville 

Otsego  .....' 

Allegan 

Richmond 

Saugatuck  

Port  Sheldon 

GRAND  HAVEN...  12 


555)  FROM  SHAWNEE- 

TOWN  TO  VlNCENNES. 

'o  New  Haven  . . 


Concord 


'hillipstown 

iraysville 


rtt.  Carmel 

Lrmstrong 

"iNCENNES 


8  31 


IS1  66 
10!  76 
19:  95 


SALEM 

Jatc 

Vlaysville 

Jlney 

'ittwrenceville 

'INCENNES 


556)  FROM  SHAWNEE 
TOWN    TO     SPRING 

FIELD. 

oDuncanton  ...     |  23 

ScLeanshoro'....  16  39 
oore's  Prairie...  13  52 

tit.  Vernon , 

ordon's  Prairie. 
ALEM 

f  ANDALIA 

lurricane 

Hillsboro' 

.anesville 

SPRINGFIELD  ... 


.561)  FR'M  KASKASKIA 

TO  ST.  Louis. 
To  Prairie  de 

Rocher 

Waterloo 

Columbia 

Jahokia 

ST.  Louis 


14  66 
8  74 
14  88 
25113 
12125 
15140 
26,166 
38204 


557)  FROM  SHAWNEE 
TOWN  TO  ST.  Louis. 


To  Cy press v ilk. . . 
Equality 


lallatin 

Jrankfbrt 

Vlt.  Hawkins 

Vashville 

Peasant  Grove... 

Vlascoutah 

Belleville 


ST.  Louis 


151125 
10I3T 
15150 


[558)   FROM  GOLCONDA 
TO  ST.  Louis. 

To  Sarahville  — 

Marion  C.  H 

Frankfort 

ST.  Louis — 
(see  No.  557)... 


II  Il5t 

559)  FROM  SHAWNEE 
TOWN  TO   CAPE  Gi 

RARDEAU,  Mo. 

T9  Mt.  Airy |  li 

Vienna 

Mt.  Pleasiint 

Jonesboro' 

Clear  Creek  L'd'gj  18!  8 

CAPEGlRARDEAUl  61  9 

(560)  FR'M  KASKASKL 

TO  VlNCENNES. 

To  Sparta 

Elkhorn 

Nashville 

Walnut  Hill, 


Hi   ;> 
12  &- 


11!  70 

18  88 
18106 
25131 
22  153 
9162 


21  35 
8  43 
9,  52 

3  55 


)  FROM  ALTON  TO 
JACKSONVILLE. 

To  Brighton I     I  12 

Delaware 12  24 


Payette 

Greenfield 

Athensville 

Williamsburg 

JACKSONVILLE... 


10  63 


(563)  F'M  SPRINGFIELD 
TO  CHICAGO, 
Via  Peoria. 

ToMiddletown..     I  20 
Delevan 25  45 

4;  57 


70 
85 


14;102 


Dillon 

Tremont 

Pekin 

PEORIA 

Rome 

Chillicothe 

Lacon ,--,. 

Hennepin 17119 

LASALLE 15134 

Ottawa !lol49 

Lisbon 21  170 

Ausable 9  179 

JOLIET..., 113192 

5  197 
8  205 
4  I'd:- 

4219 


I^ockport 

Keopateau . . . 
Des  Plaines... 
Flagg  Creek.. 
Summit 


CHICAGO 13  2& 

(564)  F'M  SPRINGFIELD 
TO  GALENA, 
Via.  Peoria. 
To  Peoria— 

(see  No.  563) 
N.  Hampton  . . 
Providence... . 

Scottsville 

Dixon's  Ferry 


TO 

_.  90 
124  114 
35U49 
112161 


Buftalo  Grove....  12173 
Cherry  Grove  ....H7J190 

Apple  River 25215 

GALENA 15123') 


ROUTES  IN  ILLINOIS. 


217 


(565)  F'M  SPRING* 
TO  LEWISTOW 
To  Salisbury  
Petersburg  
Sand  Ridge  
Havanna.  

IELD 

N. 

'1C 
11  21 

6  27 
18  45 
5  50 
5  55 

IELD 
14 

9  32 
2  45 
8   53 

5  58 
4   72 
2  84 
2   % 
5111 

[ELD 

lo. 

and 

33 

7   40 
8  48 
9  57 
2  69 
1   80 
H    J4H 
2108 
5113 
7120 
7127 
8135 

ELD 

lo. 

69 
2  81 
8  89, 
'->  94 
2  % 
HOI 
1115 
1133 
3141 
2143 

ELD 

i!5 
39 
59 
67 

J\  74 
L   951 

i|(570)  F'M  SPRING 
TO  SHAWNEETO 
To  Zanesville... 
Hillsboro'  

FIELE 
WN. 

£ 

26  64 

15   78 
12   91 

:.V)  lit 
14130 
8jl38 
141  152 
Ib|l65 
16  181 
23204 

^ELD 
I, 

is. 
10 
16  26 
34   60 
12   72 
9  81 
7  88 

(574)  FROM  PEOR 
CHICAGO, 
(See  No.  563)  

(575)  FROM  PEOR 
GALENA. 
ToN.  Hampton..] 
Providence... 

A  TO 

1162 

[A  TO 

20 
24   44 

ti   79 
12  91 
12  103 
17120 
35145 
15  160 

A  TO 
14 

7  21 
6  27 
8  35 
0  45 
5  50 
0  60 
6  66 
8  84 
0  94 

SL   TO 

5,1 
4   17 
8   25 
5  50 
0  70 

5165 

)  TO 

is. 

12 
1  16 
5  21 

7  28 
i  32 

7  39 
3  47 

7  54 
7  61 
I  72 
i  87 
)  97 

)TO 

85 
98 
102 
106 
118 
139 
159 

Hurricane  
VANDALIA  

Waterford. 

Salem 

LEWISTOWN  
(566)  F'w  SPRINOF 

TO  Q.UINCY. 

Railroad. 
To  Berlin 

Jordan's  Prairie.. 
Mt.  Vernon  
Moore's  Prairie... 
McLeansboro'  ... 
Duncanton  .  .  . 

jScottsville  i 
Dixons  ville  
!  Buffalo  Grove.... 
Cherry  Grove  
Apple  River  
GALENA  I 

SHAWNEETOWN  . 
(571)  F'M  SPRING] 

TO  ClNCINNAT 

Via  Tndianapol 
To  Rochester  
Taylorsville  
Shelby  ville  

Jacksonville  
Bethel 

MEREDOSIA  
Stage. 
Versailles. 

(576)  FROM  PEORI 
BURLINGTON. 
To  Robin's  Nest.. 
Charleston  
'French  Creek  .... 
Trenton 

Mt.  Sterling  
Clayton  1 
Columbus  

Q.UINCY  

(567)  F'M  SPRINOF 
TO  BURLINGTON, 
Via   Jacksonville 
Beardstown. 
Railroad. 
To  Jacksonville  .. 
Stage. 
Arcadia  . 

Paradise  
Bethsaida  

KNOXC.  II    ,         ] 
iGalesburg  

Charleston  
Hitesville  

8  96 
12108 
6114 
10124 
9133 
11144 
12156 
7163 
8171 
4175 

li  IW1 

S  IS!) 

8197 

5202 

6208 
9(217 

)5'322 

IELD 

la. 

15 

5  40 
a   K5 
•2  87 
4101 
0121 
5,136 

0176 

SON- 
IS. 

10 

0  20 

*   2* 

»  ;>• 

8   46 
5   51 
7   58 
3  71 
4  95 

Cold  Brook  ] 

MONMOUTH  

Oquawka  '. 
i  BURLINGTON,  lo.l] 

'(577)  FROM  PEORL 
ST.  Louis. 
ToPekin  

i  Grand  view  
Paris 

Elbridsre..        .      I 

TERRE  HAUTE  ..' 
VanBuren  
Harmony....  

i  Manhattan 

Bath  

Beardstown  
Rushville  1 
Doddsville  1 

:putnamsvitle  ... 
Mt.  Meridian  
Stilesville 

Dillon  
Delevan  

Middletown  i 

Macomb  ] 

Belleville 

Muddy  Lane  ] 
Bedford  

Plainfield... 

ST.  Louis  — 
(see  No.  569)  ...9 

(578)  F'M  CmcAGf 
MILWAUKEE,  W 
To  Dutchman's 
Point  
Wheeling  

Honey  Creek  
Shokokan 

INDIANAPOLIS  
CINCINNATI  — 
(see  No.  532)...  1( 

(572)  F'M  SPRINGF 
TO  LAFAYETTE, 

To  Mechanicsb'rg 
Decatur  $ 
Monticello              5 

BURLINGTON  

(568)  F'M  SPRINGFI 
TO  F'T  MADISON, 
Via.  Nauvoo. 
To  Rushville— 
(see  No.  567)... 
Camden..               1 

Halfday.... 

Liberty  ville  

Urbana  i 
Union                      1 

Little  Fort  
Otsego  

Huntsville..  . 

Pulaski... 

Danville  2 
Covington,  la.  ...  ! 
LA  FAYETTE— 
(see  No.  535)  ...A 

(573)    FROM  JACK 
VILLE  TO  ST.  LOT. 
To  Wil'iamsburg. 
Manchester  1 
Whitehall  

Salona,  Wis  
South  port  
Racine  1 

Augusta  
Plymouth. 

Carthage  .               1 

Onk  Creek  ...        >], 

Nauvoo  1 

MILWAUKEE  il( 

(579)  FR'M  CHICAG< 
MADISON,  Wis. 

To  Rockford— 
(see  No.  580)... 
Roscoe  K 
Pecatonica  - 
Beloit                       « 

Appanoos  

FORT  MADISON.. 

(569)  F'M  SPRINGFI 
TO  ST.  Louis. 
To  Auburn  
Carlinville  2 
Lincoln  2< 

Carrollton  1 
Kane  

Jersey  ville.  . 

Paddock's  Grove. 
Edwardsville  
ST.  Louis  2 

Delhi  
Alton..  .                1 

Janesville  1! 

ST.  Louis  £ 
10 

MADISON               2t 

218 


ROUTES  IN  ILLINOIS. 


(580)  F'M  CHICAGO  T 
PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEN, 
Via  Galena. 
ToCazenovia....]       1 
floomingdale..Jl2  5 
ft"  121 

o      ome  3|14 

7       OLDWATER.....I 

2  Q,uincy  ( 

J169 
J175 

7183 
)187 
i!91 
?200 
J206 

PEORIA  1516 

Pekin  817 
Tremont  517 
i   Dillon                   .   4  1/ 

)|  Sylvanus  
j  Scipio  
9  Moscow  

•?  Delevan  818 
b   Middletown  2521 

7   Somerset  
2  Woodstock  

Hampshire  8  <• 

1    Springfield  [202; 
"  ST.  Louis— 
g      (see  No.  569)...  195  32 

If  (583)  F'M  CHICAGO  T 
l         SHAWNEETOVVN. 
K  To  Summit  1 

2     Cambridge  

"213 
J2221 
5227 
7234 
3239 
5244 
5249 
i. 

)J279 

A  TO 
15 

8  33 
3  46 
6  52 
9  61 
2  73 
7   80 
7  87 
7  94 
5  99 
4103 
6109 
8117 
61123 
2133 
2147 
L1I158 

A  TO 

9 

l?l 

12!  40 
81  48 
9!  57 
10  67 
251  92 

fATO 

EN. 

18 
8  26 
18  44 
12  56 
15  71 

Coral  6 

7   Clinton6      

rj           .                     

Amesville  5 
Belvidere  

o   Saline  

Pittsfield 

Cleveland  

ROCKFORD  

3  YPSIL.ANTI  

Vanceburg  1 
Silver  Creek  1 
Freeport  61 

fa   Des  Plaines  6  5 
VS  Keeoateau  4  5 
2-     jockport  8  { 

7        Central  Railroai 
§  S.  Plymouth  
^   S.  Nankin  

Apple  River  18,1 
GALENA  '15)1 

fo       OLIET  5    ' 

s»   Wilmington  20 
£  Rockville  10 
£4  Bulbonus  Grove..)  6 

J  DETROIT  1 

'%  (585)  FR'M  GALEN 
,                CHICAGO, 
16           Via  Rockford. 
$  To  Elizabeth,  (or 
34       Apple  River)... 
>4  Burr-oak  Grove  .  .  -1 
7;    Freeport                 1 

Jamestown  ..      .  18:1 

Paris  81 

Cassville  182 
Patch  Grove  122 

PRAIRIEDUCHIEN  15  2 

(581)  F'M  CHICAGO  r 
ROCK  ISLAND, 
Via.  Dixon. 

To  Brush  Hill.... 
Downer's  Grove..    4 
Napierville  6 

02  MX7  11 

«SI  North  Fork  122  1 
)ANVILLE  161 
Georgetown  10  1 
ro   Bloomfield  115  1 

Paris  l£  1 

^2  Silver  Creek  
1     yanceburg  
lo   ROCKFORD  1 

Marshall  162 

J8    fork  '$  2 

£J  Hutsonsville..     ..52 
£  Palestine  |  82 

32   Belvidere  
40   Amesville  

Sugar  Grove  6 
Acasta  7 

J    iussellville  11?  2 

S    VlNCENNES  1102 

2?    Vlarengo  
»  Coral....  

Little  Rock  3 

^   Mt.  Carmel  102 

Hampshire  
"'    Udina  

Pawpaw  Grove  .  .  17 
Inlet  16 

JS   Grays  ville  183 
f&\  Philipstown  93 
&:  Carmi      ,           ..83 

J2  Elgin..  
^*   Bloomingdale.... 

DIXON  14 
Sterling  5 

vj    Concord  *>e 
11  New  Haven  65 
Ug  SHAWNEETOWN  .17|c 

5?  (584)  F'M  CHICAGO  - 
i*J              DETROIT. 
To  Calumet  ] 
TO  City  West,  In  24 
MICHIGAN  CITY..  17 
Laporte  12 

^  CHICAGO  

ti°  (586)  FR'M  GALEN 
MADISON. 
To  Hazel  Green.. 
19    H'lk  Grove  

Rock  River  Rap- 
ids                7 

Craudall's  Ferry..  11 
ROCK  ISLAND  —  33 

(582)  F'M  CHICAGO 
ST.  Louis, 
Via  Peoria  fy  Sprir 
field. 
To  Summit               1 

o^   BHrnont 

KQ  Mineral  Point.... 
S?   Dodgeville  
ro  Ridgeway  

Terre  Coupee  —   5 
13  Niles                       14 

oy   Beaumont  
g-?  MADISON  

Flag  Creek  4 
Des  Plaines  ...     6 

'      Edwardsburg  10 
2<    Adamsville  5 
27  Union                       7 

OJ  (587)  FR'M  GALE* 
|^      PRAIRIE  DU  CHI 
25  To  Jamestown  .  .  . 
131  Paris  

Lockport  8 
JOLIET  5 

i        MOTTSVILLE  6 

40  White  Pigeon....   6 

Au  Sable  13 
Lisbon                     9 

53  W.  Sherman  8 
62  Sherman  5 

144   Patch  Grove  
148  PRAIRIEDUCHIEN 

Ottawa  21 

La  Salle                 15 

1     Prairie  River  5 
113  Bronson's  Prairie.    5 
130  Batavia  4 

}?I  (588)  FR'M  GALENA  TO 

[jjj                  DUBUQUE. 

Ibb  By  Stage  &  Ferryl    I  16 

Ilennepin     15 

Chillicothe  14 

144lBranch  4 

ROUTES  IN  WISCONSIN  AND  IOWA. 


219 


(589)  FR'M  GALEN 
ROCK  ISLAND 
To  Hanover  
Savannah  

A  TO 

1  15 

14  29 
16  45 
10:  55 

(593)  F'M  MILWAU 
TO  CHICAGO. 

To  Oak  Creek....] 

KEE 

10 
a  25 
1   36 
7   43 

(598)  F'M  MADISON 
GALENA. 

To  Beaumont  

TO 

25 
35 
44 
52 
64 
71 
83 

Fulton  

^       ji       *  V  -, 

Dodgevilie 

Albany  

Salona  

Mineral  Point....    8 

Port  Byron  
Hampton  

6 

10 

M 

16 

li 
12 

9 

8 

95 

LA 
11 

12 
E 

HI 
94 

ND 

42 

76 

103 

115 
124 

139 
234 

ND 

33 
44 

K 

3tsego,  111  
Little  Fort 

7   50 
3  53 
7   60 
4   64 
7   71 
5  76 
4  80 
2  92 

I  OF 
TO 

45 

8  63 
7    70 
5  85 
0115 
0145 
9154 
3167 
2179 
3197 

Belmont  !12 
Klk  Grove              I  7 

Hazel  Green  12 
GALENA  9 

ROCK  ISLAND  — 

(590)  F'M  ROCK  Is 
TO  ST.  Louis 
To  Monmouth  ... 

jibertyville  
Halfdu  y 

(599)  F'M  DUBUQUE  TO 
DAVENPORT. 
To  Andrew  I    128 

vv  heeling  

3utchman's  Point 
CHICAGO,  111  1 

(594)  FROM  MOUTI 
ILLINOIS    RIVER 
LASALLE. 

Steamboat. 
To  Montezuma... 
Naples  1 

Doddsville  
Rushville  
Beardstown  
Bath  

De  Witt  28 
DAVENPORT  118 

(600)  F'M  DAVENPO 
TO  IOWA  CITY. 

To  Rockingham.. 
Montpelier  12 

RT 

if 

22 
29 
40 

RT 

29 
40 
43 
52 

59 

83 

31 
40 
43 

85 

'ON 
11 

22 

84 

45 
51 

61 
76 
82 
91 
109 
122 

Arcadia  

Jacksonville  
ST.  Loui«— 
(see  No.  573)  ... 

(591)  F'M  ROCK  Is 
TO  CHICAGO. 
To  Crandall's  Fer- 

VlEREDOSIA  

Beardstown  j] 
Havanna  3 

Wyoming    .            5 

Bloomington  7 
Overman's  Ferry.  11 
W.  Liberty  .  .          8 
IOWA  CITY  12 

Pekin  3 
PEORIA  
Rome          ...        ] 

Lyndon  
Rock  River  Rap- 

Hennepin  1 
LA  SALLE  1 

(601)   F'M  DAVENPO 
TO  BURLINGTON. 

To  Bloomington.. 

Sterling            

(595)  F'M  MILWAUKEE 

Dixon  ... 

Inlet.. 

14 

II 

17 
h 
3 
7 
6 
S 
1 
4 
18 

1,1 

6 

! 

11 
U 

13 

( 

l: 

rj 

lL 

115 
121 
124 
131 

137 
14', 
152 
156 
174 

LND 

S3 
94 
110 

{.;:• 

127 
131 

143 
155 
167 

TO  ROCK  is  LAN 

To  Greenfield....! 
New  Berlin  
Vernon  

ft. 

4   10 
6   16 
51  21 
2   33 
8  41 
2  53 
2   65 
2   77 
4  81 
4  85 
3  98 
6114 
1125 
9134 
6140 
8208 

;KEE 

15 
5  30 
>0  50 
9  59 
fl,  W) 

Pawpaw  Grove  .. 
Somonauk  

Wappello                 9 

Florence                   7 

Little  Rock  

Yellow  Springs...    9 
BURLINGTON  15 

(602)  F'M  BURLINGI 
TO  IOWA  CITY. 

To  Yellow  Springs' 
Florence  9 
Wnppello  7 

Sugar  Grove  

Mukwanago  
Troy  1 

Napierville  

Sugar  Creek  

Downer's  Grove.. 
Brush  Hill  
CHICAGO  

Janesville  1 
Beloit  ] 
Pecatomca  

(592)  F'M  ROCK  Is 

TO  MlLWAUKK 

To  Dixon— 
(see  No.  591)... 
Grand  Detour  .... 
Oregon  City  
Byron  

Roscoe  
Rockibrd  1 
Byron  ] 

Oregon  City  1 
Grand  Detour  

Grand  view  9 
Muscatine  3 
Bloomington  11 
W.  Liberty  19 
IOWA  CITY  i!2 

ROCK  ISLAND  —  ( 

(596)  F'M  MILWAI 
TO  MADISON. 

To  Prairie  Village 
Summit  ; 

(603)  F'M  BURLING-] 
TO  ST.  Louis. 
To  Augusta  
FORT  MADISON  .  .  11 
Montrose  12 
St.  Francisville, 
Mo                      11 

Rorkfnrd  

p  '   j.     • 

Janesville  
Johnstown  

Sugar  Creek  

Cottage  Grove  ... 

Waterloo.     .   .      '  6 

Winchester             10 

Mukwanago  
Vernon 

12187 
5192 

6198 
4!202 
6208 

(597)  F'M  MADISON  TO 
FORT  WINNEBAGO, 

By  Stage....   ,...1      40 

Montice.lo  15 

Davis's  Prairie  ...    t 
La  Grange  9 
PALMYRA  18 

New  Berlin  
Greenfield  
MILWAUKEE  

Hannibal  ...13 

220 


ROUTES  IN  MISSOURI. 


NEW  LONDON...  110 132 

Frankfort !  8  140 

BOWLING  GREEN  14  154 

Auburn 20174 

Troy 12186 

Flint  Hill 110196 

St.  Peter's ;14210 

ST.  CHARLES  — 
Owen's  (Station... 

Walton  ham 

ST.  Louis 


(604)  F'M  BURLINGTON 

TO  PEORIA. 
ToOquawka  — 

Monmouth 

Cold  Brook 

Galesbu 


alesburg 

noxC.  H 


French  Creek  — 

Charleston 

Robin's  Nest 


(605)  F'M  BURLINGTON 
TO  Q-UINCY. 

To  Augusta 

Fort  Madison 

Appanoos,  111.  ... 

Nauvoo 

l)es  Moines 

Warsaw, 


Green  Plains 

Lima 

Ursa 

Q.UINCY  .. 


.  10 


(606)  FROM  ST.  Louis 

TO  CHICAGO, 

Via    Springfield,   III., 

and  Peoria. 


To  Edwardsville  . 
Paddock's  Grove. 

Lincoln  

Carlinville 

Auburn 


pringrield 


(607)  FROM  ST.  Louis 
TO  GALENA, 

Via  Spring f  d,  Peoria, 

$•  Dixonsville. 
To  Springfield—    I 

(see  No. 606)  ... 
GALENA— 

(see  No.  564)...  23C 

(608)  FROM  ST.  Louis 
TO  BURLINGTON,  10. 
Via  Jacksonville,  III. 

To  Alton I      24 

Delhi |13  37 


Jersey  ville 

Kane 

Currollton 

Whitehall 

Manchester 

Williamsburg 

Jacksonville 

BURLINGTON— 
(see  No.  567)...] 


9)  FROM  ST.  Louis 
TO  IOWA  CITY. 

To  Walton  ham  . . 
Owen's  Station  .. 
ST.  CHARLES  — 

St.  Peter's !  81  '£6 

Flint  Hill 14  42 

Troy 10!  52 

Auburn 12|  64 

Bowling  Green...  201  84 

Frankfort 14!  98 

New  London !  8 106 

Hannibal 10.116 

PALMYRA 13129 

La  Grange 18147 

Davis's  Prairie  . . .  i  9 156 

Monticello I  6162 

Winchester 15177 

Waterloo 10:187 

St.  Francisville...!  6193 

Montrose ll;204 

FORT  MADISON  . .  12;216 

Augusta 11227 

BURLINGTON 11 238 

IOWA  CITY—         | 
(see  No.  602)...  ,85  323 

(610)  FROM  ST.  Louis 
TO  FT.  LEAVENW'TH, 

Via  St.Cliarles,  Fulton, 
"   Chariton. 

To  VValtonham . . 
Owen's  Station... 

St.  Charles 

Stockland 


Pond  Fort". '. '. '. '. ". '. ". '  3 
Hickory  Grove  ...)13 

Warrenton 10  uu 

High  Hill 9  67 

r»Jl..;ii«  !i7   g4 


Williamsburg 

Jones's  Tanya rd.. 


(612)  FROM  ST.  Louis 

TO  INDEPENDENCE. 
To  Manchester . . . 


Richmond 

Elkhorn 

Fredericksburg... 


5263 


Liberty 13276 

Parry !  10  286 
lutt  City 13299 

FORT  LEAVEN-    I 
WORTH I  8307 

(611)  FROM  ST.  Louis 
TO  JEFFERSON  CITY. 

To  Fulton— 
(see  No.  610)  . . . 


New  Bloomfield... 

Hibernia 

JEFFERSON  CITY. 


22131 
10  141 
1142 


Fox  Creek 

Joint  Labadie 


Gasconade 

Lucy's  Creek  — 
Lisle, 


. 
JEFFERSON  CITY. 


_  ........ 

Clark's  Fork  ..... 

BOONVILLE  ...... 

La  Mine 


ARROW  ROCK  .. 


34 
43 
55 

92 

14I106 
12118 
10128 
15143 
5148 
15163 
10173 
10183 
12  195 
15210 
16226 


48 


10  94 

7101 
81109 


FULTON >->:*"•• 

Millersburg 12121 

Columbia 12133 

Decatnr 18151 

Fayette !  9160 

Glasgow 12172 

Chariton |  2174 

Keytesville 15|189 

Brunswick 11200 

Pleasant  Park....    9209 

Manlins 6215 

Carroll  ton I  7222 

Round  Grove 1 13  235 


Grand  Pass 

Mt.  Hope 8&J4 

Dover !  7241 

LEXINGTON 11  252 

Wellington 12264 

Fort  Osage 16280 

INDEPENDENCE  ..  12292 

(613)  FROM  ST.  Louis 
TO  FT.  SMITH,  Ark. 
Via  Caledonia  and 

Springfield. 
To  Carondolet — 
Jefferson  Barracks 
Knott',  Sulphur 

Springs 

Clifton 

Hillsboro' 

Glenfinlas , 

Old  Mines... 9  60 

Potosi 7   67 

CALEDONIA 12  79 

Harmony 15  94 

Osnge 15109 

Steel  ville 12121 

MaramecC.  H.  ..12133 
Little  Pruirie... 
Little  Piney 


I    6 

511 

111  22 
4  26 
5'  41 

10   51 


10143 
20163 


e      ney  ...... 

Pine  Bluff  ........  i  S171 

•Waynesville  ......  112183 

.Belleibnte  ........  11'194 


ROUTES  IN  MISSOURI. 


221 


Oakland 

Cave  Spring 

Woodbury 

Pleasant  Prairie . . 
-Walnut  Forest... 
SPRINGFIELD  — 
Cane  Creek  ...... 

Cussville 

Bentonville.  Ark. 

Fnyetteville 

Sweet  Home 

Cane  Hill 

Evansville 

Van  Buren 

FORT  SMITH 


13207 
8215 

10225 

!J:i.J7 
13250 

8258 

221361 

10371 
ti  377 
10387 
30417 
5422 


(614)  F'M  ST.  Louis  TO 
LITTLE  ROCK,  Ark. 

Via,  Caledonia,  Freder- 
icl&town,  and  Hicks' 
Ferry,  Ark. 

To  Caledonia—     I    I 
(see.  No.  613)  .. 

Farmington 

Mine  La  Motte.. 


Fredericktown 


79 

22!101 
4I105 


Greenville 351144 

Cane  Creek 23167 

Hick's  Ferry,  Ark  27194 
Fourche  Du  Mas.  14208 

Jackson 16224 

Smithville 15239 

Reed's  Creek 15'254 

Batesville 20274 

Searcy  C.  H 40i314 

LITTLE  ROCK  ...  501364 

(615)  F'M  ST.  Louis  TO 

NEW  MADRID. 
To  Fredericktown 
(see  No.  614)  ... 
Jack: 


1109 
38147 


10183 


Cape  Girardeau.. 

Spring  Hill 

Benton 

Pleasant  Plains... 

Ogden !  8191 

NEW  MADRID.  ...  23 214 

(616)  F'M  ST.  Louis  TO 

LOUISVILLE,  Ky. 

Via  Vincennes. 

To  Belleville,  111.. 

Rock  Spring 

Lebanon  

Aviston 

Shoal  Creek 

Carlisle 

SALEM 

Cato 

Maysville 

Olney  

Lawrenceville 

VINCENNES,  la... 


ir,  i, 


9170 


Berryyille 

Washington 

Mt.  Pleasant 

Columbiaville 

Paoli 

Hardinsburg 

Fredencksburg. . . 

Palmyra 

Greenville 

New  Albany 

LOUISVILLE 


(617)  F'M  ST.  Louis  TO 

INDIANAPOLIS, 

Via   Vandalia,  lit.,  # 

Terre  Haute,  la. 

ToCollinsville... 


... 
Hickory  Grove... 

Greenville 

Mulberry  Grove.. 

VANDALIA 

Cumberland 

Howard's  Point .. 

Freemanton 

Ewington 

Woodbury 


!  16 


9   50 


Pawnee  Fork  .... 

Coon  Creek 

Caches 

Ford  of  Arkansas. 

Sand  Creek 

Cimarron  River  .. 


36664 
20!684 
50:734 

8742 
36  778 
26804 
18822 

5827 


Middle  Spring — 

Willow  Bar 

Upper  Spring.... 

Cold  Spring 

McNee's  Creek. . . . 

Rabbk.ear  Creek.  20  872 
Round  Mound  ...    8880 

Rock  Creek 8888 

Point  of  Rocks  ...  19  907 


Lio  Colorado 

"'cate 


Santa     Clara 


Spring 
_   „  ,__io  Mori. 

8  58 1 1  Rio  Gall  in  as 

9  67!  Ojo  de  Bernal 


21954 
22976 


6  73 

7  80 
9  89| 
o  M 

18112 


Greenup ..I  7119 

Casey 10129 


Martinsville 

Marshall 


TERRE  HAUTE  .. 

Van  Buren 

Harmony 

Manhattan 

Putnamsville 

Mt.  Meridian 


6135 
12147 

4151 
131164 
12176 

?;i83 

8191 

4  ]'».; 

6201 


8217 


Stilesville 
Belleville, 

Plainfield 

Bridgeport 

INDIANAPOLIS  . . . . '  9i237 


Spring. 

San  Miguel 

Pecos  Village  ... 
SANTA  FE 


171013 

.1019 
231042 
251067 


(619)  F'M  ST.  Louis  TO 
ASTORIA,  OREGON. 

Steamboat. 
To  Knnsas  L'd'g,!    f 
(m.  of  KansnsR.) 
(see  page  227;...  J    1381 

Emigrant  Route. 
Kansas   River    i      I 

nng 751  456 


fi'ono     Crowing to\  too 

IfK  Platte  River.,  ..220'  626 


Forks  of  Platte 


»!5SKi|  River 115  791 

8*3  Chimney  Rock!  155  946 


(618)  F'M  ST.  Louis  TO 
SANTA  FE. 

Stage. 

To  INDEPEND'CE, 
(see  No.  612)  . . . 
Caravan  Route. 

Westport 

Round  Grove 

Narrows 

110  Mile  Creek  ... 

Jig  JohnrSpring! !  '40  440 ' !  Forffi*  nis'g! '.'...'. 


23327 


Scott's  Bluff.... 
Fort  Larimie... 

RedButtes 

Rock  Independ- 
ence  

SOUTH  PASS... 

Green  River 

Beer  Springs... 

Fort  Hall 

American  Falls. 


Le< 


snmg  Jb 
wis  R. 


mg  . 


Cross- 


Council  Gr 


....  . 
2442  Burnt  River.... 


....  .... 

Diamond  Spring  ,'la457  Grande  Ronde.. 
Lost  Spring  ......  15j472i  Ft.  Wallawnlla. 

Cotton  wood  Cr'k.  12484;  [Jmatillah  Riv.. 
Turkey  Creek....  |25  o09j  John  Day's  R.. 


Little  Arkansas  ..17 


Co w  Creek 20  546 1 i  Dalles 


Arkansas  River ..  16 


526  Falls  River 


562|iCascai 


Walnut  Creek....    8570]  Fort  Va.., 
Ash  Creek 19  58911  ASTORIA 




.des 45237 

Vancouver  55243 
RIA 1001253 


601028 


501233 
10 1343 
70 1413 
1901603 
501653 
22  1675 
1251800 

401840 
130  1970 
702040 
68  2108 
902198 
252223 
702294 


202333 
452378 
552433 


STEAMBOAT  ROUTES 

ON 

THE  OHIO  AND  MISSISSIPPI  RIVERS. 

(ROUTE  620) 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

P 

K 

c  s 

PH 

Q 

12 
18 

10 
16 
3 
5 
21 

8 
9 
1 
12 
lo 
22 
8 
17 
17 

Pittsburg,  Penn. 

o 

6 
=._' 

it 

c 
B 

'C 
liw 

481 
4/1 
461 
44.) 
4-42 
43, 
416 
40!  l 
40] 

m 

3'.tl 

37« 

364 
943 

334 
31  / 

3(;0 

g 

W 

V> 

J 
633 

Iiii8 
598 

:>^ 
u79 

5-? 

^'1; 

5^ 
i>16 
501 
479 
4T1 
4,)4 
437 

From 
Mth.  of  Ohio  Riv. 
From 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

J 

From 
New  Orleans. 
From 
Mth.  Mississippi  R. 

o 

^ 

PITTSBTJRG  Pa  . 

10041246  17432044  2149  L176 
9921234  1731  2032  213/v  1164 
9/91221  1718^0192(24  1151 
969  1211  1708  2009  2114]  1141 
953'1195  1692  1993  2098  1125 
950  1192  1689  1990  20951  1122 
9451  18  /  1684198520901117 
9241166166319642069  1096 
917115916561957  2062  1089 
9091151  Ib48  1949  2054  1081 
9001142  1639  1940  2045  10/2 
899ll^li6381939.2044'107i 
88  Ml  29  1626  1927  2032  1059 
8/2  1114  16J1  1912  2017  1044 
850  1092158.J  1890  1995  1022 
842  IIW41581  1882  1987  1014 
825  1067  1564  1865  1970    997 
808  10^)U547J1848  1953   980 

tiddletown,    "  

•oiiomy,         '*  .. 

ijiver              " 

Georgetown,    "  

Ijiverpool      Ohio 

Wellsville,       "  

•Steubenville     "     . 

Wellsville,  Va  

Warren,  O 

WHEELING,  Va  

Bridgeport  O                  ... 

Klizubethtowi)   Va 

Lanesville,            "  

Sistersville            "  ... 

Grand  View,  Ohio  

Newport,           '* 

MARIETTA,       "    

Muskingum  River  

Vienna                Va      . 

6 

7 

BOB 

908 

2M4 

287 

431 

424 

8021044 
795  1037 

1541 
1534 

1842  1947 
1835  1940 

974 

967 

Little  Kanawha  River  
Blannerhassett's  Island.  .  .  , 

2 
10 
5 
38 
15 
17 

21! 
221 
22i 
264 
27! 
296 

BBS 

2-5 
270 
Si:i'J 
217 

200 

422 
412 
407 
33! 
354 
1387 

793  1035 

783  1025 
7781020 
740  982 
7251  967 
708  950 

153218331938 
1522  1823  1928 
15171818  1923 
147917801885 
1464  1765  1870 
1447  1748  1853 

965 
955 
950 
912 
897 
880 

Troy,  O  .. 

Belleville,  Va  

Jjetart's  Rapids*  • 

Pomeroy,  O  

Point  Pleasant,  Va  

Oreat  Kanawha  River  
GALLIPOLIS,    Ohio... 

4 
6 

9 

22 

8 
3 

14 

300 
30b 
315 
337 

196 
190 
181 
159 

333 

327 
318 
29b 

704  946 
698  940 
689  931 
667   909 

144317441849 
1437  1738  1843 
142*1729  1834 
1406  1707  1812 

876 
870 

861 
839 

Newcastle,           '*     

GUYANDOTTE,  Va  

f  rnyandotte  River  
Burlington,  O  

34o|  151 

288 

659  901 

1398 

1699 

1804 

831 

JSig  Sandy  River,  Va.  &  Ky. 
Catletsburg,  Ky  

349  147 
363  133 

284 
271 

655  897 
6411  883 

1394 

L38J 

1H95 
J681 

1800 
1786 

827 
813 

Hanging  Rock,  O  

STEAMBOAT  ROUTES OHIO  RIVER. 


223 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

So; 
&'* 

1 

PH 

From 
Pittsburg,  Penn. 

From 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

l=r 

&H'> 

1 

From 
Mth.  of  Ohio  Riv. 

From 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

From 
Natchez,  Miss. 

From 
New  Orleans. 

From 
Mth.  Mississippi  R.| 

gl 
1 

ri. 

Green  upsburg,  Ky  

.1 

22 
16 
6 

8 

12 

369 

127 

264 

635 

877 

13741675 

1780 

807 

785 

769 
765 
759 

^ 

735 

lAttle  Sandy  River  
PORTSMOUTH,  O  

391 

105 

242 

613 

855 

1352 

1653 

1758 

Scioto  River  

Rockville   O 

407 
411 
417 
421 
42 
441 

89 
85 
79 
75 
67 
55 

22.  ; 

222 

2it; 

212 
904 
W 

597 
593 
587 
583 
575 

839 
833 
829 

825 
817 
805 

1336  1637  1742 
1332  1633  1738 
1326  1627  1732 
1322  1623  1728 
131416151720 
13021603  1708 

Vaneeburg,  Ky.  ..           

Rome   O 

Snncord,  Ky  

anchester  O 

MAYSVILLE,  Ky  

Aberdeen,  (opposite,)  O  
Ripley,  O  

8 
8 

449 

45f 

47 
41 

184 
V(> 

555  797 
549  791 
546  788 
538  780 
534  776 
527   769 
518  760 
513  755 
510   752 
508   750 

1294  1595  1700 
1288  1589  1694 
1285  1586  1691 
1277  15781683 
1273  1574  1679 
1266156716:2 
125715581663 
1252  1553  1658 
1249  1550  1655 
1247  1548  1653 

727 
721 
718 
710 

706 
699 
690 

H80 

Higginsport,  (_)  

Augusta,  Ky  
Neville,             Ohio 

8 
9 
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4tjl 
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£ 

491 

4!  '4 

491 

£ 

2b 
19 
10 
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0 

167 
163 
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147 
142 
W 
137 

Moscow,               "  

New  Richmond,  "  ... 

Columbia,    Ohio.. 

Fulton,             " 

CINCINNATI,    "    

Covington,  (opposite,)  Ky.  ... 
North  Bend,  O  ... 

16 
7 
4 
9 
13 
9 
1 
9 

6 
15 

512 
519 
523 

545 
554 

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570 

585 

16 

8 

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68 
74 
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121 
114 
110 

101 

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489 

472 
459 

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419 

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682 

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15321637 

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1521  1626 
15121617 
1499  1604 
1490  1595 
14^9  1594 
14801585 

1474  15749 
14591564 

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653 
644 
631 
622 
621 
612 

606 
591 

Lawrenceburg,  la  

Aurora,                "    ... 

Rising  Sun,         "    

Patriot,                 " 

WarsH  w,  Ky  

New  York,  la.  .... 

Vevay,           "    

(ihent,  (opposite,)  Ky 

Carrollton,                "    
Muuth  of  Kentucky  River  .  .  . 
MADISON,  [a  

Milton,  (opposite,)  Ky  
New  .London,  la.  . 

9 
8 
7 

7 
9 
7 

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594 
602 
808 
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632 
683 
685 
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98 
106 
113 

120 

129 
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140 

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410 
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378 
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582 
574 
567 
560 
551 
544 
543 
541 
540 

JRethlehem,        "     . 

Westport,  Ky  

Charleston,    la  

Ulica,              "     . 

Jeffersonville,  "     . 

LOUISVILLE,    Ky  

Shippingsport,  "    .. 

Portland,            •«    

NEW  ALBANY,  (opposite,)  la. 
Salt  River,    Ky  

20 
17 
17 

a 

•?? 

18 

656 

160 

23 

348 

590 

1087 

1388 

1493  520 

West  Point,     "  
Brandenburg,  "  .. 

673 

671 
691 
694 

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747 

177 
178 
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198 

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251 

40 
41 

58 
61 
96 

114 

331 

330 
313 

310 
275 

257 

573 
578 

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1049 
1014 

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1353 
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1297 

1476  503 
1475  502 

1458  485 
1455  482 
1420  447 

1402  429 

Mauksport,    la  

I  je  ven  worth,  "    

Fredonia,         "   

Rome,              '*   

»Stevensport,  Ky  .. 

Cloverport,     "    

224  ROUTES  ON  THE  OHIO  &  MISSISSIPPI  RIVERS. 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

Distance  from 
Place  to  Place. 

From 
Pittsburg,  Penn. 

c 

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11 
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2 

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178 
186 
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221 
235 
241 
247 
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280 
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427 
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372 
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333 
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800  1101  1206 

420 
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401 

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365 
357 
347 
322 

296 
292 
271 
263 
251 
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Troy,         la   

Rockport    "    .           .         ... 

Green  River 

KVANSVILLE     Ift 

Henderson  ville,  Ky  

Mt  Vernoh   la 

Carthage,  Ky  

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W  abash.  River  
Raleigh,  Ky  

6 
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Cave-in  Rock          "  .  . 

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CJolconda                 "  .. 

Cumberland  River,  Ky  

SMITHLAND,                '     
Tennessee  River  

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785 

1086 

1191 

218 

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32 
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15 
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572 
573 
578 
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604 
614 
630 

Trinity,     '        "  

CAIRO,  (at  Mouth  of  Ohio  R.) 
Norfolk,  Mo   

COLUMBUS   Ky  ..              .... 

Hickman,        "    

NEW  MADRID  Mo  

Riddle's  Point      " 

Little  Prairie,       "  

Obion  River,  Tenn 

Ashport,           "      

Osceola,  Ark  . 

JJatchie  River      

Randolph  Tenn 

Greenock,  Ark  

MEMPHIS,    Tenn 

Fort  Pickering,  "  

Norfolk,        Miss  

Walnut  Be'nd,  "    

Peyton,              " 

f\.  Francis  River  

erling,  Ark  

ELENA       **     . 

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1388 
1358 
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832 
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725 
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772 
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324 
334 
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401 
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420 

82 
92 
112 
158 
159 
164 
178 

415 

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339 
338 

333 
319 

716 

701  ; 
686 

640 
839 
634 

620 

821 
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745 

744 

7:;:< 
725 

Delta,  Miss.... 

Old  Town   Ark 

Victoria,  Miss  

Montgomery's  Point,  Miss.  ... 
White  River  Ark 

NAPOLEON,  Ark  
Bolivar   Miss 

1436 
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432  190'  307 
442  200  297 
458'  216  281 

608 
598 
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713 
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Cypress  Bend,  Miss  ...   . 

Yellow  Bend,      "     

ROUTES  ON  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER.          225 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

II 

£ 

5 
20 
5 
12 
3 
29 
15 
26 
20 
12 
10 
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Grand  Lake  Landing,  Ark.... 
.Princeton    Miss  

T"          kin's'Rpnd    " 

Milligan's  Bend,  "    

"VirKSBURG,      "      

\Viirrenton         "           .... 

Big  Black  Rivert  Miss  
GRAND  GULF,            '       
Bruinsburg,                  '        
Rodney,                      '       

J\TATCHEZ,                         '         

Vidalia,  (opposite,)  La  
JJunwcfiitto  River,  Miss  
P'ort  Adams,                   '      .... 
Red  River,  La  

44 
10 
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362 
359 

341 

281 

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Tunica  Bend    Miss 

&T.  FRANCISVILLE,  La  
Point  Coupee,  (opposite)  
Port  Hudson  

11 

8 
17 

8 
10 
12 
12 

12 

24 
16 

20 

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BATON  ROUGE  

Bruly  Landing  

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PlaQuemirie  

St  Gabriel  Church 

Louisiana  Institute  

Buyou  Lafourche  . 

1)ONALDSONVILLE  

Convent  du  Sacrament    

Jettersori  College  .  . 

Bonnet  Quarre  Church  

Red  Church  

Carroilton  . 

Lu  Fayette 

.NEW  ORLEANS  ...  . 

Battle  Ground 

Fort  St.  Leon  

Fort  St.  Philip 

Southeast  Puss  

BALIZE  

226 


ROUTES  ON  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 


(ROUTE  621) 
NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

Distance 
From  Place  to  Place. 

From 
^  :fe&  1  The  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

From 
New  Orleans. 
From 
Natchez,  Miss. 

Jfrom 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

rrorn 
The  Mth.  of  Ohio  Riv. 

-tc 

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1944  1643  1146 
1937  1636  1139 

1871  1570  1073 

904 

899 

831 

732  510 
725  503 

659  437 

24^ 
241 

175 

i 

73 

FORT  SNKLLING 

St   Peter's  River  

Lake  Pepin  
PRAIRIK  DU  CHIKN  

175 

4 

21 

8 
17 

7 
19 

& 

2 

7 

1801  1696  1395 
1797  1692  1391 
1772  1667  1366 
1751  i  1646  1345 
1743  1638  1337 
1726  1621  1320 
1719  1614  1313 
1700  1595  1294 
1698  1593  1292 
1683  1578  1277 
168115761275 
1674  1569  1268 

MIS 
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248 
252 
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298 
306 
323 
330 
349 
351 
366 
368 
375 

427 
428 

Cassville.  Wis.  .. 

Peru             "                  

Fever  River,  111  

Savannah,   111  

Charleston    "                  .  . 

New  York,  "  

Albany,         tc  

ROCK  ISLAND  
Rock  Island  City  .           

52 

1622 
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1517  1216 
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719 

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477 
476 

305 
304 

83 
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179 
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§ock  River,  III  

nvenport,  (opposite,)  Iowa., 
loomington,                 "    .... 
New  Boston,  111  

27 
23 
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Montrose,          **  

Keokuk,  Iowa  

12 

1496 

1391  1090 

593 

B51 

179 

43 

305 

553 

Des  Moines  River  
Warsaw,  III  ..        

34 
13 
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1 

19 
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1253;  952 
1251J  950 
1232!  931 
1230   929 
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1182i  881 
1178!  877 
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m 

511 
491 
455 
453 
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48! 
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Hannibal,  Mo  

Clarksville',  "    

ia 

H( 

i- 

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202 

20 
22! 
231 
251 
25! 
251 
281 

Hamburg   III  .                

Oration,  111  

ALTON      "' 

ST  Louis,  Mo  ...         .     ... 

Harrisonville,  HI.  .'  

Herculaneum  Mo        .         ... 

Selma                 " 

St.  Genevieve,  "    

Kashas  Ida  River,  III  

16 
45 

12 
12 

28 

1242  11371  836 
11971092   791 
11851080;  779 
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1  172  3& 

559i  807 
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616  864 
628  876 
!  656|  904 

13ainnridge,           Mo  .  ... 

Cape  Ginirdeau     "    . 

Commerce,             "    

CAIRO,  (at  Mouth  of  Ohio  R.) 

DISTANCES  ON  TEE  MISSOURI  RIVER, 

FROM  Bancroft  Libxuj 

COUNCIL   BLUFFS   TO  THE   GULF  OF  MEXICO 


(ROUTE  62-2) 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

• 


COUNCIL  BLUFFS 

IJellview  Trading-house 

Ptatte  River 

Five-barrel  Island 

Upper  Oven  Island 

Lower  Oven  Island 

Fair  Sun  Island 

Little  JVemakaw  River 

JVisftnebotna  River 

Grand  Nema/iaw  River 

Wolf  River 

Mouth  of  Nodaway  River 

St.  Joseph 

Weston 

FORT  LEVEN WORTH 

Little  Platte  River 

Kansas  River  Landing 

INDEPENDENCE,  Mo 

Liberty  Landing 

Sibley 

Camden 

LEXINGTON..... 

Or  and  River 

Chariton 

BOONVILLE 

Franklin,  (opposite) 

Ryckoort 

Ml.  V ernon 

Marion 

JEFFERSON  CITY 

Osage  River 

Pinckney 

Griswold,  (opposite) 

Newport 

ST.  CHARLES 

Mouth  of  Missouri  River  . . . 


02002189715961099 
40  1962  1857  1556  1059 
52  19501845  1544  1047 
t!7  11*35  183015291 1032 
79  1923  1818  J  5 17!  1020 
831919l8141ol:j  id],; 
106!  189617911490  " 


£  . 


832  590 


122188017751474 
134186817631462 
159184317381437 
177  l*2o  1720  1419 
193180917041403 
207179516901389 

i  It;:j(ii329  — 

274  17281623  }:J22  825 

:.'i  M  1 70s  u;o:j  13021  805 

304169815931292  795 

lf;K!  1280  783 

31916831578  )277|  780 

34016621557l2f>t;  7;V.» 

359  I64315^!l237  7401 

377  1623152012191  722; 

427  157514701169  672J 

447.1555  1450  1149  652i 

477  1 -,25  14201119  622 


857  685111751671 

817  645111351631 

805  633:11231619 

790!  618  1108  1604 

778J  6061096' 1592 

774 !  602  1092  1588 

751  57910691565 

"  5631053 1549 


892  050 


418 
583  411 

563J  391 
553  381 
541  369 
538  366 


551104111537 
52610161512 

6081  998  1494 
4921  982|l478 
478|  968:1464 


9C81404 
9011397 
88111377 


8591355 
856  1352 


487151514101109 

497150514001099 
514 : 1488!  13831 1082 
630147213671066 
540  1462  ia571056 
591 1411 13061005 


59914031298 

6471355"" 

Cfc!7il335 


t;i2 


517  345!  835  1331 

498  326|  816  1312 

480  308  798;  1294 

430  258  7481244 

410  238  728  1224 

380  208  6981194 


500  258 
452 
432i  190 


198  6881184 
1881  678!1174 


155 


H611157 
6451141 
6,351131 
584,1080 


86  5761072 
38  5281024 
181  50&1004 


CANALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


MAINE. 

CUMBERLAND  AND  OXFORD 

CANAL. 
From  Portland—  I 

ToSebugoPond __. 

Long  Pond [9|I80 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

BOW  CANAL. 

Around  Bow  Falls,  Merri- 
mac  River 3-4  m.  1. 

CANAL  ar'd  Hookset  Fulls..  1-8    " 
"  Amoskeag  "    ..1 
"  Union          "    ..  9       tc 
"  Seawell's     "    ..1-4    " 

VERMONT. 

BELLOWS  FALLS  CANAL — 1-2  m.  1. 
There  are  two  others,  designed  to 
overcome   obstructions  in  the   Con- 
necticut  River. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

MIDDLESEX  CANAL. 

Boston  to  Lowell 27  m.  1. 

HAMPSHIRE   &  HAMPDEN  CANAL. 
Connecticut  Line  to  North- 
ampton  22  m.  1. 

BLACKSTONE   CANAL. 

Providence  to  Worcester 45  m.  1. 

MONTAGUE  CANAL. 
Around  Falls  in  Connecticut 

River 3  m.  1. 

SOUTH  HADLEY  CANAL. 
Around  Falls  nt  S.  Hadley, 
Connecticut  River 2  m.  1. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

BLACKSTONE  CANAL. 
Providence  to  Worcester 45  m.  1. 

CONNECTICUT. 

FARMINGTON  CANAL. 
From  New  Hnven  to  the  n'th 

line  of  the  Stute 56  m.  1. 

See  Hampshire  and  Hampderi  Ca- 
nal, Mass. 

ENFIELD  CANAL. 
Connecticut  River 5i  m.  1. 


NEW  YORK. 

ERIE  CANAL. 
From  ALBANY— 
ToPortSchuyler  ... 

West  Troy 1 

Junction  Champlain  Canal.   2 

Cohnes 1 

Lower  Aqueduct, 
Willow  Springs.. 
Upper  Aqueduct. 

SCHENECTADY 4 

Rotterdam 9 

Philip's  Locks ' 

Amsterdam 

Schoharie  Creek 

fmithtown 
ultonville 

Big  Nose 

Spraker's  Basin 

CANAJOHARIE 

Fort  Plain 

St.  Johnsville 

East  Canada  Creek 

Indian  Cnstle 

LITTLE  FALLS  

Herkimer 

Frankfort 


U|  47  317 
5  52  312 
2|  54  310 
57  307 
64300 
6K  298 

3  69295 

11  77287 

4  81  283 
2-  8:1  281 

5  88  276 
7!  9.  269 
6101263 

Whrtesb'oro"V.r."7.""".Tr.T.''l  4  114  250 
Rome,  (June.  Black  R.  C.)  11 12  239 
Wood  Creek  Aqueduct ...  ,|  212  237 

Hawley's  Basin 2129235 

3,132  232 

4136228 
5141223 
5146218 
4150214 
3  153|211 
5158206 


1364 

em 

7357 
91355 
10354 
13351 
19  345 
26338 
30334 
39325 
44320 


UTICA,  (Jun.  ChenangoC.), 

\A7V\\tCHihnrn 


liggins,  (Junction  Oneida 
Luke  Canal) 


Oneida  Creek 
Canastota... 
New  Boston 
Chittenango 
Kirkville... 

SYRACUSE,  (June.  Oswego 
Canal) 

Geddes 

Camillus 

Canton 

Jordan 

Weeds  port 

Port  Byron 

MONTEZUMA,  (June.  Ca- 
yuga  and  Seneca  Canal). 

Clyde 

Lock  Berlin 

LYONS 

Lockville 

Port  Gibson 

PALMYRA 


9 171  193 
2 173 191 
6.179  185 
5 184  180 

6  190  174 
6  196  168 

3  199  165 

6  205  159 
11  216  148 

5  221 143 

4  225  139 

6  231 !  133 
42351129 
5240124 

Wayneport  ."."." ."."."." ,".".".".'.'.^1  72471117 


.  CANALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES* 


229 


Fafrport 

Pittsford 

ROCHESTER,    (June.  Gen- 

esee  Valley  Canal) 

Brockway's 

Adams'  Basin 

BROCKPORT  

Holley 

Hulberton 


ALBION 

Eagle  Harbor 

Knowlesville 

Medina 

Middleport 

Gosport 

LoCKPORT 

Pendleton , 

Tonawanda , 

BLACK  ROCK , 

Buffalo  ... 


5252112! 


[0269 

10279 
5284 
5289 

,'.J:M 

-1  296 

3i307 
4811 
4315 


12  352 
9361 
3364 


New  Bridge 

Phoenix  ... 
Fulton  .... 


Braddor.k's  Rapid 

OSWEQO 

CHEJ1UNG  CANAL. 
From  Seneca  Lake— 
To  Havana 


b'OlMillport 


FAIRPORT  . 

Elmira 

Corning  — 


7333  31  [ | ^AIRPORT  . 
7340  24i! 


Feeder-,  (Chemung  Canal.) 


12  i  I  Head  of  Feeder. 


CHAMPLAIN  CANAL. 
0 
0 


From  Albany— 
To  WEST  TROY., 


Junction 

WATERFORD 

Mechanicsville 

Stillwater  Village.. 




Fort  Edward 

Glenn's  Falls  Feeder 


Comstock's  Landing 

WHITEHALL 

CHENANGO  CANAL. 
From  Utica— 

To  Clinton 

Deansville 

Oriskany  Falls 

Boucksville 

HAMILTON 

Sherburne 

North  Norwich 

Norwich 

OXFORD 

-Hayne's  Mill 

Green 

Forks 

Port  Crane 

BlNGH  AMTON 


CAYUGA  AND  SENECA  CANAL. 


From  Montezuma — 
To  Seneca  River. . . . 

Seneca  Falls , 

Waterloo 

GENEVA 

Lateral  Canal  to  E.  Cayuga 
Village. 


OSWEGO  CANAL. 

From  SYRACUSE— 
To  SALINA.  . 


Liverpool I  31 


Corning 


CROOKED  LAKE  CANAL. 

2!  2! 


From  Dresden— 
To  Perm  Yan  .... 


Crooked  Lake  . 


GENESEE  VALLEY  CANAL. 


From  Rochester — 

To  Scottsville 

Suckett's  Basin 

MT.  MORRIS 

Shaker  Settlement . 
DANSVILLE 


15!  37 
4  41 
11  52 


DELAWARE  AND  HUDSON  CANAL. 
From  Eddy  ville—  I  0|    0 108 

ToGreenkill 0,    1107 

Horn  beck's  Bridge 1     2  106 

Head  of  Pond !  1     3105 

Hardenburgh's  Basin \u    4104 

Rosedale 2     6102 

Marble  Quarries 2,'  8100 

Mechanicsville 1     9 

Hnsbrouk's  Basin !  l|  10 

Allegerville ;  3,  13 

Stony  kill  Aqueduct 3  16 

Port  Jackson •  1  "" 

Middleport 4  __ 

Port  Benjamin I  3,  24 

Ellenville I  4|  °° 

Penny's  Basin !  4j 


Brownvill 
Tunnel  H 


Neversink  Aqueduct '  5 

Port  Jarvis ' 

Bolton . 

Tucker's  Aqueduct :..  7 

Craigsville 4 

Barryville j  4 

Delaware  Dam i  4 

Pennsylvania  Section. 

Mouth  of  Lackawaxen 1 

Rowlnndville |  5 

Blue  Eddy ,  1 

Punch  Camp '  4 


24 


?6  12 


230 


CANALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


Jones'  Rift  

4|100|    8 

1101     7 
3104     4 
411081    0 

0    0102 
0  10  92 

[ifflintown  

I  75 

1   89 
4HJ3 

7132 
7139 

7146 
J    -h 
1159 

3172 
1183 

C£ 

m 

33 
168 

97 
80 

173 
66 

164 
153 
43 
146 

129 
117 
114 

104 

98 

88 
83 

1 

47 
37 

19 
0 

tin. 
lar- 
i  in- 
to 
itu- 

to 

ling 

,  80 

thp 

Beach  Flat  

Vaynesburg  
Aughwick  Falls  

NEW  JERSEY, 

MORRIS  CANAL. 
From  Jersey  City- 

Uintingdon  

Vater  Street    

'mifkstown0^ 

H            TT»A  VSRTTRii 

8 

17 

85 

77 

Jllltghany  <S*  Portage  RR. 

Little  Falls  

6 

30  72 

6 
6 

I 

42 

48 

66 

60 
54 

HI 

Montville                     

0208 
6214 
?22c 
B237 

i  27i 
3278 
228 
•  29! 
•  30i 
r312 

n 

atD 
ve  1 
orth 

m 
land 
thet 

on 
rland 
reac 
ion. 

iston 

for 

Boon  ton,  (Jersey  Iron-  w'ks) 

Western  Division. 
Laurel  Hill  Gap 

DoverlWa^  *  '  ' 

T\     kpsvillp 

7 
! 

I 

4 

0 

69 

62 

M 

HI; 
6.1 
7:; 
80 
83 

4:: 
40 
38 
36 

83 
22 

fhesnut  Hill 

Feeder,  (Hopatcong  Lake). 

Blairsville  •. 

Saltzbur0" 

O1H  A    H   '  rpr 

Sa  r  n  's  Falls'  * 

*H     -kptt  t    iv  n 

All     -\     n  '  AmiPfiurt 

A    leisonfown*  ' 

Freeoort 

Port  Golden  

~ 

85 

92 

17 

10 

f 
( 

1 

T  C 

0 
0 
5 

2 
2 
3 
11 

fa 
IP 

.rj 

LW 

98     0 
98    4 
100    1 
102    0 

ANAL. 

01  43 
7  36 
12  31 
19  24 
2l!  22 
23'  20 
26  17 
!  37     6 
43    0 
feeder, 
Prenton 
are  riv. 

Susquehanna  Divisic 
)iverges  from  the  main  line 
can  s  Island,  15  miles  abo 
risburg,  and  extends  to  ^ 
berland,  40  miles. 

West  Branch  Divisii 
Extends    from    Northumbe 
Farrandsville,  75  miles,  to 
minous  coal  region. 
North  Branch  Divisi 
Extends    from    Northumbe 
Lackawanna,   73  miles, 
into  the  anthracite  coal  reg 
Delaware  Division 
Extends  from  Bristol  to  E 

f        '    '     Pnnrl 

Delaware  River      

DELAWARE  AND  RARITA3> 
From  NEW  BRUNSWICK— 

Millstone...     

Rocky  Hill      

This  Canal  has  a  navignb 
23  miles  long,  extending  fror 
to  Saxtonsviile,  on  the  Dele 

PENNSYLVANI 

PENNSYLVANIA  CAM 
Central  Division. 
From  Columbia— 
To  Marietta       

A. 

^L 

0 
0 

6 

4 

4 
8 
6 
5 
3 
7 
10 
8 
5 

0 
3 

r 

13 

20 
26 
31 
34 
41 
51 
59 
64 
71 

812 
10 

K) 
29 
29 
29 
28 
28 
21 
•21 
26 
25 
24 
24)1 

Middletown                  

High  Spire  T  

i?|A     \i         t    in  Pnn 

T)        bin 

Duncan's  Island  

M  illerstown  

Mexico  

transportation  of  coal. 

The  Beaver  Division,  Erie  Exten* 

sion,  &rc., 

Continue  the  line  of  Canal  from  Pittg. 
burg  to  Erie,  a  distance  of  136  m. 

SCHUYLKILL  NAVIGATION  COM- 
PANY. 

Canals  and  Locks,  producing  slack 


ng  s 
Phil? 


water   navigation — from    Philadel- 
phia to  Port  Carbon,  108  miles. 

LEHIGH  NAVIGATION  COMPANY. 
Like  the  Schuylkill  Navigation  Co., 
is  used  for  a  descending  navigation, 
—from  the  Great  Falls  to  Easton 
distance,  84  miles. 


CANALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


231 


UNION  CANAL 

Extends  from  Reading  to  Middle, 
town,  on  the  Susquehanna  river ; 
distance,  82  miles. 

SUSQUEHANNA  CANAL 

Extends  from  Wrightsville,  opposite 

Columbia,  Susquehanna  river,  to 

Havre  de  Grace,  Aid.  ;  distance,  45 

miles. 

DELAWARE. 

CHESAPEAKE   AND   DELAWARE 

CANAL. 

From  Delaware  City  to  Back  Creek, 
Md.  ;  distance,  14  miles. 

MARYLAND. 

CHESAPEAKE  AND  OHIO  CANAL. 

Completed  from  Georgetown,  D.  C., 
to  Hancock,  136  miles.  At  the 
south  end  it  has  been  extended  to 
Alexandria,  a  distance  of  7i  miles. 

VIRGINIA. 

JAMES  RIVER  CANAL 

Extends  along  the  river  from  Rich- 
mond  to  Lynchburg  ;  distance,  146 
miles. 

DISMAL  SWAMP  CANAL 
Extends  from  Deep  Creek  to  Joice's 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Pascotank  riv- 
er, entering  Albemarle  sound,  N.C. 
—23  miles  long. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

WELDON  CANAL 

Extends  around  the  falls  of  the  Roan- 
oke,  from  Weldon  to  Blakely,— 
length,  12  miles. 

CLUBFOOT  AND  HARLAW  CANAL, 
Near  Beaufort U  m.  1. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

SANTEE  CANAL 

Extends  from  Charleston  to  Santee 
river,  22  miles. 

WINYAW  CANAL, 
From  Winyaw  hay  to  a  branch  of 
Santee  river,  7£  miles. 

The  navigation  of  the  Catawba 
river  has  been  improved  hy  5  short 
canals,  having  an  aggregate  length  of 
Hi  miles. 


GEORGIA. 

BRUNSWICK  CANAL 
Extends  from  Brunswick  to  the  Ala- 
tamaha  river,  12  miles. 

ALABAMA. 

MUSCLE  SHOALS  CANAL 
Is  designed  to  overcome  an  obstruc- 
tion in  the  Tennessee  river— length, 
35f  miles.* 

HUNTSVILLE   CANAL. 
From  Huntsville  to  Triania,  on  Ten 
nessee  river,— length,  16  miles. 

LOUISIANA. 

BARATARIA  CANAL. 

[t  extends  from  New  Orleans  to  Bayou 

Terre  Bonne,— 21  miles  of  canal, 

and  'J5  of  lake  and  stream  naviga. 

tion. 

LAKE  VERRET  CANAL 
Extends  from  La  Fourche  Bayou  to 
Lake  Verret,  9  miles. 

ORLEANS  BANK  CANAL 

Extends  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake 
Pontchartrain,  a  distance  of  6  miles. 

KENTUCKY. 

LOUISVILLE  &  PORTLAND  CANAL. 

[t  is  2i  miles  long,  and  sufficiently 
capacious  for  the  passage  of  the 
largest  steamboats,  which  cannot 
pass  the  Rapids,  except  in  the  sea- 
sons of  high  floods. 

Kentucky  River  Navigation* 
Licking  River  Navigation,  and 
Green  River  Navigation, 
Are  improvements  in  the  above  riv- 
ers, by  means  of  locks  and  dams. 

OHIO. 

OHIO  CANAL. 

From  Cleveland—  0     01309 

To  Rathbun's  Lock 0     fl™' 

Mill  Creek 

Tinker's  Creek 4 

Mnery  Feeder 4 

Boston 4 

"^eninsula 3 

Niles 6 

31d  Portage 2 

STorth  Akron 5 

•South  Akron 1 

yew  Portage 6 

Wolf  Creek  Lock 3 


232 


CANALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Clinton 

Fulton 

Wellman's  Mills 

Massillon 

Navarre  and  Bethlehem — 

Bolivar 

Zoar 

Jennings'  Bridge 

Dover 

Lockport 

Newcastle 

Trenton 

Gnadenhutten 

Port  Washington 

Newcomerstown 

Evansburg 

Lewisville 

Roscoe...... 

Adams   Mill 

Webbsport 

Hartford's 

Fra/ersburg 

Nashport 

Licking  Dam 

Lickingtown 

Newark 

Granville  Feeder 

Hebron 

Licking  Summit , 

Millersport 

Baltimore 

Havensport , 

Carroll , 

Lockville 

Waterloo , 

Rayneysport 

Lockbourne. 

Holmes'  Landing 

Millport  and  Bloomfield.... 

Circleville 

Westfall 

Yellowbud 

Deer  Creek 

Andersonville 

Clinton  Mills 

Chillicothe 

Tomlinson's 

Stony  Creek 

Head  of  Big  Bottom 

Sharonville 

Waverly 

Trimble's  Bridge 

Jasper 

Howard's  Lock 

Cutter's  Station 

Brush  Creek 

PORTSMOUTH 


10 132  177 
3J135  174 

I0ll45  164 
4!  149  160 
3,152  157 
3!  155  154 
61161 148 
5166143 
4170139 
6  176  133 


51181128 
41185.124 

41189120 
2191H8 
5196113 
tj  202  107 
2204105 
2  206  103 
3209100 
5214  95 
7  221  88 
3224;  85 
4228  81 


5  2411  68 
5246  63 
4250  59 
2252  57 
4256  53 


.   „,  51 

6264!  45 
3267)  42 
2269  40 
7276  33 
4280  "" 
3283 
3286 
5291 
3234 
7301 


WALHONDING  CANAL. 

0 

0 
4 

2 


From  Roscoe— 

To  Crooked  Run  Bridge  .. 

Walhonding  Dam 

Warsa 


Darling's  Bridge 

Butler's  Lower  C  .  .  . 

Butler's  Upper  Crossing.  .  .  . 


rossing  . 


Walhonding  (town) 

Cumrnings'  Bridge 

Mohican  Dam 

ROCHESTER  


HOCKING  CANAL. 
From  Carroll— 

To  Lancaster .'. 

Reams'  Mills 

Rush  Creek 

Green's  Mill 

Hocking  Falls 

Logan 


Puttonsville 

Seven-mile  Run. 
\elsonville. , 


Jonday  Creek  . 

Chauncey 

ATHENS  


MIAMI  CANAL. 
From  Cincinnati— 

To  Lockland 

Hamilton  Side-cut 

Middletown 

Frankli 


Miamisburg 

Carrollton 

Alexandria 

DAYTON 

In    and    out   of    Hamilton 
Basin 


6 

_  36 

5!  41 

3;  44 

5:  '- 

7l  56 


16  28 
13  41 


MIAMI  CANAL  EXTENSION. 


From  Dayton — 
To  Tippecanoe  ... 

Troy 

Piqua 

Loramie's  Feeder  . 
Lockport.. 


3  36  79 
12  48  67 
5  53'  62 
3  56  59 
3  V  =*> 
<5(  -'o,  50 
j  T1  48 
131  do!  35 
3511151  0 
*  See  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  la. 

WARREN  COUNTY  CANAL. 
From  Lebanon — 
To  Whitehall's  Mills 


Newport . 

Berlin 

Minster 

Bremen 

St.  Mary's  Feeder.. 

St.  Mary's 

Deep  Cut 

JUNCTION* 


0  0115 
0  14101 
21  94 


9  30 

"   33 


Union  Village  Landing 

Middletown., 


19, 


SIDNEY  FEEDER. 
From  Lockport—  I  0! 

To  Sidney 0 

PORT  JEFFERSON I  51 

ST.  MARY'S  FEEDER. 


From  St.  Mary's  Feeder— 
To  Enst  Bank. 


Montezuma 

CELINA 


CANALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


233 


Windsor  . , 
Luke's  Chi 


Lowell . 
Devoll's 


To  Toledo, 
Port  Miami 
Maumee  C 
Water  ville 
Otsego 
Providence. 
Damascus, 
Napoleon 
Florida  ., 
Jndepend* 
DEFIANCI 
Junction^ 
Reservoir, 
.  Antwerp 
State  Line 
Indim 
State  Lint 
Indiana  C 
Fair  port. 
Lewiston 
FORT  W. 

Aboite 

Huntington 


INGTJM  IMPROVEIV 
esden— 
I's  Creek  

0 
0 
10 

10 

]? 

10 
5 
in 
11 
7 
5 

N 
0 
0 
8 
1 
5 
7 
5 
6 
8 
8 
5 
4 
.M 
11 
Q 

0 
6 
16 

2ti 
3H 
43 
38 
ffi 
68 
79 
86 
91 

VL. 

0 
4 
12 
13 
1* 

i 
p 

3»; 

-14 
69 

-)7 
61 
70 
81 
fci 

M 

80 
75 

65 
55 

4H 

;is 

33 
23 
12 
5 

0 

88 
H4 
76 
75 
70 
68 
^ 
62 
44 
86 
31 
27 
18 

4 

La  Gros 

Wabash  
Peru  

ille  and  Duncan's 

Lewisburg  

LOOANSPORT  

ind  Eagleport  
jllsville  and  Malta. 

Lock  port  ... 

Carrollton  
DELPHI    

hure.  
ind  Waterford  .... 

Americus  
LAFAYETTE  

:::::::::::: 

WHITEWATER  CAN; 
From  Lawrenceburg— 
To  Hardingsburg  

IA  and  HARMAR  .  . 
INDIANA. 

VSH  AND  ERIE  C/ 
inhattan,  Ohio— 
lo  

Elizabethtown  . 

Harrison 

New  Trenton  

BROOKVILLK 

Laurel  City  
Conners  ville.  

City  
]e  .              

CAMBRIDGE  
ILLINOIS. 

ILLINOIS  AND  MICHIGAN 
From  CHICAGO— 

ce.    

is 

i  

Summit               

E  

Des  Plaines 

r.  .  .        ....        .... 

Lockport    .               .... 

ne  .  . 

4 

0 
0 
2 
3 
12 
12 
16 

88 

I 

20 

1 

0 

]« 
140 
138 
135 
123 
111 
95 

Dti  page  River.  ..        

ina  Division, 
fte  

Dresden  

Morrisiana  

City  la  ... 

Clarkson 

MH  rseilles  

Ottawa.               .  . 

. 

AYNE  

JJtica  

ton  ... 

Peru..., 

9  57 

5J  ._ 

6i  68 

15  83 

•91 


onoo 

4  96 

12j  88 
22  [  78 
27!  73 


85  15 

94  6 

98  2 

100  0 


234 


THE    RATES   AT   WHICH 

FOREIGN   MONEY   OR   CURRENCY 

IS   TAKEN   AT   THE    CUSTOM-HOUSE,   NEW   YORK. 


Franc  of  France  and  Belgi- 
um  $0.18-6. 

Florin  of  Netherlands..  0.40 l  ° 
do.    of  Southern  States 
of  Germany. 0.40 

Guilder  of  Netherlands.  .0.40 

Livre  Tournois  of  France  0.18£ 

Lira  of  the  Lombardo  Ve- 
netian Kingdom 0.16 

Lira  of  Sardinia O-^ro 

do.  of  Tuscany 0.16 

Milrea  of  Portugal 1.12 

do.    of  Azores 0.83J 

Marc  Banco  of  Hamburg  0.35 

Pound  Sterling  of  Great 
Britain 4.84 

Pound  Sterling  of  the  Brit- 
ish Provinces  of  Nova 
Scotia, New  Brunswick, 


Newfoundland,  and  Can- 
ada  $4.00 

Pagoda  of  India 1 .84 

Real  Vellon  of  Spain 0.05 

do.  Plate  of  Spain 0.10 

Rupee  of  British  India 0.44.J 

Specie  Dollar  of  Denmark  1.05" 
Rix  Dollar  or    Thaler  of 
Prussia  and  the  Northern 

States  of  Germany 0.69 

Rix  Dollar  of  Bremen 0.78$ 

Rouble,  silver,  of  Russia. .  0.75 
Specie  Dollar  of   Sweden 

arid  Norway 1.06 

Florin  of  Austria 0.48£ 

Ducat  of  Naples 0.80 

Ounce  of  Sicily 2.40 

Tale  of  China 1.48 

Leghorn  Livres 0.16 


CURRENCIES  BY  USAGE, 

When  a  Consular  Certificate  of  the  real  value  or  Rate  of  Exchange  is 
not  attached  to  the  Invoice. 


Current  Marc $0.28 

Crown  of  Tuscany 1.05 

Florin  of  Prussia 0.22J 

do.    of  Basle 0.41 

Florence  Livre 0.15 

Geneva  Livre 0.21 

Jamaica  Pound 5.00 

Leghorn  Dollar -  0.90 

Livre  of  Catalonia 0.53J 


Livre  of  Neufchatel $0.26£ 

Paper  Rouble  varies  from  4 
roubles  65  copecks  to  4  rou- 
bles 84  copecks  to  the  dollar. 

Rix  Dollar  of  Saxony 0.69 

do.       Rhenish 0.60| 

Swiss  Livre 0.27 

Scuda  of  Malta 0.40 

Turkish  Piastre 0.05 


VALUE  OF  FOREIGN  GOLD  COINS  IN  UNITED  STATES  CURRENCY* 


Sovereigns  of  Gr.  Britain  $4.83 

Doubloons,  Spanish 16.00 

do.         Patriot 15.60 


Napoleons $3.83 

10  Thalers 7.82 

10  Guilders .4,00 


VALUE    OF   AMERICAN    COIN    IN   FOREIGN    CURRENCY. 


Engli. 

s&—  Sterling. 

FT 

ench. 

German. 

s.      d. 

1 

fr.  sous. 

1 

fin 

\ld 

.   stiv. 

One  dollar 

___ 

4    6  1-2 

One  dollar 

__ 

5    7 

1  One  dollar 

2 

12 

Half  a  dollar 

__ 

2    31-41 

Half  a  dollar 

_ 

2  13 

1  Half  a  dollar 

_ 

1 

6 

25  cent  piece 

__ 

1     1  5-8  1 

25  cent  piece 

= 

I    63-4 

1  25  cent  piece 

= 

0 

12 

10  cent  piece 
5  cent  piece 

= 

0    51-2 
0    23-4] 

110  cent  piece 
5  cent  piece 

z 

0  10  6-8 
0    53-8 

10  cent  piece 
1  5  cent  piece 

A 

0 
0 

47-8 
23-8 

